Research

The restoration of extensively damaged tooth is done using post and core. Although various post and core systems are available, but still the search for ideal material seems far. This case report describes the use of dentinal posts, which are sectioned from recently extracted canine. The post and core unit is fabricated in lab using indirect impression technique, and luted with resin based adhesive luting agent.

This paper identifies core elements in principal definitions of elder abuse or mistreatment of older adults (EA/MOA) and discusses the relevance of four crucial concepts: age, vulnerability, trust, and power balance in relationships. A critical analysis of selected literature in EA/MOA with a focus on works from the last 10 years. Current definitions of EA/MOA share commonalities regarding an understanding of elder abuse as a status offence, the inclusion of both acts and omissions, and the consideration of multiple levels of behavior and its effects. Definitions differ with regard to aspects as crucial as the intentionality of an abusive action and its actual or potential harmful effects. EA/MOA can be considered as a complex subtype of victimization in later life limited to victim-perpetrator relationships, where the perpetrator has assumed responsibility for the victim, the victim puts trust in the offender, or the role assigned to the offending person creates the perception and expectation that the victim may trust the perpetrator. Vulnerability is identified as a key variable in EA/MOA theory and research. With regard to neglect, the mere possibility of being neglected presupposes a heightened level of vulnerability. Power imbalance often characterizes victim - perpetrator relationships but is not a necessary characteristic of abuse. Research on EA/MOA needs conceptual development. Confining phenomena of EA/MOA to specific relationships and tying them to notions of vulnerability has implications for research design and sampling and points to the limits of population-based victimization surveys.

This paper looks into the concepts of authoritarian and benevolent leaderships with a view of  giving a recommendation for Africa’s development. It recognizes the importance of political leadership in the quest for development. It relies heavily on comprehensive review of existing literature on leadership and development in South East Asia and Africa as the methodology used.  The introductory part of the article gives a brief comparison on the influence of various leadership types on economic growth and development in selected countries in South East Asia and Africa. This serves as a prerequisite to the understanding of benevolent and authoritarian leadership styles. The paper then unpacks the concept ‘development’ in African context and proceeds to give a better understanding of ‘political leadership’ in the eyes of various scholars. The concepts of ‘benevolent and authoritarian’ leadership styles are equally unpacked with clear use of African cases. The aspects of leadership as viewed in; the personality and power of the leader and the effectiveness of institutional structures in achieving development is also analyzed. A concluding recommendation for ‘which way for Africa?’ is given with the article arguing in disapproval of both authoritarian and benevolent leaderships. It discredits the overreliance on the person and power of the leader but instead lays more emphasis on the strengthening of institutional structures as the basis for sustainable development for Africa. 

Key Words: Authoritarian; Benevolent; Democracy

Evidence‑based practice helps the health professionals to use the best evidence available to make clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Evidence‑based dentistry among dentists of Hazaribag city, Jharkhand, India. A self‑administered, close‑ended, structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The final questionnaire had two parts; Part I had demographic details and Part II had questionnaire proper with 12 close ended questions. Frequencies and percentages of responses were calculated. Pearson?s Chi‑square test was applied for data analysis. Results showed that nearly forty seven percent dentists were aware of Evidence‑based practice. Majority of dentists responded that they did not apply Evidence‑based practice in decision making. In conclusion, knowledge and practice of evidence‑based dentistry is very low among the dentists of Hazaribag city. Majority of dentists have positive attitude towards learning the concepts of evidence‑based practice.

