Interpreting Studies

This study discusses the role that interpreters play in contributing to health literacy. Culture and language, as constituents of the experiential context, affect the comprehension of health information (Andrulis and Brach, 2007) and therefore are of great relevance for community interpreting in healthcare settings. Based on data collected from personal interviews with healthcare practitioners in two health centres in Kenya between October 2018 and February 2019, this article showcases the need for culturally attuned interpreters in cross-cultural and interlinguistic contexts to facilitate the access to health literacy.

This paper discusses a research methods approach to investigate phenomena in interpreting studies based on a triangulation of qualitative methods. It discusses the concept of triangulation, as developed in the social sciences by Campbell and Fiske (1959), with an emphasis on the process of combining and integrating multiple methods. It reviews previous applications of triangulation in translation and interpreting studies and describes the advantages of systematic triangulation for empirical research. The implications of this approach for future research in public service interpreting concerning the trustworthiness of the interpretative nature of qualitative inquiry are also discussed. To demonstrate the practical application of triangulation in public service interpreting settings, this paper draws on a case study conducted by the author where triangulation of participant observation, focus groups and audio-recorded interaction was employed. The integration of the different research methods utilized, as well as the findings derived by triangulation, are illustrated through examples from this study.

Este artículo presenta un enfoque metodológico basado en la triangulación de métodos de investigación cualitativos y el cual facilita el estudio de fenómenos de la interpretación en los servicios públicos. Se analiza el concepto de triangulación desarrollado por Campbell y Fiske (1959) y se hace énfasis en el proceso de combinación e integración de múltiples métodos. Se revisan aplicaciones de la triangulación dentro los estudios de traducción e interpretación y se describen las ventajas de la triangulación sistemática para la investigación empírica. También se tratan las implicaciones que tiene este enfoque para futuras investigaciones en interpretación en servicios públicos con respecto a la confiabilidad de la tarea interpretativa que desarrolla el investigador en los estudios cualitativos. Para demostrar la aplicación práctica de la triangulación en este campo, este artículo se basa en un estudio de caso realizado por el autor en el que se utilizó la triangulación de observación participante, grupos focales y grabaciones en audio de eventos interpretados. La integración de los diferentes métodos de investigación utilizados, así como los resultados derivados de la triangulación, se ilustran a través de ejemplos de este estudio. Palabras clave: Interpretación en servicios públicos; Triangulación; Confiabilidad; Métodos cualitativos. 32 Aguilar-Solano, María (2020)

Die globale Mobilität (Migrationsbewegungen, Tourismus usw.), die aus verschiedenen Gründen auf der ganzen Welt gestärkt wurde, macht das Leben in einer mehrsprachigen und multikulturellen Gesellschaft unabdingbar. Dabei entsteht nicht zuletzt ein Bedarf an innergemeinschaftlicher Kommunikation zwischen den offiziellen Institutionen eines Gemeinwesens und Anderssprachigen, die den Einsatz von Dolmetschern, die eine Ausbildung zu Community Interpreting genießen, unvermeidlich machen. Jedoch ist es kein Ausnahmefall, dass anstatt professionelle, größtenteils unausgebildete und nicht professionelle Dolmetscher bzw. Laiendolmetscher bei Verständigung mit Anderssprachigen in öffentlichen Einrichtungen eingesetzt werden. Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit war es, die Aufgaben- und Rollenprofile der in türkischen Krankenhäusern zum Einsatz kommenden Dolmetscher zu untersuchen und ein Augenmerk darauf zu legen, mit welchen Verständigungsschwierigkeiten sie während der Sprachmittlung in Arzt-Patient-Gesprächen konfrontiert werden.
Im ersten Kapitel der Studie werden zunächst als theoretische Grundlage das Thema Community Interpreting in seiner historischen Entwicklung, die Begriffsbezeichnungen und Begriffsdefinitionen sowie die Abgrenzung des Community Interpretings von anderen Dolmetscharten allgemein geschildert. Des Weiteren wird ein Überblick über die Etablierung des Community Interpretings in der Türkei unter den Gesichtspunkten Katastrophen, Migration und Tourismus, die im Bereich Community Interpreting in der Türkei ergriffenen Initiativen und die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen und des Rechts auf Gesundheit in der Türkei bezüglich des Dolmetschens verschafft.
Im zweiten Kapitel werden die Besonderheiten des Dolmetschens im medizinischen Bereich, die Aufgaben- und Rollenprofile die im medizinischen Bereich tätigen Community Interpretern aus der Forschung zum Dolmetschen im Gesundheitsbereich behandelt.
Im dritten Kapitel wird die schriftliche Interviewstudie, die eine qualitative Forschungsmethode ist und dieser Studie zugrunde lag, beschrieben und die am Anfang, während und am Ende der Untersuchung durchgeführten Vorbereitungen erläutert. So wurde im Zuge dieser Masterarbeit eine schriftliche Interviewstudie zur Kommunikation mit fremdsprachigen Patienten mit den an privaten Krankenhäusern der türkischen Ägäisregion tätigen Community Interpretern sowie den Koordinatoren der Abteilungen für internationale Patienten in betreffenden Krankenhäusern durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung wird im vierten Kapitel aufgereiht und interpretiert. Im fünften Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und diskutiert.
Im abschließenden Kapitel werden für die Dolmetscher, die für eine reibungslose Verständigung zwischen fremdsprachigen Patienten und dem Krankenhauspersonal (Arzt, Krankenpfleger usw.) eingesetzt werden, Lösungsvorschläge und Anregungen zur Professionalisierung des Dolmetschers durch eine universitäre Ausbildung und die Entwicklung der Anstrengungen sowie Ausbildung zum Dolmetschen im medizinischen Bereich präsentiert.

