Philology

En los últimos años los descubrimientos arqueológicos y las investigaciones (ortodoxas y heterodoxas) están cambiando rápidamente el conocimiento del paradigma histórico que se tenía de la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica. Ahora tenemos constancia de varios hitos y hechos que tuvieron lugar en el suelo ibérico por primera vez en la Historia de Occidente, como por ejemplo las construcciones de tecnología hidráulica de las motillas del Guadiana o de Marroquíes Bajos, basados en la construcción de fosos y canales concéntricos, protegidos por murallas y bastiones. Este patrón concéntrico de fosos y canales amurallados está presente en otros lugares de la Península, de forma más o menos evidente, como por ejemplo Valencina de la Concepción, Los Millares y fortificaciones del Levante. Pero este tema no es el objetivo de este ensayo preliminar. Sin embargo, el lector podrá encontrar, al final del mismo, fuentes y enlaces dónde podrá informarse de estos avances y descubrimientos en el conocimiento de la Historia del Neolítico y Calcolítico de la Península Ibérica. En este momento, sólo se están reconociendo ciertos logros arquitectónicos como los mencionados, y algunos datos más, que pareciera que no pasan de anécdotas o curiosidades, como por ejemplo el posible mapa hidrográfico del menhir del dolmen del embalse de Guadalperal, o el supuesto sistema de protoescritura de ciertos petroglifos de La Mancha. Sin embargo, en este ensayo vamos a tratar de demostrar que esos sistemas de protoescritura prehistórica ibérica son mucho más que una curiosidad o una anécdota, y que gracias a otros sistemas de protoescritura neolíticos y calcolíticos que podemos hallar repartidos a lo largo y ancho de la Península Ibérica, podemos incluso tratar de vislumbrar, siquiera someramente, la ideología religiosa de esos antiguos habitantes de Iberia. Estoy hablando de al menos dos sistemas distintos de protoescritura ibérica que desde el año 1994 el investigador, epigrafista y productor documental Georgeos Díaz-Montexano lleva descifrando, en un trabajo excelente, y filológicamente bien estructurado. Signario proto-escritura lineal prehistórica ELTAR. G.D.M. Digo filológicamente bien estructurado, porque en sus estudios Díaz-Montexano no sólo realiza concienzudos y estrictos análisis lingüísticos, morfológicos, sintácticos y fonológicos, sino que elabora complicadas y completas traducciones semánticas, con resultados convincentes, tomando en consideración los datos conocidos acerca de lenguas antiguas escasamente conocidas, como por ejemplo el líbico-bereber, el proto-semítico o las lenguas altaico-túrquicas. Tomando esas lenguas como base, el investigador y epigrafista hispano-cubano ha analizado cientos de muestras y símbolos recogidos a lo largo y ancho de la Península Ibérica, pero especialmente en el sur, de grabados y pinturas rupestres, descubriendo hasta dos tipologías distintas de posibles sistemas de proto-escrituras lineales. Esos dos posibles sistemas de protoescritura lineales abarcan desde mediados o finales del Paleolítico hasta la Edad del Bronce, y ha denominado de las siguientes maneras, distinguiéndose, además de por su antigüedad, por su origen lingüístico: • ELA: Escritura Lineal Atlántica. Arrancaría desde el Mesolítico o Neolítico y concluiría hacia la Edad del 1

A talk presented at the Society for Tantric Studies Conference held at the Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona (Sept 2019). In this talk, I give a brief overview of Rājayoga in the earliest works that teach it, nearly all of which are Śaiva, and argue that Rājayoga was a mechanism by which Śaivism integrated various yogas into a hierarchal system that promoted a Śaiva interpretation of samādhi and liberation-in-life.

Concerning the Pan-Hispanic balladry field, Iberian peripheral areas (such as Catalan, Galician and Portuguese) have been carelessly regarded, although this has not ever been admitted by Spanish academic criticism. It is known that peripheral Iberian oral traditions collections were, in the very beginning, ruled by nationalist demands. But we believe it is also true that, nowadays, the Castilian centrist point of view on peripheral balladry traditions displays the same nationalist shape. In order to illustrate this statement , we settle our discussion on several recent examples of critical studies and editorial activity devoted to the Pan-Hispanic balladry.

