Media Studies

For the first time this volume makes Jean-Pierre Meunier’s insightful thoughts on the film experience available for an English-speaking readership. Introduced and commented by specialists in film studies and philosophy, Meunier’s intricate phenomenological descriptions of the spectator’s engagement with fiction films, documentaries and home movies can reach the wide audience they have deserved ever since their publication in French in 1969.

"Supplemented by insightful critical essays and an especially useful and informed introduction, this English translation of a pioneering phenomenological film theorist’s work is without doubt a major event in Anglophone film studies and the philosophy of film. Meunier’s writings are highly significant both historically and conceptually — and as the volume’s essays and interview further demonstrate, his nuanced account of moving-image experience is strikingly current and widely applicable." — Daniel Yacavone, The University of Edinburgh

"The Structures of the Film Experience, originally published in 1969, provides unique insight into and even prefigures many of the concerns of contemporary phenomenological and cognitive film theory. Thus it is a welcome development to see this book translated into English. This volume contains not only Meunier’s book-in-translation, but also an introduction, a recent interview, and more than a dozen chapters by leading scholars who contextualize, explicate, and wrestle with Meunier’s ideas. This unique and well-designed volume thus makes a vital contribution to film theory." — Carl Plantinga, Calvin College

The full book is available in open-access form on JSTOR: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvpbnq82

Abstract
The development of web 2.0 has brought with it new communication platforms based on the active role of users and their mutual collaboration. In this new media ecosystem, news aggregators have come into being and these have led to a new way of distributing journalistic content over the social web. This article analyzes the origin of contents promoted to the front page of Menéame, the most successful Spanish-language news aggregator. The main objective is to discover which media outlets the news published during its first ten years of existence (2006- 2015) comes from, in order to identify the most linked media and find out about their development during that period.
Keywords
Menéame, news, media, online communication, social networks, consumption.

The challenge for education and research is to reimagine democracy.  Democracy is often called the politics of hope, but what sort of hope is democracy in a world where social inequalities are killing people on a grand scale?  What sort of politics is it that ignores, discounts, dismisses the consequences of decisions and actions for those who do not count as citizens?  And what sort of public is it, whose ‘consent’ sustains inequalities, hostilities towards others and celebrates displays of military power?

Curricula, cookbooks, and advertisements published in the early 1900s provide a means by which we can see the various ways that the Americans attempted to influence all aspects of Filipino life following their colonial agenda. How did the Americans use food and technology so foreign to Filipinos to entice them to participate in modernization? Through the use of alternative sources, this study offers a socio-historical narrative of the American rule in the Philippines as it explains how the Americans tried to colonize the Filipino taste and palate by (1) teaching Filipinos the American ways and ideals in schools and (2) portraying the "American" as modern and cosmopolitan in advertisements. In discussing the implementation of the American colonial project, this paper looks at the popularization of American imports such as the refrigerator and ice cream in the 1920s to examine the role of education and media in the creation of new desires and the promotion of a new lifestyle in the country.

This article analyzes two recent works by transgender performance artist Cassils, PISSED and Fountain (2017), which were created in response to the Trump administration's decision to rescind federal protections allowing transgender students to use the restroom of their choice. While Cassils primarily conceptualized PISSED/Fountain as a queering of binary, essentialist understandings of gendered embodiment, I draw on performance, queer, and critical ethnic studies to illustrate that these pieces simultaneously challenge other kinds of oppositional embodiments, particularly health versus disease and citizen versus alien and/or terrorist; conceptualizations the state frequently deploys to surveil and control marginalized populations. PISSED/Fountain offer audiences a new strategy for both exposing and contesting state violence: these pieces can be read as a politically strategic disidentification with the state's classification of certain bodies and their excretions as "deviant" and "toxic" in order to purposefully "terrorize" the state's bio-and necropolitical aims.