62 non-interpreter participants and 7 interpreter participants listened to 16 different extracts of interpretations that had been initially broadcast either on TV or on the web. The participants commented and rated these recordings. Non-interpreters’ comments tend to show that the interpretation “works”, i.e. it seems to carry the speaker’s message across and does not constitute an obstacle. Comments tend to focus on form rather than content. Non-interpreters seem to pay attention to quality parameters which already feature in the literature (in particular intonation and fluidity) but also to some (supra)parameters which have rarely been studied so far: the balance between the sound levels of the original speech and its interpretation; the way the speaker is portrayed through the interpretation; and the way emotion in the source speech is conveyed in the interpretation. None of the individual parameters identified in the present study turned out to have a clear-cut, major influence on overall quality assessment. The present thesis studies not only individual quality parameters but also interactions between them. In particular, perceptions of form and content seem to be closely linked, and listeners’ trust seems to be determined by a number of both form- and content-related parameters. Some differences between the two groups of participants emerge. Interpreters seem more sensitive to wording. False errors were flagged up only by non-interpreters. Non-interpreters seem to listen to the speaker’s message first and foremost; their reactions to the interpretation itself tend to come later, if at all.

16 extraits d’interprétations télévisées et webstreamées ont été écoutés, commentés et évalués par un panel de 62 non-interprètes et 7 interprètes. Les réactions des non-interprètes donnent à penser que l’interprétation fonctionne en ce sens qu’elle semble plus ou moins transparente pour eux et ne fait pas écran à la réception du discours de l’orateur·trice. Les commentaires portent sur la forme de l’interprétation plus que sur le contenu. Il apparaît que les non-interprètes (PNI) prêtent attention à certains paramètres déjà étudiés dans la littérature (notamment intonation et fluidité) mais également à certains (méta)paramètres jusqu’ici peu explorés (équilibre des volumes sonores ; image de l’orateur·trice telle que transmise par l’interprétation ; transmission de la charge émotionnelle de l’original). Aucun paramètre ne ressort comme décisif pour l’évaluation globale de la qualité. Les paramètres de qualité ne sont pas abordés seulement isolément ; ils interagissent, et notamment, la perception de la forme et celle du fond semble étroitement liées, et la confiance de l’auditeur semble déterminée par plusieurs facteurs relatifs à la forme et au contenu. Des différences apparaissent entre interprètes et non-interprètes : les interprètes semblent plus sensibles à la forme textuelle ; seuls les non-interprètes ont signalé de fausses erreurs ; les non-interprètes semblent écouter en priorité le message, et lorsqu’illes réagissent à l’interprétation per se, ce n’est souvent que dans un deuxième temps.

This article presents the results of a sample survey on the training of intercultural mediators working in rescue, primary, and second phases of migrant reception in the Sicilian province of Ragusa. Adopting ethnomethodological and phenomenological approaches (Moustakas
1994 Creswell 2013: 81), the survey focuses on the intercultural mediators’ (henceforth ICMs) perception of the qualifications, experience, and skills they believe are necessary to carry out their work efficiently. A sample of 10 ICMs with different experiential and
educational backgrounds responded to open-ended questionnaires shedding light on the ways in which they experienced the shared phenomenon of mediating in contexts of emergency
arrivals in Italy and their preparedness for such work. Informants included graduates in “Scienze per la mediazione interculturale” from the University of Catania’s School of Modern Languages in Ragusa and ICMs who had attended a vocational course at the Il Centro Mediterraneo di Studi e Formazione Giorgio La Pira in Pozzallo. To gain further
insights, in-depth semi-structured interviews were then carried out with six of the ICMs who had responded to the questionnaires, and with the course directors at the above-mentioned institutions. The study aims to contribute to the ongoing debate on the status of the
intercultural mediator in Italy, both legally and ontologically. Most crucially, however, the research attempts to understand what intercultural mediators feel they need in terms of training and education, particularly for those who work in the field of the reception and
integration of migrants coming from the African continent.

