Planning cultures

Researchers in translation studies have long discussed how cultural identities, images of literary systems, authors and works are created through translation. In this vein, André Lefevere's concepts of "rewriting" and "image-making" are helpful in understanding the relation between "image-making" and translation processes. While discussing the "image" of a translated work, it is effective to focus on how a literary system, a writer or a writer's works are presented and received. Gerard Genette's formulization of "paratext = peritext + epitext" is instrumental in obtaining the necessary conceptual and theoretical framework for inquiring the ways of presenting a text or a body of texts. In applying Genette's concepts to translation studies, particularly within an ideological context, Urpo Kovala's approach allows research within a world-historical context, considering ideological and cultural dimensions of translation processes. Taking this theoretical framework as the backbone of my study, I will discuss the image of Nâzım Hikmet and his poetry in Anglo-American literary systems. Hikmet is important for translation studies because he is (a) the Turkish poet with the greatest number of works translated into English, (b) the only Turkish poet whose poetry has been translated into over 50 languages, (c) one of the figures to whom UNESCO dedicated the year 2002, "The Year of Cultural Heritage". In this paper, I will evaluate my findings of the paratextual analysis of Hikmet's poetry in Anglo-American literary systems from the time they were first presented within those systems in 1932 to 2002 when four books were translated into English and published.

W artykule poruszono temat znaczenia uwarunkowań kulturowych w kształtowaniu planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Podstawą rozważań jest obserwowane w Polsce zróżnicowanie praktyk w tym zakresie, występujące mimo unifikacji rozwiązań prawnych. Sytuacja taka oddziałuje na szereg sfer życia społecznego i gospodarczego. Przyjęto szerokie rozumienie kultury, które jednak uwzględnia specyfikę tej sfery. Uwaga jest kierowana przede wszystkim na uwarunkowania kultury niematerialnej – kształtujące poglądy i preferencje działających osób, wobec poglądu o indywidualizacji prac planistycznych i procesów zagospodarowywania przestrzeni. Zaproponowane zostało zestawienie uwarunkowań kulturowych oraz propozycje sposobów ich badania. Praca stanowi wstęp do dalszych badań empirycznych.

Theories about institutional transformation in spatial planning, although mainly based on the Anglo-Saxon context, have assumed a dominant role in planning research and theory as means to understand the transformations that have been restructuring planning systems in recent decades in the Western world and beyond. The article, looking at transformations of planning practice through the lenses of the concept of planning cultures, debates the utility of building ‘universal’ theories for spatial planning and advocates for the need for a de-provincialization of planning theories. This is done through a case-study approach applied to the history of the transformation of the retail system in a context characterized by the specificities of the Italian planning context and Southern European cities, namely: the planning processes for, and power relationships underlying, the first shopping malls opened in Palermo, Italy, since 2009 – some decades later than most of Western cities.

We have stressed that, despite a growing empirical and theoretical interest in public space, the development and establishment of relational perspectives is still far from being thoroughly accepted and put into practice; these perspectives remain largely considered as abstract conceptualisations. Nonetheless, at the same time, a number of informal planning arenas have influenced professional planning and architectural practice from ‘below’. These changes offer valuable starting points and the inspiration to connect abstract relational conceptions of space to concrete professional practices in public space, even though they may not necessarily be theoretically informed. By looking in particular at the relational and reflexive approaches taken by these exploratory professional practices, chapters in this part III of the book specifically highlights the need for transdisciplinary foci in urban research. The challenges that changing dynamics of public space production evoke in the field of urban studies go beyond considering public space just as a cross-disciplinary theme in architecture and planning. Rather the point is to understand public space research as a way to learn from the constraints and opportunities emerging from the field of practice, and also as a device to reconnect planning and design endeavours to lived space, and the social practices that constantly re-shape and re-signify it.