Inaugurated with the Kinoautomat in 1967, interactive cinema is finally accessible to everyone. This article examines the particularities of these films who are played in a non-linear fashion and are adaptive to the viewers. By taking into account instantaneously the decisions of the audience, are they an accomplishment of the cybernetic promise ?
Through an illustrated case study, we introduce some useful notions in order to extend the field of contemporary narratology to the study of these new artworks.

After a long time of neglect, Artificial Intelligence is once again at the center of most of our political, economic, and socio-cultural debates. Recent advances in the field of Artifical Neural Networks have led to a renaissance of dystopian and utopian speculations on an AI-rendered future. Algorithmic technologies are deployed for identifying potential terrorists through vast surveillance networks, for producing sentencing guidelines and recidivism risk profiles in criminal justice systems, for demographic and psychographic targeting of bodies for advertising or propaganda, and more generally for automating the analysis of language, text, and images. Against this background, the aim of this book is to discuss the heterogenous conditions, implications, and effects of modern AI and Internet technologies in terms of their political dimension: What does it mean to critically investigate efforts of net politics in the age of machine learning algorithms?

This essay examines the innovative film and theatrical spaces proposed and designed in the 1920s and 1930s by the Austrian-American architect and stage designer Frederick Kiesler, including the Optophon and the Film Arts Guild Cinema. Within a context in which both theatrical designers and science fiction authors postulated increasingly immersive entertainment
environments, Kiesler’s designs brought to the fore complex interfaces between the human body, sensory experience, and modern entertainment technologies for the architectural interior. Kiesler’s ideas, along with those of his contemporaries, predicted the virtual reality spaces of today.

Although crowdsourcing is no longer a new phenomenon, it is constantly evolving and influencing the formation of exchange mechanisms and relations between their participants. To the advertising and marketing industries, which need the perpetual influx of fresh and unconventional ideas, it has become one of the ways to acquire innovative solutions and (often) the content produced at costs below the market price level. Crowdsourcing has also become a tool to get consumers involved and build their brand loyalty. This paper analyses how brands use crowdsourcing platforms to acquire advertising content and sheds light on some of the associated problems.

