Middle Bronze Age

The paper attempts to reinterpret kurgan 1 at Ivanje on the Volhynia Upland together with rich grave goods unearthed from the graves located underneath the kurgan. The reinterpretation follows their first publication by I . K . Svesnikov 40 years ago. The identification of artefacts in terms of their chronology and origins is supplemented by an attempt to reconstruct funerary rites.
The structure of the graves, rich grave goods, and uniqueness of some of them testify to a high status of the buried persons. The deceased from graves I (burial 1) and I I (burials 4 and 5) can be considered members of local "Komarov" elites, taking part, or perhaps even controlling, the northern section of long-distance exchange
routes connecting the Volhynia Upland, the drainages of the upper and middle Dniester and the upper Boh, and further the area on the Middle Dnieper to the interfluve of the Dniester and Prut rivers, the Carpathian Basin and, through them, also to the Eastern Mediterranean.

A wave swept through the Carpathian Basin, which fundamentally changed the face of societies, a horizon usually referred to as Koszider. Quite famous for its representative hoards and the fire destructions recorded in the last layers, usually interpreted as violent ends. The obvious question lingers in the shadows cast by the greatness of the finds: was this a generation-long event or a longer period?
In the heartland of this vivid Middle Bronze Age landscape, on either side of the Tisza river, two sites stand tall. Jászdózsa – Kápolnahalom is eminent by the innovative techniques and methodologies employed by the excavators in the ‘60s and ‘70s, while Túrkeve – Terehalom impresses by the sheer height and pristine archaeological contexts of structures and possible streets. Due to the skilled excavation and detailed documentation of finds, both present a unique opportunity. The former allowed for the radiocarbon sampling of bones from all levels, while the latter went a step further, by enabling sampling from the floors of all structures in all layers. In terms of relative chronology, both have their dawn in the latest phase of the Early Bronze Age and are inhabited well into the Middle Bronze Age. The lead-finds of their dusk are attributed to the above-mentioned horizon; hence, a synchronicity is stated and perpetuated in the literature.
Through the employment of Bayesian-statistics, targeted and stratigraphically exhaustive sampling the precise habitation length of each site is determined and the chronological correlation of layers from the two sites becomes possible. The obvious result of this comparative method of the two lifespans is, in fact, suggestive of the lifespan of the Koszider phenomena or, possibly, the lack of temporal consistency thereof.

ÖZET Maydos Kilisetepe'de MÖ 3. binyıl sonundan MÖ 2. binyıl sonuna kadar devam eden beş farklı tabaka boyunca küresel formlu taş aletler dikkat çekici sayıda ele geçmiştir. Yapılan ilk değerlendirmelerde ezme veya vurma gibi işlerin yapılabileceği basit vurgu taşı oldukları düşünülse de detaylı incelemelerde mermer gibi kırılgan yapıya sahip olmaları sebebiyle vurma, kırma gibi ağır işlere uygun olmadıkları anlaşılmıştır. Kaba yüzeyli küresel formlu bu taşların büyük bir kısmının karşılıklı kutuplarında iç bükey sığ oyukların yer alması ve bilinçli delme izlerinin olması buluntuların tamamlanmamış taslak aletler olabileceğini düşündürmüştür. Dönemsel sürekliliği yansıtan ve mekânsal kullanımı hakkında bilgi üretebildiğimiz bu buluntu grubunun işlevi ve buluntu mekânlarının bu aletlerin üretim işlikleri olup olmadığı merak konusu olmuştur. Üretimde tercih edilen andezit, bazalt ve çoğunlukla mermerden oluşan hammadde seçimi ve morfolojik özellikleri ile fonksiyonel bir alet grubundan çok bir çeşit prestij ve statü nesnesinin üretimleri olduğunu gösteren ve topuz başı taslağı olarak sınıflandırılan buluntuların, üretim süreçlerinde kullanılması olası taş aletler ile aynı mekanlarda ele geçmesi, mekânsal dağılım analizleri ile açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada bir yandan topuz başlarının Anadolu'daki gelişimi özetlenirken diğer yandan farklı kültürlere açık bir yerleşim özelliğine sahip Maydos'ta binyılı aşkın bir süre boyunca aynı özellikteki bir çeşit prestij ve statü nesnesi olan topuz başlarının üretiminin nedeni sorgulanmıştır.