National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was introduced in Ghana and Nigeria in 2003 and 2005 respectively. The primary objectives of the scheme was to ensure the delivery of quality health care to the citizens at affordable rates, to prevent untimely date as a result of inability to pay for health services in the two countries. However, the implementation of the Scheme had fallen below expectation as majority of the citizens are not enrolled in the NHIS in both countries. The study therefore examined the effect of the Objectives and operations of NHIS on its implementation in both countries. Survey design was adopted. The population of the study was 4,786,990 enrollees of NHIS in both countries. Sample size of 400 was determined using Taro Yamane formula. Respondents were selected from and three regions in Ghana (Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, and Greater Accra regions) and five states in Nigeria (Lagos, Abuja, Edo, Imo and Ogun States). Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that objectives and operations of NHIS had a significant influence on its implementation (? =.453, R2 = 0.205, p<.05). The study concluded that the objectives and operations of NHIS affected the implementation of the scheme in Ghana and Nigeria.

Runners sustain injuries at an alarming rate. According to various epidemiologic studies (Rochcongar P, Pernes J, Carre F, et al. 1995; Walter SD, Hart LE, McIntosh JM, et al, 1989), between 27% and 70% of recreational and competitive distance runners can expect to be injured during any 1-year period. Overuse Injury was defined as an injury that causes pain during exercise loading without any noticeable external cause of injury (Beck 1998). Accordingly Different running-loading characteristics, overuse injury profiles and gender differences in injuries were investigated. In addition, training related risk factors for overuse injuries in Short, middle and long distance athletes were studied. This twelve-month retrospective questionnaire study comprised Ethiopian athletics training centres? ( TiruneshDibaba , Maychew, Bekoji, Hagerselam, Debrebirhan and Ethiopian Sport Academy) running athletes Short distance (n=65), Middle distance (n=75), and Long distance (n=64) aged 16?21. There was a difference in training related and supportive factors between overuse injured and uninjured athletes (Age, training age, BMI, annual Training exposure hours, weekly training hours and frequency, annual mileage, Rest and recovery days per week and Worming up length and frequency). However no association of gender and occurrence of overuse injury were found as a whole and split events of athletes (short, middle and long). Thus there are training related and supportive factors differences between athletes overuse injured and uninjured.

Introduction:Induction of labour is an intervention after 28 weeks of gestation, intended to artificially initiate uterine contractions resulting in the progressive effacement and dilatation of the cervix and ending in vaginal delivery. Sometimes because of medical or obstetric complications of pregnancy, cervical ripening and induction of labour is often required. Induction of labour is indicated when the benefits to either the mother or fetus outweigh those of continuing the pregnancy [1]. Aim Of The Study:To compare efficacy and safety of intracervical Foley?s balloon catheter with intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel (dinoprostone) for induction of labour. Objectives:To compare cervical ripening, induction-delivery interval, mode of delivery, maternal complications and fetal outcome by two methods. Materials And Methods:Prospective randomized controlled study. SAMPLE SIZE- Each group 50, determined by statistical analysis. Successful induction considered if the patient entered the active phase of labour/ bishop score 6. Result:In present study, both groups were comparable in age distribution. In both the groups, most of the study subjects were between the age group of 18-25 years (76% in pgE2 v/s 70% in Foley?s catheter group). Mean age in PGE2 gel group was 23.20?3.03 years while Mean age in Intra-Cervical Foley?s Catheter group was 23.92?3.11 years. Mean gestational age in PGE2 gel group was 39.12?1.33 weeks compared to 39.06?1.18 weeks in Intra-Cervical Foley?s Catheter group. At start of induction mean Bishop score was 1.62?1.10 in PGE2 gel group while it was 1.58?1.01 in Intra-Cervical Foley?s Catheter group. Deshmukh V et al also reported similar pre-induction mean Bishop score (1.48?0.67 in Foley?s Catheter group v/s 1.59?0.59 in pgE2 gel group). In our study, post-induction mean Bishop score at 6 hours was 6.56?2.13 in PGE2 gel group while it was 4.70?2.21 in Intra-Cervical Foley?s Catheter group. Mean change in Bishop score between 0 to 6 hours was significantly higher in pgE2 gel group (4.94?1.78) compare to Foley?s catheter group (3.12?1.78). The rate of LSCS in pgE2 gel group was 10% and 32% in Foley?s catheter group respectively. The induction delivery interval showed significantly higher time in intracervical Foley?s catheter groups. The mean induction delivery internal was 13.80?3.83 hrs in Foley?s group and 9.65?2.13 hrs in PGE2 group. In our study, common maternal complication observed were Intrapartum pyrexia (1 case in pgE2 gel group and 8 cases in Foley?s catheter group) and puerperal pyrexia (1 case in pgE2 gel group and 4 cases in Foley?s catheter group). 1 case of hyperstimulation was also seen in pgE2 gel group. Apart from that we have not seen any other complication in mothers. The present study shows that the fetal outcome results were also comparable in both the groups. Conclusion:The results of this trial tended to favor the prostaglandins use over Foley catheter use. The main advantage of the PGE2 gel is that early ripening of cervix, lesser caesarean rate and infection rate as compared to the Foley?s catheter while disadvantage is higher chances of uterine hypertonicity or tachysystole. but Foley?s catheter mimicked the physiology of the labour onset more closely, resulting in a less likelihood of hyperstimulation, fetal heart rate abnormalities and postpartum hemorrhage. Now, there is recent trend of reintroducing the mechanical methods like the Foley catheter, as there is an availability of sterile devices, controlling one of the principal contraindications- infection. Such mechanical methods are advantageous in terms of their reversibility and the reduced expenditure. But Foley?s catheter has been linked with a possibility of infections in some larger studies. Thus, tremendous attention should be drawn towards carrying out aseptic measures while it is being inserted, to avoid maternal and probable neonatal infections.

