Marshall McLuhan - Laws Of Media

Este texto comprende seis apartados y la conclusión. En el primero, explicamos qué es la ecología de los medios. En el segundo, señalamos cómo las tecnologías han observado a través de la historia un rol protagónico en la transformación cultural de las sociedades. En el tercero, destacamos que los nuevos medios digitales no únicamente se desempeñan como extensiones de los medios precedentes, además operan como amplificadores. En el cuarto apartado centramos nuestra atención en las remediaciones y las hipermediaciones. En el quinto, destacamos que la nueva ecología digital abre retos y oportunidades a personas, empresas e instituciones. En el sexto apartado presentamos una tipología relativa a la adopción de innovaciones, destacamos la discontinuidad que se presenta en productos innovadores, y concluimos introduciendo el término sabiduría digital, del cual, en buena medida podría depender el devenir de la especie humana en el imaginario de la cuarta revolución industrial.

Este libro explica las Leyes de la Información (4 Leyes de los Medios, Ley de Carga, y 5 Axiomas Comunicacionales) de manera sencilla, introduciendo al lector en el complejo mundo de la comunicación y la información a niveles interpersonales, grupales masivos, profesionales periodísticos e intrapersonales.

Este artigo reconecta o pensamento de Herbert M. McLuhan (1911-1980) sobre o cinema com as técnicas contemporâneas de captura e exibição de imagens tridimensionais (3D). O artigo é fruto do tema de pesquisa da autora, que também se preocupa em dar continuidade às questões colocadas por Jean Baudrillard (1929-2007), no que diz respeito à metamorfose do sujeito por meio de imagens e do mundo virtual. O cinema e outras narrativas, em ambientes de realidade virtual, foi o tema escolhido como porta de entrada para discutir e recontextualizar, em parte, a obra de McLuhan (Laws of Media: The New Science) e a de Baudrillard (As Estratégias Fatais, Tela-Total: Mito-ironias do virtual e da imagem).

Harold Innis was one of the most profound thinkers that Canada ever produced. Such was his influence on the field of communication that Marshall McLuhan once declared his own work was a mere footnote to Innis. But over the past sixty years scholars have had a hard time explaining his brilliance, in large measure because Innis's dense, elliptical writing style has hindered easy explication and interpretation. But behind the dense verbiage lies a profound philosophy of history. In Emergence and Empire, John Bonnett offers a fresh take on Innis's work by demonstrating that his purpose was to understand the impact of self-organizing, emergent change on economies and societies. Innis's interest in emergent change induced him to craft an original and bold philosophy of history informed by concepts as diverse as information, Kantian idealism, and business cycle theory. Bonnett provides a close reading of Innis's oeuvre that connects works of communication and economic histo...

Este artigo dá conta dos desenvolvimentos conceptuais das noções de ‘espaço visual’ e de ‘espaço acústico’ de Marshall McLuhan. Vindo da Escola Canadiana da Comunicação e considerado um dos fundadores da Ecologia dos Media, McLuhan articulou mudança tecnológico-ambiental, transformações neurológico-civilizacionais e crítica da cultura ocidental. Desenvolveu uma teoria antropotécnica das modalidades de mediação na qual os media são definidos enquanto extensões do corpo, da mente e dos sentidos. A partir dos anos 60, McLuhan iniciou uma reflexão acerca das transformações do sensorium nas configurações do espaço através do contraste conceptual, cultural e histórico entre ‘espaço visual’ e ‘espaço acústico’. Indicou que a experiência quotidiana é sobretudo da ordem da percepção visual, da exploração táctil e cinestésica da profundidade tridimensional da paisagem. O som, porém, não tem os limiares de continuidade e densidade da visão. O ‘espaço acústico’ (primeiramente chamado ‘auditivo’) não tem nem os limites nem a orientação precisa da visualidade. No entanto, na civilização ocidental, a filosofia grega, a tradição cristã e a ciência desconfiaram do ouvido e deram primazia ao olho. Nos seus textos publicados postumamente em 1988 e 1989, McLuhan sugeriu que o ‘espaço visual’ se impôs a partir do colapso da tradição oral e da supremacia lógico-científica ocidental. O ‘espaço visual’ tem assim o seu equivalente no ‘espaço euclidiano’. Antes dele o que havia era, pois, um ‘espaço acústico’ pré-euclidiano. A partir do século XX, porém, a ruptura da geometria euclidiana assinalou a obsolescência do ‘espaço visual’ e abriu portas, considera o autor, a um espaço invisual de informação simultânea e global. Este ‘espaço acústico’ é assim pós-euclidiano. Quais são as diferenças entre o ‘espaço acústico’ pré-euclidiano e o pós-euclidiano? Como é que o ‘espaço visual’ tornou obsoleto um tipo de ‘espaço acústico’ mas foi ele mesmo tornado obsoleto por outro tipo de ‘espaço acústico’?

