Phoenician

In this study results of two underwater excavations in the Eastern Mediterranean, namely in the vicinity of Shavei Zyyon (Linder 1973:182-187) and Tyre (Seco-Alvarez 2011:79-94) where a hoard of clay figurines dating to the Persian Period and associated with Phoenician are dealt with. There may be other hoards, although they are represented by examples sold and bought by private collectors and museums or have, so far, not been published. Both hoards have been associated with possible wrecks, although in both cases, no signs of the wrecks were located. We propose yet another consideration of the hoards which are not associated with shipwrecks, namely a practice of mariners' ex-voto.

The Phoenicians live a revival: exhibitions, congresses and publications of major compilations in English have fueled interest in this mysterious people. In this article we address an issue that has been hotly debated over the past ten years, the very Phoenician essence. Did they exist or are they a historiographical invention?

Phoenician archaeology has a long history of being defined and redefined. Up until today, academics and institutions often have variable approaches to and perceptions of Phoenician material culture. This history has impacted the treatment of this material culture in museums, resulting in very different approaches from one museum to the other. This paper presents a comparative approach to Phoenician collections on display  in museums of different scales and in different countries, taking into considerations cues such as frequency and importance played by the Phoenicians within the larger context of the museum, the variable definitions of the word in each museum, and curatorial choices with the aim of understanding whether the scale of the museum is a key factor in its presentation of Phoenician collections.

In this paper we present the most recent anthropological study on bones of the archaic tombs of Motya (Sicily, Italy), where a large necropolis has been brought to light since the first excavations of Joseph Whitaker. The newly acquired data suggest that this portion of the Motya archaic cemetery was not exclusively devoted to the incineration of particular classes of age but the urns and cists could contain multiple burials of very different ages.

Entre los años 1998 y 2002 se llevó a cabo una actividad arqueológica en el antiguo edificio de la Casa de Correos y Telégrafos de Málaga, como parte de los trabajos de rehabilitación necesarios para su uso como sede del Rectorado de la Universidad. El estudio sistemático de los materiales correspondientes a los niveles más profundos de la secuencia, atribuidos al periodo fenicio arcaico, permiten su datación en momentos anteriores a c 625 a.C., lo que los convierte, al día de hoy, en el contexto de mayor antigüedad de Malaka. Junto a este dato de valor cronológico destaca la entidad arquitectónica de algunas de las  estructuras localizadas, inmediatas a la primera línea de costa de la época. El conjunto resulta de gran interés para estudiar la dinámica del poblamiento fenicio de la bahía de Málaga a partir de la fundación del asentamiento de la Rebanadilla, ubicado en el vecino estuario del río Guadalhorce, datado en la segunda mitad del siglo IX a.C.

Researcher and Independent Student ASIN: B07JMY43YX Abstract: This research is about a solution of the figures carved in the famous Inga Stone. Brazilian researchers tell us about indigenous abilities to organize communities and rituals of funerals, cultivation and planting of grains, plant breeding, and fertile soil maintenance, but although ceramic artifacts show quite developed ornaments and figures, so far, any form of writing from these peoples, or evidence of advanced botanical knowledge, would have been identified. The Inga stone reveals, however, the knowledge of the fertilization and crossing of the Ingazeira (a type of Brazilian tree), besides the verification of the origin of languages that evidently derived from the botanical knowledge. In the state of Paraíba, Brazil, there is a stone twenty-four meters wide and three meters high with curious engravings. This is the stone of Ingá, or Itacotiara, which according to some translators of the Tupi-Guarani indigenous language means "scratched stone". Although it is a very visited stone and even known abroad, there are not many studies about its origin or the meaning of its figures. And, likewise, no current information is available on what would mean so many notches. It adds to this sad result the lack of interest of public or private institutions in supporting the science, history and social culture of our own country, either financially or through patrimonial protection. I then contribute, describing my interpretation of Ingá's stone engravings, which, as I have shown, is a botanical cycle, more precisely of the life cycle, fertilization and crossing, of the plant species known as Ingazeira. I also note that their symbols described as part of the life cycle of the plant in question are found in inscriptions of ancient Mesopotamian languages, as if botanical knowledge had established a language and many other languages in the world. The carvings of the Ingá stone are 6,000 years old according to the last dating, at which time it would coincide with the end of the last ice age, whose melting glaciers in the oceanic region near Antarctica would be responsible for the Sumerian flood. The Sumerian civilization was the earliest to mention, in written form, a disaster such as that of the universal flood, to this day. His songs, business records, records of buying and selling of real estate, and a list of kings and rulers engraved on clay tablets (made available digitally by Oxford University), have been in existence for at least five thousand to six thousand years, about. They lived in the region south of Mesopotamia, where today lies Iraq.

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El estudio de fenicios en Occidente cuenta con una larga tradición en el Departamento de Madrid del Instituto Arqueológico Alemán (DAI), tradición desarrollada en cooperación con socios españoles, portugueses y marroquíes. En ella se inserta el presente volumen, que está dedicado a la necrópolis fenicia de Ayamonte (Huelva), localidad situada en la desembocadura del río Guadiana, en el límite occidental de la ecúmene del siglo VIII-VII a.C.