Background:Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy remain a major global health issue because of the associated perinatal morbidity and mortality. The outcomes of women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in our hospital in rural area of India have not yet been documented. Objective: To determine maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy at a tertiary care hospital in rural area of India. Material and methods: A prospective study was undertaken on 200 consecutive women of hypertensive disorder in pregnancies that were managed in the Department of Obstetrics &Gynaecology in our hospital from October 2017 to September 2018. The demographic data, clinical and laboratory findings delivery route, indications of caesarean section, foetal and maternal complications were determined. Results:Out of 200 women, 62.2% were found to have pre-eclampsia, 8% had eclampsia, and 27 % had gestational hypertension and 2.5% had chronic hypertension. Proteinuria was demonstrated in 67.5%, thrombocytopenia in 15.5%, liver dysfunction in 11%, abruptio placenta in 4.5%, HELLP syndrome in 3%, and retinal detachment in 0.5% of women. 46.5% women had caesarean section delivery. There was no maternal mortality. 45% neonates were small for gestational age (SGA), 22.5% needed NICU admission. There were 4.5% still births and 3.5% neonatal deaths. Conclusions:Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy is associated with increased risk of maternal and perinatal adverse outcome. The complications could be reduced by regular antenatal check-up, early identification of hypertension and timely referral and specialist care during labour and after birth.

MDA-LF is part of a global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by less than 1% amongst the population, launched by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000. This study aimed to find out the magnitude of coverage, the operational issues related to the process of drug distribution and as well as the success factors of MDA-LF LF. Methods: This study used mixed method, interviewed 26 respondents and collected secondary data from Pekalongan Town Health Office. Results: The coverage rate of MDA-LF LF in Pekalongan Town was 93% but the LF rate was still stand at >1%. There was no hindrance with the MDA-LF distribution, however, many people did not want to consume the MDA-LF drug package.

Chemistry is one of the most important branches of science and its contributions to development of a country need to be emphasized. Its performance, however, has been poor especially amongst girls. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of girls? attitude towards the performance of girls in chemistry in secondary schools in Nandi North Sub-County, Nandi County, Kenya. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. The sample consisted of 303 Form three students and 9 chemistry teachers selected using proportionate, simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews and observation schedules were used to collect data. Validity and reliability of these instruments were determined before data collection. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and t-test while qualitative data were transcribed and arranged thematically before reporting in narrations and quotations. The study found out that there was a significant difference between boys and girls in terms of attitude towards Chemistry. The study recommended that teachers of chemistry need to encourage and motivate girls to develop a positive attitude toward the importance of chemistry as a subject. The findings of this study could provide a framework for teachers on which they could re-evaluate their instructional strategies during chemistry lessons for the enhancement of effective teaching and learning. It could also provide insight for the curriculum designers into the kind of practical experiences in secondary school chemistry needed to aid sound understanding of scientific concepts and principles.