Full-time interpreters serving on TV outlets in Turkey hold two roles: they serve both as editors for the world news desk and as simultaneous interpreters. Drawing on interviews made with editor/interpreters and editors-in-chief and corroborating these with real-life interpreting instances, this paper investigates the relationship between editing and interpreting. It is found that the editing task assumed by interpreters/journalists bears upon the lexical choices made in interpreting on television news channels in Turkey. It is therefore claimed that familiarization with the language of the news helps staff interpreters in making renditions that follow the institutional policies of the outlets they serve, thus informing the interpreting output. Drawing on the term transediting, coined by Karen Stetting (1989) to describe the role of journalists, it is asserted that the role of these editor/interpreters might be described as that of ‘intereditors.’ It is the contention of the paper that interediting might prove useful in describing the TV interpreting of staff interpreters in Turkey.

Chinese and English are the world's largest languages, and the number of interpreter-mediated interactions involving Chinese and English speakers has increased exponentially over the last 30 years. This book presents and describes examples of Chinese-English interpreting across a large number of settings: conference interpreting; diplomatic interpreting; media interpreting; business interpreting; police, legal and court interpreting; and healthcare interpreting. Interpreters working in these fields face not only the challenge of providing optimal inter-lingual transfer, but also need to fully understand the discourse-pragmatic conventions of both Chinese and English speakers. This innovative book provides an overview of established and contemporary frameworks of intercultural communication and applies these to a large sample of Chinese-English interpreted interactions. The authors introduce the Inter-Culturality Framework as a descriptive tool to identify and describe the strategies and footings that interpreters adopt. This book contains findings from detailed data with Chinese-English interpreters as experts not only in inter-lingual exchange, but cross-linguistic and intercultural communication. As such, it is a detailed and authoritative guide for trainees as well as practising Chinese-English interpreters. Jim Hlavac is a senior lecturer in Translation and Interpreting Studies, Monash University, and a certified and practising interpreter and translator. He has authored or edited four books and has published widely in the fields of translation and interpreting studies, multilingualism, contact linguistics, intercultural communication, pragmatics and language maintenance/shift. Zhichang Xu is a senior lecturer in the Linguistics and English Language programme of the School of Languages, Literatures, Cultures and Linguistics at Monash University and an associate editor for English Today. His research areas include world Englishes, applied linguistics, cultural linguistics, intercultural communication, language education, and self-translation studies.

RESUMO: A adoção de um modelo baseado no desenvolvimento da expertise e na capacitação para a aprendizagem autônoma e a educação continuada geram a necessidade de os alunos serem capazes de se autoavaliar, de forma a determinar em que elementos investir. O uso de ficha de autoavaliação proposto pela Formação de Intérpretes da PUC-Rio é apresentado, após uma reflexão teórica, e seus efeitos são discutidos. A ferramenta de autoavaliação mostrou-se eficaz não somente no tocante à avaliação em si, mas na consolidação de uma linguagem comum clara e objetiva que estrutura a relação entre alunos e professores e entre os próprios alunos, além de oferecer outros benefícios.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Interpretação. Autoavaliação. Expertise. Prática Deliberada. Aprendizagem Autônoma.

ABSTRACT: Adopting a model based on developing expertise and the ability to engage in autonomous learning and continuing education creates the need for students to be able to self-assess in order to determine which elements to invest in. The use of the self-assessment form proposed by the PUC-Rio Interpreter Training is presented and its effects are discussed, after a theoretical discussion. The self-assessment tool proved to be effective not only in terms of the assessment itself, but in consolidating a clear and objective common language that structures the relationship between students and teachers and between students themselves and offers other benefits.

ABSTRACT: The present study aims at measuring the level of correspondence between the problems related to increased cognitive effort reported by simultaneous interpreting trainees in their retrospective verbal protocols and problems indicators identified in the target texts. The study triangulates process analysis (retrospective protocols) with product analysis (manual comparison of source and target texts). The corpus of the study consists of about 75 hours of recordings of 240 interpreting outputs and the recordings of 5,005 retrospective comments. The results imply that that increased cognitive load involved in simultaneous interpreting and the resulting cognitive effort experienced by trainee interpreters is not always manifested in the product.