(For more information, please see: https://www.youtube.com/FaragElkamel And https://elkamel.wordpress.com/) ‫مقدمة‬ ‫بالعالم‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫المشكالت‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫من‬ ‫واحدا‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫التهاب‬ ‫يعد‬ ، ‫أنه‬ ‫ذلك‬ " ‫الماليين‬ ‫مئات‬ ‫يصيب‬ ‫يسبب‬ ‫مما‬ ‫البشر‬ ‫من‬ ‫بسبب‬ ‫معظمهم‬ ،‫عام‬ ‫كل‬ ‫فى‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫ونصف‬ ‫مليون‬ ‫من‬ ‫يقرب‬ ‫ما‬ ‫وفاة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تؤدى‬ ‫والتى‬ ‫والحادة‬ ‫المزمنة‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫أمراض‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫التهاب‬ " ‫بى‬ " ‫و‬ " ‫سى‬ ." ‫ذلك‬ ‫يفعلون‬ ‫كيف‬ ‫يعرفون‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫للمنع‬ ‫قابلة‬ ‫الوفيات‬ ‫هذه‬ ." ‫و‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫قد‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫من‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫دول‬ ‫العا‬ ‫لم‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫بالتهاب‬ ‫تأثرا‬ " ‫و‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫بالتهاب‬ ‫المصابين‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫تصل‬ " ‫سى‬ " ‫إلى‬ ‫المزمن‬ 4.4 % ‫من‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫بها‬. 1 ‫قامت‬ ،‫البيانات‬ ‫من‬ ‫سليمة‬ ‫أسس‬ ‫على‬ ‫اإلعالمية‬ ‫الحملة‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫و‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫و‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫وزارة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫عام‬ ‫فى‬ ‫العالمية‬ 5102 ‫ب‬ ‫ور‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫الرأى‬ ‫لقياس‬ ‫دراسات‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫عاية‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫عينات‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫العام‬ (0) ‫العام‬ ‫الجمهور‬ (5) ‫الكبد‬ ‫بالتهاب‬ ‫المصابين‬ " ‫سى‬ (" 3) ‫الصحية‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫مقدمى‬. ‫و‬ ‫ق‬ ‫د‬ ‫المؤلف‬ ‫قام‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫لمنظمة‬ ‫اإلعالمى‬ ‫المستشار‬ ‫بصفته‬ ‫على‬ ‫واإلشراف‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫بتصميم‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫قام‬ ‫كما‬ ‫تنفيذها‬ ‫ب‬ ‫بياناتها‬ ‫تحليل‬ ‫الورقة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وكتابة‬ ‫البحثية‬. ‫العينة‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫ومنهج‬ ‫لعدد‬ ‫بالعينة‬ ‫مسح‬ ‫من‬ ‫العام‬ ‫الجمهور‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫تكون‬ 7201 ‫من‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫فى‬ ‫إجراؤها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫مقابالت‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫مبحوث‬ 02 ‫إلى‬ 00 ‫مايو‬ 0272 ‫عشوائية‬ ‫عينة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫من‬ ‫البالغين‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫من‬ 71 ‫األقل‬ ‫على‬ ‫عاما‬. ‫و‬ ‫سحب‬ ‫تم‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫أرقام‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجمهورية‬ ‫محافظات‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫من‬ ‫التليفونات‬ ‫كما‬ ، ‫وزن‬ ‫تم‬ ‫ها‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫فى‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫والذكور‬ ‫االناث‬ ‫لتمثيل‬ ‫الجمهورية‬ ‫مناطق‬. ‫الكبد‬ ‫بالتهاب‬ ‫المصابين‬ ‫عينة‬ ‫تكونت‬ ‫وكذلك‬ " ‫سى‬ " ‫من‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫فى‬ ‫معهم‬ ‫تليفونية‬ ‫مقابالت‬ ‫إجراء‬ ‫تم‬ ‫مبحوث‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫من‬ 6 ‫إلى‬ 9 ‫أبريل‬ 0272 ‫سح‬ ‫وتم‬ ، ‫أسمائهم‬ ‫بتسجيل‬ ‫تقدمهم‬ ‫عند‬ ‫اختاروها‬ ‫التى‬ ‫المصابين‬ ‫تليفونات‬ ‫أرقام‬ ‫من‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫ب‬ ‫فى‬ ‫للعالج‬ 02 ‫كالتالى‬ ‫موزعة‬ ‫للكبد‬ ‫مركزا‬ : 1 ،‫حضرية‬ ‫محافظات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫مراكز‬ 77 ،‫البحرى‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫فى‬ ‫مركزا‬ 6 ‫الحدودية‬ ‫المحافظات‬ ‫إحدى‬ ‫فى‬ ‫واحدا‬ ‫ومركزا‬ ،‫القبلى‬ ‫الوجه‬ ‫فى‬ ‫مراكز‬. ‫بتوز‬ ‫االستعانة‬ ‫تمت‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫السيدات‬ ‫يع‬ ‫من‬ ‫المتزوجات‬ 72-99 ‫عام‬ ‫لمصر‬ ‫الديموغرافي‬ ‫الصحى‬ ‫المسح‬ ‫فى‬ ‫عاما‬ 0279 ‫المناطق‬ ‫على‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫لتوزيع‬ ‫كاطار‬ ‫المذكورة‬. ‫للبحث‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫أما‬ ‫من‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫فى‬ ‫مباشرة‬ ‫مقابالت‬ ‫إجراء‬ ‫تم‬ ‫فقد‬ ،‫الصحية‬ ‫الخدمة‬ ‫مقدمى‬ ‫على‬ ‫أجرى‬ ‫الذى‬ 70 ‫إلى‬ 71 ‫يونيو‬ 0272 ‫من‬ ‫مكونة‬ ‫عينة‬ ‫مع‬ 226 ‫شخ‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫صا‬ 991 ‫الطبية‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫الخدمة‬ ‫مقدمى‬ ‫من‬ (‫وصيادلة‬ ‫أطباء‬ ‫طبية‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫وفنيي‬ ‫وممرضات‬) ‫إلى‬ ‫باإلضافة‬ 29 ‫طبيا‬ ‫المدربين‬ ‫غير‬ ‫من‬ (‫ومحالت‬ ‫الحالقة‬ ‫صالونات‬ ‫فى‬ ‫العاملون‬