内容提要：董俊是元代藁城董氏家族兴起的第一代。本文的研究对象即是元明善所撰《寿国董忠烈公传》这样一篇较少受到关注的董俊传记。该文献最主要的特点是元明善对自己在《藁城董氏家传》中董俊事迹的书写进行了偏离历史事实的较大改易，以致部分叙事顺序也颠倒重组。而改写原因是元明善参阅了翰林国史院典藏史籍资料中的不同记载，其中包含《太祖实录》中有关董俊的事迹。通过研究可以发现系董俊三子董文用为彰显其父功德，对翰林国史院的纂修工作施加了影响，形成了《太祖实录》中对董俊的记载，进而留存到《元史•太祖纪》中。至此，元朝实录纂修中一个隐秘不彰的事实被揭示出来。

Abstract: Dong Jun is the first generation of the family Gao who had thrived from Gaocheng in the Yuan Dynasty. It is one famous political family in Yuan time. The subject matter of this thesis is A Biography of Sir Dong, Loyal and Martyring Duke of the State of Shou, which had been written by Yuan Mingshan but wasn’t known to the public. The major feature of this historical biography lies in its writer’s numerous modification to Dong Jun’s life and feats, thereby some historical events in this biography are depicted without taking into account the order of time, space and logical sequence, and naturally its contents are far away from both the true historical facts and A Familial Biography of the Family Dong in Gaocheng, another biography written by the same writer to the same family. The reason behind these modifications is Yuan Mingshan’s wide reference to different historical archives which were available and well-preserved in the Institute of Historiography of the Imperial Academy. One of those archives is An Veritable Record of the Emperor Taizu or Chinggis Khan, wherein Dong Jun’s life and deeds are also described.
By textual analysis, we are able to discover that it was Dong Wenyong, the third son of Dong Jun, that exerted his personal influence over the ongoing compilation in the Institute of Historiography of the Imperial Academy. Specifically, in order to fully display his father's gallant merits and virtue, Dong Wenyong edited the officially historical archives on Dong Jun in An Authentic Record to the Emperor Taizu, and subsequently the contents of the said archives had been further preserved in the Annals of the Emperor Taizu in History of the Yuan Dynasty or Yuan Shi.
Thus, this historical secret which had been concealed during and after the compilation of An Authentic Record on the Yuan Dynasty has been revealed.

The vernacular version of Caesar’s De bello Gallico, dedicated by Pier Candido Decembrio to Filippo Maria Visconti and Iñigo d’Avalos, takes its place as part of an ambitious project to translate great historical works, including the ‘Historia Alexandri Magni’ by Curtius Rufus and the De primo bello Punico by Polybius, completed in 1438. Decembrio returned to the study of Caesar’s works several times up to the late 1450s, if not later, and translated the whole corpus, with the exception of the ‘Bellum Hispaniense’. The discovery of the Latin MS that he used (Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Dc 167), has revealed that before translating he subjected the text to careful scrutiny, with a display of considerable philological skills.

Il volgarizzamento del De bello Gallico di Cesare, dedicato da Pier Candido Decembrio a Filippo Maria Visconti e Iñigo d’Avalos, s’inquadra in un ambizioso progetto di versione di classici della storiografia che annovera anche l’Historia Alexandri Magni di Curzio Rufo e il De primo bello Punico di Polibio, completate nel 1438. Decembrio tornò piú volte sul testo dei commentari, almeno sino ai tardi anni Cinquanta del XV secolo, traducendo l’intero Corpus Caesarianum, ad eccezione del Bellum Hispaniense. La scoperta dell’exemplar latino utilizzato dall’umanista (oggi Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Dc 167), ha svelato che egli, prima di tradurre, sottopose il testo cesariano ad un’estesa revisione editoriale, prova di una notevole attenzione filologica.

I critique traditional simplex approaches to Tangut Grade by primary reference to Xun GONG’s new suggestion that Gr. I/II syllables were contrastively uvularized. Such proposals are rooted in the categories of philological Middle Chinese (MC), but the Grades are at the same time incommensurate with MC in reflecting the effects of apicalization, labiodentalization, and other changes affecting vocalism across northern late medieval Chinese languages (NLMC). Attention to these details suggests that Tangut Grade concerned vowel quality per se, not simplex diagnostic segments or features. Gong’s correspondence between Tangut Gr. I/II K- and Rgyalrong Q- also has parallels in NLMC and will require a narrower solution within proposed Qiangic.