KEY WORDS: retrospective protocols, process research, simultaneous interpreting, Gile’s Effort Models, cognitive effort, cognitive load

ABSTRAKT: Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie zależności pomiędzy wysiłkiem kognitywnym zwerbalizowanym przez tłumaczy symultanicznych w protokołach retrospektywnych a oznakami wysiłku kognitywnego widocznymi w tekście docelowym. Badanie przeprowadzono za pomocą metody retrospekcji oraz analizy produktu przekładu. Korpus badawczy stanowi 240 tłumaczeń oraz 5005 komentarzy retrospektywnych. Wyniki pokazują, że zwiększone obciążenie kognitywne charakterystyczne dla przekładu symultanicznego i będący tego efektem wysiłek kognitywny, którego doświadczają tłumacze, nie zawsze uwidacznia się w tekście przekładu.

SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: protokoły retrospektywne, badania and procesem przekładu, tłumaczenie symultaniczne, Modele Wysiłkowe Gile’a, wysiłek kognitywny, obciążenie kognitywne

Public service interpreters (PSIs) in the ethnically diverse United Kingdom are nowadays an integral part of the community helping members with a language barrier access all necessary services. However, interpreters’ work is not exempt from its own particular challenges. The concept of ethics in interpreting across a range of domains is not new but the topic of ethical dilemmas in legal public service interpreting specifically in England and Wales seems to be under researched. This study explores what ethical dilemmas PSIs in those two countries face when they are facilitating communication between an English-speaking service provider and a foreign-speaking service user. Forty-six legal interpreters based in England and/or Wales completed an on-line questionnaire in which they were asked to share what ethics-related dilemmas they had experienced. Through the use of thematic analysis five main themes and three subthemes have been identified. The themes are (1) Becoming Privy to Information, (2) Going Beyond Role, (3) Feelings Towards the Unfair System, (4) Morally-based dilemmas and (5) Code of Conduct Breaches. The fifth theme also consists of three subthemes: (5.1) On Your Own, (5.2) To Interpret or Not? and (5.3) Help and Advice. A discussion of underlying reasons for the occurrence of those dilemmas is generated and recommendations for practice and future research are put forward.

Textbooks are a significant source of knowledge and a major factor in shaping teaching and learning; however, textbook analysis has been a neglected area of research. This pilot study examines the coverage of business interpreting competences and their pedagogical treatment in thirty-two business interpreting textbooks. Two analysis frameworks, on business interpreting expertise and pedagogical expertise, were developed. The results indicate that most competences are weakly present in the textbooks and that most pedagogical principles are not well applied. This inadequacy has two potential consequences: (1) students may leave the classroom ill-equipped and form biased views of the profession, by considering topics well-covered in the textbooks as important and legitimate while seeing others as unimportant and (2) students may not be adequately assisted in internalizing and acquiring competences efficiently. This study has implications for translation and interpreting textbook analysis, adaptation, and development.

Though formulation and prioritization of instructional objectives is an important link in the chain of course design, little research has been done in this regard in the field of translation and interpreting (T&I) education. This paper aims at demonstrating how to prioritize instructional objectives in implementing a consecutive interpreting course by inviting students to voice their wants and lacks. Thirty undergraduates and one instructor contributed to data collection through questionnaires and self-evaluation reports. Results of students’ pre-course wants and lacks helped prioritize the objectives formulated in the course design phase. Their pre-course post-course gains and
post-course lacks were used to measure teaching effectiveness of prioritized instruction and learning, direct the design of the subsequent course, and thus achieve coordination and integration between
courses in the overall T&I curriculum. The current study may inspire colleagues to become self-reflective researchers by formulating and prioritizing their instructional objectives and to contribute to
instructional effectiveness at the course level and promote course sequencing and integration at the program level.

Video dominated instruction (VDI) and simulation dominated instruction (SDI) are commonly practised in interpreter training, and yet their teaching effects have not been adequately researched so far. The present study was intended to compare the effectiveness of the two instructional approaches in teaching consecutive interpreting (CI) to third-year undergraduates. A quasi-experimental two-group pre-test/post-test comparison design was used. Sixty-two students took a pre-test on consecutive interpreting skills and completed a pre-self-assessment to rate their competence in eleven learning objectives at the beginning of a consecutive interpreting course. Thirty-one students in class one as the comparison group received VDI, while thirty-one students in class two received SDI. Sixteen weeks later at the end of the course, the two classes took a post-test on consecutive interpreting skills and completed a post-self-assessment to rate their competence in the same eleven learning objectives. After controlling the effects of pre-test and pre-self-assessment scores, ANCOVA results suggested that VDI and SDI are equally effective in teaching CI to undergraduates,
except for one aspect that the latter is more effective in cultivating students’ ability to use non-verbal elements. Pedagogical implications about the complementary nature of the two approaches were discussed.