Perceptions of physical attractiveness vary across cultural groups, particularly for female body size and shape. It
has been hypothesised that visual media propagates Western ‘thin ideals’. However, because cross-cultural
studies typically consider groups highly differentiated on a number of factors, identifying the causal factors has
thus far been impossible. In the present research, we conducted ‘naturalistic’ and controlled experiments to test
the influence of media access on female body ideals in a remote region of Nicaragua by sampling from villages
with and without regular television access. We found that greater television consumption remained a significant
predictor of preferences for slimmer, curvier female figures after controlling for a range of other factors in an
ethnically balanced sample of 299 individuals (150 female, aged 15-79) across 7 villages. Within-individual
analyses in one village over 3 years also showed an association between increased TV consumption and
preferences for slimmer figures amongst some participants. Finally, an experimental study in two low-media
locations demonstrates that exposure to media images of fashion models can directly impact participants’ body
size ideals. We thus provide the first converging cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental evidence from
field-based research, that media exposure can drive changes in perceptions of female attractiveness.

This paper studies the representational constructions of the image of Syrian refugee in newspaper photographs and discusses the processes in which the Syrian refugee is victimized, stereotyped and depoliticized through representation. It analyses Syrian refugee photographs published between 2011 and 2015 in five Turkish newspapers. Working within visual sociological and constructivist perspectives, and synthesizing content and visual analyses, the study first dwells upon the universal "ideal victim" profile mentioned in victimology studies, then reveals that the image of Syrian refugee is predominantly constructed as "victim" in the analyzed newspaper photographs. The study elaborates that refugees' victimhood is represented through different themes of suffering, which appear around the themes of poverty, displacement, the need, and loss and pain. Then the victimization of the refugee is problematized and discussed under two main arguments. The first argument discusses that the prevalence of the victim discourse in Syrian refugee photographs is achieved through the technique of stereotyping, which reproduces the universal image of the refugee as weak and vulnerable, regardless of time and context. The second argument discusses that victimization works as a device for depoliticization, which imagines the refugee only as weak and powerless rather than a subject with political agency who produces action and results. The paper concludes that victimization and depoliticization produce a disparity between the lived experiences of the refugee (who has survived a war) and the representations of the refugee (who is a powerless war victim).

La presente investigación busca, en primer lugar, desarrollar un marco teórico y epistemológico sobre la necesaria inclusión de la publicidad como contenido pedagógico en la educación formal, tratándose a la misma como un elemento transversal del desarrollo de la competencia mediática y digital. Asimismo, busca poner de manifiesto la importancia que tiene el tratamiento de la publicidad en el aula para el alumnado de educación primaria, midiendo las habilidades de análisis publicitario y el desarrollo de una competencia publicitaria. Para ello se realiza un estudio de carácter cuantitativo semi-experimental, con alcance exploratorio en 46 alumnos de 4º de Educación Primaria del CEIP Clara Campoamor de Huércal de Almería (Almería). Los resultados resaltan que aquellos estudiantes (grupo experimental) que tuvieron formación sobre publicidad previo al análisis de una pieza publicitaria pudieron evidenciar con mayor facilidad los elementos, técnicas, propósitos y público objetivo que aquellos que no tuvieron contacto con actividades formativas relativas al análisis publicitario.