Sesión del curso de postgrado "Editar textos medievales en el siglo XXI", organizado por Esperanza Alfonso (CCHS-CSIC). Presentación dedicada a la transmisión y la edición de las obras en verso de Ramon Llull. Se proponen herramientas de trabajo para la edición de los textos, se señalan algunos ejemplos de edición y se explican los criterios que se han aplicado en los casos señalados.

THE INFINITENESS OF GOD IN ORIGEN: A GREAT MISUNDERSTANDING.

Many historians of ideas – philosophers and theologians – believe that the first thinker to introduce the concept of a positive understanding of the infiniteness of God was Plotinus. In Greek philosophy, however, something infinite was understood as “unfinished” and therefore “imperfect”. All the same, according to many scholars, Christianity took the concept of the infiniteness of God precisely from the founder of neo-Platonism. One of the reasons for which researchers of the doctrines of the ancient world persist in this thesis even today is the fact that, in the writings of Origen – who lived at the time of Plotinus – we find the expressions which might give readers the impression that God’s power is finite, since God brought into existence a finite number of created beings. This article argues that this widely-held interpretation is wrong. Philo and Clement, a Jewish and a Christian thinker, both of Alexandria – from whose doctrines Origen borrowed abundantly – wrote of an infinite God before Origen did. In the surviving works of Origen, moreover, he nowhere states explicitly that God’s power is finite, although it is true that, according to him, God created a finite number of creatures. The controversial thesis of a finite God is found only in fragments written by ancient critics of Origen’s teaching. A detailed analysis of Origen’s own original pronouncements on the nature, power and knowledge of God leads one to the conclusion that the fragments that have led many historians of ideas into confusion, either do not represent the views of Origen himself or present Origen’s teachings inaccurately. Moreover, in Origen’s surviving Greek writings, we find the term ¥peiron used in reference to God. This is precisely the term used by Greek philosophers to designate infinity. We may posit, then, that the concept of the infiniteness of God, positively understood, was born of the encounter of Greek philosophy with the Bible – that is, with the Jewish and Christian doctrines of the first centuries of the common era. Origen, who came slightly later, continued the thought of his predecessors and does not contradict them anywhere in his surviving works. What remains to be examined is the question of whether Plotinus himself made use of the work of Jewish and Christian thinkers in forming his doctrine of an infinite God, rather than those thinkers leaning on Plotinus, as is usually assumed.

This essay discusses Walter Scott's 1802 version of the ballad 'Thomas the Rhymer' (or 'True Thomas'), tracing its historical sociocultural reception and comparing it with the orally-transmitted version 'Thomas Rhymer and the Queen of Elfland', written down by Anna Gordon Brown in 1800. The essay comparatively analyses linguistic divergences between the two (chiefly lexis, orthography, and punctuation) to suggest how such textual traces show the changing relationship between textual form and textual function.

The position I am taking is that the current science of consciousness, especially as practiced in research done in the US and the UK, is upsidedown, insideout and backwards. Elucidation of that cluster of adjectives will flow from a reflection on that current science and research. I. Responses to Current Claims. After reading and then re-reading the chapter "The Neuroscience: Your Brain on Psychedelics" in Michael Pollan"s book How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence, I watched a youtube video that he references in a footnote on p324 of his book (https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2VzRMevUXg). The video opens with a presentation by Alison Gopnik, "a developmental psychologist and philosopher" at UC Berkeley, according to Pollan. Gopnik shares research on her speciality area which is the consciousness of children. At the end of her presentation, she addresses the audience with several remarks and images. Gopnik suggests that we think of child consciousness as the R & D (Research and Development) phase of human growth and of adult consciousness as the production and marketing phase. She does not mention consumption in either of these suggestions but she asks, early in her talk, what, from the standpoint of biological evolution, could be the reason for the human species having the longest maturation period of any known species, where maturation refers to the period from conception to the ability of the human individual to provide more sustenance, nourishment and support to other members of the human species than the individual consumes. I listened carefully for her to answer this question but she didn't. Living in Fairbanks, Alaska and spending much time in the wilderness