Media without which it is difficult to lead a civilized life on earth have played and is playing a significant role in man's life. It acts as a disseminator of information and a channel of communication between people and the government. Its role in the policy process is worth appreciating. Media educates people by providing wealth of information related to socio-cultural and politico-economic aspects of the society. In a democracy it has been entrusted with the task of educating the people about rights and creating awareness on various serious issues and problems concerning the society. It helps in bringing the marginalized sections of the society to the mainstream. Wikileaks was born a century after President Theodore Roosevelt delivered the speech that gave muckraking journalism its name, and both hailed investigative journalism and called upon it to be undertaken responsibly. Four years after its first document release, in 2010, Wikileaks became the center of an international storm surrounding the role of the individual in the networked public sphere. It forces us to ask us how comfortable we are with the actual shape of democratization created by the Internet. The freedom that the Internet provides to networked individuals and cooperative associations to speak their minds and organize around their causes has been deployed over the past decade to develop new networked models of the fourth estate. These models circumvent the social and organizational frameworks of traditional media, which played a large role in framing the balance between freedom and responsibility of the press. At the same time, the Wikileaks episode forces us to confront the fact that the members of the networked fourth estate turn out to be both more susceptible to new forms of attack than those of the old, and to possess different sources of resilience in the face of these attacks.

Sobre la escuela de comunicación de Toronto: Eric Alfred Havelock (1903- 1988) señalará el papel fundamental de la escritura en la conformación del pensamiento filosófico griego a partir de un profundo análisis de los argumentos de Platón contra los poetas de la época. Harold Adams Innis (1894- 1952) en sus estudios pondrá el énfasis en la manera en que las tecnologías de la comunicación y el transporte dan forma a un territorio estableciendo la identidad  de imperios y naciones. Además analizando la naturaleza de éstas tecnologías, establecerá el tipo de sociedad a la que dan pie y el equilibrio entre la expansión sobre el espacio geográfico y la trascendencia en el tiempo. Herbert Marshall McLuhan (1911- 1980) verá en los medios de comunicación contemporáneos extensiones de las facultades del hombre y el advenimiento de una sociedad que recupera el uso de los cinco sentidos después de siglos de primacía visual. Finalmente revisamos el trabajo de McLuhan sin duda el más controvertido y estudiado, criticado e incomprendido de los tres. Si bien mucho se ha dicho sobre sus ideas y su excéntrica personalidad, en esta ocasión no volveremos sobre estos aspectos  sino que señalaremos la importancia que las nociones de espacio y tiempo adquieren en su obra a la luz de las tecnologías electrónicas y la nueva realidad computacional. Eso es lo que nos interesa aquí para contribuir a explicar y dar sentido a  los problemas actuales que el tiempo computacional ha traído consigo.

O Marshall McLuhan και ο Guy Debord μελετούν την τεχνολογία και τα μέσα στα έργα τους «Media: Οι προεκτάσεις του ανθρώπου» και «Η Κοινωνία του θεάματος» αντίστοιχα, που εκδόθηκαν την ίδια εποχή (1967). Προσεγγίζουν τις συνθήκες κατά τις οποίες αναπτύχθηκαν τα μέσα σε σχέση με την οικονομία και την κοινωνία και ποιες αλλαγές επέφεραν στη συνείδηση του ατόμου. Άλλοτε με ιστορικά παραδείγματα και άλλοτε με φιλοσοφικές αναζητήσεις οι δυο συγγραφείς επιχειρούν να συμπληρώσουν και να επιβεβαιώσουν το κοινωνικό γίγνεσθαι του παρόντος και πως αυτό διαμορφώθηκε κατά την επίδραση της τεχνολογίας.

Harold Innis was one of the most profound thinkers that Canada ever produced. Such was his influence on the field of communication that Marshall McLuhan once declared his own work was a mere footnote to Innis. But over the past sixty years scholars have had a hard time explaining his brilliance, in large measure because Innis' dense, elliptical writing style has hindered easy explication and interpretation. But behind the dense verbiage lies a profound philosophy of history. In Emergence and Empire, John Bonnett offers a fresh take on Innis' work by demonstrating that his purpose was to understand the impact of self-organizing, emergent change on economies and societies. Innis' interest in emergent change induced him to craft an original and bold philosophy of history informed by concepts as diverse as information, Kantian idealism, and business cycle theory. Bonnett provides a close reading of Innis' oeuvre that connects works of communication and economic history to present a fuller understanding of Innis' influences and influence. Emergence and Empire presents a portrait of an original and prescient thinker who anticipated the importance of developments such as information visualization and whose understanding of change is remarkably similar to that which is promoted by the science of complexity today.