Kivonat A dolgozat felsorolásszerűen mutatja be Kárpátalja két középső bronzkori (RBr A1-Br B1) kultúrájának, a füzesabonyinak és felsőszőcsinek a lelőhelyeit településtípusonkénti csoportosításban. Einführung Die mittlere Bronzezeit (Reinecke Br A1-B1) ist auf dem Territorium heutige Transkarpatien mit zwei Kulturen verbunden: Otomani-Füzesabony (siehe allgemein: Bader

The Stefkowa hoard and its connections with the upper Tisa basin. The
specific nature and connections of the Stefkowa hoard (SE Poland), originating from the Middle Bronze Age, have long been noticed by Polish archaeologists. The “imported” character of the assemblage has also been indicated many times by Professor Blajer. In this paper author reassesses the typology and chronology of the finds from Stefkowa and their counterparts (e.g. Nyíregyháza-Bujtos II, or Mali Heivtsi I hoards), especially the battle-axes with a disc on the butt, and analyses remote connections reflected by these bronzes. The hoards from Stefkowa and Mali Heivtsi I probably mark the easternmost flank of a communication route which led from the upper Tisa basin in two directions: to the west through northern Hungary and Slovakia, Moravia, and the Bohemian Basin and next along the Elbe River to the North Sea, and to the north, to the upper Vistula basin (San) and next along the Vistula to the Baltic coasts.

The aim of the study was to establish the similarity of
mythological stories about the campaign of Dionysus and Veles to India in the context of the
migrations of peoples to India and Greece. Comparison of the term "Myrmidon" in Greek and
Slavic myths. The cult of Helen the Beautiful in these legends. Compare the characteristics of
the cultures of the peoples, and identify the roots and origins of these legends, and the common
origin of peoples.

Abstract (EN): The significance of the Channel in the later Bronze Age is best understood in terms of its relationship to the Atlantic Bronze Age complex. Sometime around the beginning of the 14th century the relationship between other parts of the British Isles and southern England changed, re-orientating the interests of the latter toward the near Continent, and in particular northern France. Locally the distinction can be summed up as the transformation from the earlier Channel 'maritories', those communities that serviced the movement of artefacts across the Channel, to a full Channel Bronze Age 'culture', where the communities on both sides shared widely in the same artefacts and social practices. The difference is significant. Rowlands has described the latter grouping of communities as encompassing a Channel 'core zone' and it was this that was integral to the development of the Atlantic complex. We should not confuse the Bronze Age of the Atlantic region, representative only of contemporary societies related by a shared geography, with the Atlantic Bronze Age complex, a social and political phenomenon that shared in similar artefacts and practices, but which did not encompass all the geographic regions of the Atlantic. The latter was facilitated by the geography of the Atlantic region but was by no means shaped nor constrained by it. As we shall see, it is the Channel communities of north France and southeast England, those regions that do not even face the Atlantic that very much came to form the core of this complex. However, just as the extent of the complex has been exaggerated in the past, so too has its homogeneity.

Résumé (FR): La place du Channel est mieux comprise dans ses relations avec le complexe atlantique à la fin de l'Âge du bronze. Quelque part du côté du XIVe siècle avant notre ère, les relations entre les différentes parties du sud de l'Angleterre et des îles britanniques changent, réorientant ses centres d'intérêt vers le continent et tout particulièrement le nord de la France. Localement, la distinction peut être mise en évidence d'une transformation depuis les premières « maritories » du Channel, qui ont servi les déplacements des artefacts par le Channel, jusqu'à une pleine culture de l'Âge du bronze, dans laquelle les communautés des deux côtés partagent les mêmes artefacts et pratiques sociales. La différence est claire. Rowlands a décrit les derniers regroupements de communautés comme une englobante « Core zone » du Channel, et c'est cela qui a été intégré au développement du complexe atlantique. Nous ne devrions pas confondre l'Âge du bronze avec l'Atlantic région, représentative seulement des sociétés contemporaines reliées par une géographie commune et le Complexe du Bronze Atlantique, entendu comme un phénomène social et politique qui regroupe des objets et des pratiques similaires, mais qui ne rassemble pas toutes les régions géographiques du monde atlantique. L'aboutissement du phénomène a été facilité par la géographie de la région atlantique, mais il n’a pas été façonné ou contraint par elle. Comme nous allons voir, ce sont les communautés du Channel du nord de la France et du sud-ouest de l’Angleterre – régions qui ne font pas face à l’Atlantique – auxquelles on doit le coeur de ce complexe. Cependant, son extension a été exagérée par le passé, tout comme son homogénéité.

Thousands of Bronze Age hoards have been discovered all around Europe, showing a high variability in space and time. A visible differentiation in the content of the hoards expresses probably different depositaries and may provide some clues about the distribution of wealth – in this case bronze objects – within the society. Statistics, spatial analysis and ethnological examples provide facts that allow us to interpret this phenomenon in social and eventually economic terms.

A hoard from the Middle Bronze Age or the beginning of the Late Bronze Age was found in Malá Haná near Jevíčko in 2016.
The hoard deposited in a distinctive morphological position consisted of a palstave and three ingots of the raw material; another
ingot was discovered nearby.