En la ejecución y publicación de la Actividad Arqueológica Puntual, realizada en septiembre de 2013 bajo la dirección del DAI-Madrid, participo un equipo internacional e interdisciplinar. Los resultados demuestran que los primeros colonos fenicios enterraban a sus muertos de la misma manera que lo hacían en la madre patria oriental, situada a miles de millas marinas de distancia, y que sus redes comerciales incluían tanto el hinterland, como regiones cercanas y lejanas de las costas mediterráneas y atlánticas, destacando especialmente la Axarquía (Málaga) y Cerdeña. Las características antropológicas y las dataciones por radiocarbono de los enterramientos de incineración, así como los objetos que se enterraban junto con los difuntos nos permiten conocer la época, el entorno y la vida de aquellas personas. En esta monografía se presentan también las tumbas fenicias que Elisabet García Teyssandier y Benjamín Cabaco Encinas excavaron en 2008, dando así pie al inicio de la investigación de los fenicios en Ayamonte.

Salvage excavations conducted by M. L. Florido in 2007-2008 unearthed part of a Punic  sh-processing facility, whose activity should have extended in successive phases since at least the beginning of the 5th century BC until the  nal stretch of the 2nd or early 1st century BC. Originally the area seems to have been oc- cupied by Phoenician cremation burials, which were disturbed by Punic structures and land lls. In this work we present a preliminary report of the investigations on the site, as well as a brief review of the insular settlement pattern of Cadiz from the 6th to the 1st century BC.

https://journals.openedition.org/antafr/1419

Mots-clés : Anthropozoologie historique ; archéologie du rite ; interdit alimentaire et rituel ; Phéniciens/Puniques ; religion ; suidés.

Résumé : Cette contribution se propose d’analyser le rôle des suidés dans les pratiques alimentaires et religieuses du monde phénicopunique,
à travers l’analyse des sources archéologiques, archéozoologiques, épigraphiques, iconographiques et littéraires. On abordera
également l’existence, chez les Phéniciens, d’un interdit alimentaire et rituel du cochon comparable à celui des Juifs : même si quelques
travaux récents ont tendance à nier l’existence de cet interdit, cette question reste en effet ouverte. Les données rassemblées invitent
à attribuer aux suidés un rôle secondaire dans les pratiques alimentaires et rituelles du monde phénico-punique, en particulier chez
les Phéniciens d’Orient. Cependant, il ne semble jamais avoir été question d’un interdit complet envers cet animal. Au contraire, la
consommation et l’utilisation rituelle des suidés, et surtout du cochon, s’accroissent au fil du temps dans les établissements phénicopuniques
de la Méditerranée occidentale.

Keywords: Animal Studies ; archaeology of ritual ; food and ritual avoidance ; Phoenicians/Punics ; pigs ; religion.

Abstract: This paper aims at elucidating the role played by pigs in Phoenicians and Punics ritual practices and dietary habits. The
archaeological, zooarchaeological, epigraphic, iconographic and literary evidence is used for this purpose. Special attention is paid to
the issue of a possible Phoenician food and ritual avoidance of pigs comparable to the Jewish prohibition. Although some scholarly
contributions have recently denied this “taboo” within the Phoenician and Punic world, this issue is still controversial. As will be shown,
pigs play a secondary role in the ritual practices and dietary habits of the Phoenician and Punic people, especially among the “Eastern”
Phoenicians (Cyprus and Levant). However, a food and ritual avoidance of pigs does not seem to have been established. The consumption
and ritual use of pigs, especially domestic pigs, increased gradually over the centuries in the Phoenicians-Punics communities in the West
Mediterranean.

الكلمات المفاتيح : الأنتروبوزوولوجيا التاريخية، علم دراسة الطقوس، المحرمات الغذائية والطقوس، فينيقي/بوني، ديانة، خنزير.
التلخيص : تبحث هذه المحاولة في تحليل الدور الذي لعبه الخنزير من خلال العادات الغذائية والدينية للعالم الفينيقي/البوني وذلك عبر دراسة المصادر الأثرية والآثار الحيوانية
و النقائش والمصادر الأدبية. كما نبحث في وجود مانع غذائي وعقائدي لأكل الخنزير مثل الموجود عند اليهودلأن هذه المسألة لا تزال مفتوحة للبحث رغم وجود دراسات
تنفي هذا المانع. المعطيات التي تم جمعها تعطي الخنزير دورا ثانويا في العادات الغذائية وفي طقوس سكان العالم الفينيقي/البوني وبالأخص لدى الفينيقيين بالمشرق. حيث
لا وجود لمنع أو تحريم قطعي لهذا الحيوان بل بالعكس تطور استهلاكه تدريجيا في الأكل وفي القرابين عبر الزمن في المجتمعات الفينيقية/البونية الموجودة في غرب المتوسط.