Background: In adults, sleep has an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiologic studies have shown that chronic short sleep may be associated with the development of hypertension. Objectives: This study is aimed to assess the quality of sleep pattern in of Hail city, and to study the relationship between sleep pattern and hypertension among of Hail city. Methods:This descriptive study was conducted in Hail city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1004 participants who are aged above 17 years old were included in the study. Participants were asked about their socio-demographic data, sleep pattern index questions, with the measurement of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure along with heart rate determination. The statistical analysis of data was done by using excel and SPSS version (20). (Chicago, Illinois: SPSS Inc, USA) Results:There was a significant inverse correlation between the sleep duration during weekends and the hypertension which is represented by systolic blood pressure and R-value was (0.116) and P-value of (<0.001) respectively. Conclusion:In Hail, the present study demonstrated that there was a significant association between sleep duration at weekends and elevated blood pressure. Furthermore, a significant correlation between sleep duration during workdays and age, occupation, smoking and BMI.

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is more frequent in women than thought otherwise (2). The intensity of feeling inability in suffering mothers is so high that some mothers with postpartum depression comment life as the death swamp, while non depressed mothers see their baby\'s birth as the happiest stage of their life. Aim: The present study aims to study the risk factors of postpartum depression among mothers. Methods: Around 2090 Saudi women of postpartum period, were included and assessed using standardized questionnaire and predictive index of postnatal depression, to find out risk factors. Results: The study found thatthe risk of developing postnatal depression was remarkably associated with the number of children which is increased with more than 5 children and positive family history as well. While no association between unplanned pregnancies and postpartum depression. Conclusion: These risk factors can be ascertained during routine pregnancy care; therefore, it is important that antenatal healthcare providers and women themselves should educated about risk factors so that early identification of high risk women can be possible by closer follow-up.

Background:Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrine disorder affecting majority of women in reproductive age. The major endocrine disruption being excessive androgen production and abnormal insulin activity. Excess body weight in women with PCOS accelerates progression towards diabetes by exacerbating both insulin resistance and inappropriate insulin response. As Insulin levels are related to C-peptide levels and as insulin resistance is key finding in PCOS women, increased serum insulin and serum C-Peptide concentrations are considered to be a major finding in PCOS. Methods:Its a case control study was carried out in Gitam institute of medical sciences and research hospital during june 2018 to august 2018 which includes 60 females aged between 17-29 years. Out of 60 female participants, 30 females were cases with PCOS and the remaining 30 were age matched apparently healthy females. Diagnosis of PCOS is based on 2 of 3 findings ? oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries in ultrasound (Rotterdam criteria). Results:Serum C-peptide concentrations measured in cases and controls were analysed by SPSS statistical software 23.0. The means of C-peptide between case and control group were compared by unpaired student t-test. P value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The mean ? SD of C-peptide in case group (women with PCOS) was 3.24?0.51 ng/ml which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than mean of control group (women without PCOS). Conclusion:This study showed significantly higher serum C-peptide concentrations in women with PCOS confirming the presence of insulin resistance in PCOS women.

Introduction:a palpable spleen suggests enlargement of the organ and is an important clinical sign produced by diseases affecting the spleen. The incidence and etiology of splenomegaly is strongly dependent on the geographical location. In a patient, splenomegaly should be investigated properly to ascertain the etiology. Causes may vary with diseases prevalent in that area. Materials and methods: this cross sectional, observational study was performed in 510 adult patients with splenomegaly who reported to department of medicine gmc jammu from may 2014 to april 2015, over a period of 1 year. The patients were evaluated for their complete clinical profile & etiology of splenomegaly. Grading of splenomegaly was done by hacket\'s grading. Thorough relevant investigations were carried out. Results:most patients were below 45 years of age. Most common etiological category of splenomegaly was hematological (54.7%) followed by congestive (17.6%), infectious (12.7%) and other (4.9%) causes. Most common splenomegaly patients belong to hacket?s grade ii (54.7%), followed by grade iii (27.84%), grade i (12.94%) & grade iv (4.31%). Among hematological etiology chronic myeloid leukemia was the most common cause (25.3%). Malaria was the commonest etiology among infectious causes (5.9%). On clinical examination pallor was present in 33.1% cases. 10.6% of patients had gi symptoms, 5.9% of patients had icterus, lymphadenopathy was present in 7.8% patients. We compared the results of our study with other studies & concluded that clinical profile & etiological spectrum of splenomegaly varies from region to region. Conclusion: the present study concludes that splenomegaly in a symptomatic person should be properly evaluated. In our study hematological causes (54.7%) outnumbered the non hematological cause (45.3%) of splenomegaly.

A new species of Bactrodesmium, B. aquatica, was collected from northern parts of Western Ghats on submerged herbaceous and woody debris from freshwater streams and reservoirs in Maharashtra and is described. The new submerged-aquatic hyphomycetous fungus is differed from the related species of the genus in size and characteristics of sporodochia and conidia.

Mycosphaerellalimneticaa new species in Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Capnodials, Mycospharellaceae, encountredondecorticatedsubmerged woody debris from a freshwater river (Aner, Maharashtra) in India, is described and illustrated. The characteristic features of the new species are: Ascomata: subglobose, semi-immersed, black, papillate, ostiolate with conical beak. Peridium: thick-walled, composed of cells of texturaangularis. Pseudoparaphyses: absent. Asci: fissitunicate, 8-spored, 2-3 seriate, clavate, 90-120 x 14-20 m, lacking stalk, rounded at the apex. Ascospores: one-septate, septum supra-median, upper cell broader and shorter than basal cell, clavate to cylindrical, multigattulate, hyalne, becoming golden colored at maturity, with cylindrical gelatinous sheath which constricted at the septum, becoming elongated and diffuse in water.

The present study is about the Kora tribal community and their education in West Bengal. According to the Second Amendment Bill 2011 of the Constitution of India (Scheduled Tribes orders) ? ?Tribals follow some specific criterion like having primitive traits, distributive culture geographical isolation, shyness at contact with the community at large and backwardness?. The study was delimited to two districts of West Bengal, namely Bankura and Purulia. The present ethnographer used traditional ethnographic method along with different secondary sources like books, journal, reports, internet etc.

Jatrophacurcas is a second generation biofuel crop that is also an important biological resource. Meeting increasing biofuel demand requires wider cultivation of specialized varieties, highlighting the need for massive culture techniques such as in vitro micropropagation. Key stages in plant tissue culture processes, such as adventitious shoot induction, can be optimized to increase micropropagation protocol efficiency. Response surface methodology, a statistical tool for this purpose, was applied to optimize in vitro induction of adventitious shoots in the J. curcasmicropropagation process. A preliminary assay was done in which 6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino) purine and indolacetic acid were selected as the factors to optimize. A 22 central composite design with four central points was then applied to fit it to a second grade model and a rotatable design applied to produce the final model and surface graphics. Focused on maximum point, the surface model design identified maximum adventitious shoot induction to be 21 shoots per explant in Murashige and Skoog medium at 75% ionic strength and containing 83.3 ?M 6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino) purine and 1.3 ?M indolacetic acid. This is the first report in which response surface methodology was found to be an effective statistical technique for optimizing adventitious shoot induction in Jatrophacurcas.