Graeco-Roman Mosaics and Wall Paintings

Using a particular photographic acquisition, image-based techniques and Structure from Motion (SFM), it is possible to create 3D models of small or large objects at a high level of detail. These methodolo- gies, in recent years, have also entered the world of cultural heritage and have been applied for the survey and study of assets of historical archaeological interest. Where they are correctly implemented and appro- priately interrogated and analyzed, three-dimensional models allow an in-depth analysis of the research object. In fact, it is possible to obtain new data on manufacturing techniques, on construction details, on identification of materials and on the state of degradation of cultural goods: the results provide very useful information for both historical, architectural and archaeological researches, as well as for program- ming appropriate restoration works. In addition, the 3D reconstruction allows a virtual access of cultural heritage. In this contribution we present few examples of application on mosaics located in museums and archaeological parks of Basilicata, with the aim of showing the potential of these technologies in the survey and analysis of ancient floors.

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Riassunto: Provengono dallo scavo numerosi frammenti legati al mondo dell'edilizia, da riferire ai materiali da costruzione utilizzati nell'edificio oppure a semplici reperti di discarica. Interessanti appaiono alcuni reperti lapidei legati a elementi di decorazione e utensili di uso comune, quale un peso di piccole dimensioni. Si segnalano anche alcuni tubi fittili, da porre in relazione alla presenza di sistemi idraulici.
Parole chiave: Materiali edili, cornici, peso, tubi fittili, edifici termali.

Abstract: Numerous finds of the excavation in via Caprera 8 (Cagliari) are related to building materials. Interesting are some stone decorations and a stone weight. Peculiar are some earthenware pipes, probably related to hydraulic systems.
Keywords: Building materials, stone decorations, weights, earthenware pipes, thermae.

La Domus a Peristilio (IV, V, 16) est l’une des rares maisons à atrium d’Ostie qui ont été fouillées récemment de manière exhaustive. Les investigations conduites sur cette parcelle par l’Université Lumière Lyon 2 entre 2002 et 2010 ont permis de poser un regard nouveau sur cette forme architecturale et de poser de nouvelles questions à propos de cet type d’habitat qui, jusqu’à présent, est resté en marge des études sur l’architecture domestique d’Ostie depuis les dégagements des années 1938-42. L’étude des sols et des pavements en particulier a livré de nouvelles données.

Les fouilles stratigraphiques menées sur cette parcelle ont mis en évidence les différentes composantes des sols de cet édifice construit au début de l’empire. Notre communication se proposera dans un premier temps d’étudier les différentes couches qui composent ces sols, qui se rapprochent de la description du sol type proposée par Vitruve lui-même (statumen, rudus, nucleus), et de montrer leur particularité par rapport aux sols postérieurs mis en évidence à Ostie. En effet, les fouilles conduites à l’embouchure du Tibre depuis les années 60-70 sous les niveaux de sols impériaux ont permis de mieux caractériser la composition de nombreux sols aménagés à partir du IIe s. de notre ère et la mission de la Schola del Traiano ne fait pas exception, puisque plusieurs sols construits au IIIe siècle ont été documentés. Cette première partie posera ainsi des jalons essentiels pour appréhender l’histoire des techniques adoptées pour la constructions des sols à l’embouchure du Tibre, avant que ne soient réalisées des analyses archéométriques.

Dans un second temps, cette communication s’intéressera plus particulièrement aux divers pavements qui recouvraient les sols de la Domus a Peristilio, parmi lesquels un des plus anciens opus sectile du port de Rome. Cette étude prendra à la fois en compte le style de ces pavements et les matériaux utilisés pour les réaliser. Certains d’entre eux témoignent de réaménagements, voire de restaurations, opérés dans cette maison au cours de son histoire qui prit fin sous les Sévères. La stratigraphie des sols montrent par exemple que les pavements de l’atrium et du péristyle ont été refait, au moins en partie. Ces nouveaux pavements, qu’il s’agisse de mosaïques ou de béton de sol avec incrustations de marbre, contrastent avec les pavements des nouvelles demeures construites à Ostie à partir du IIe siècle ap. J.-C., comme l’Insula delle Muse (III, IX, 22). Cette situation n’est pas isolée à Ostie et un constat similaire semble s’imposer dans la Domus di Giove Fulminatore (IV, IV, 3)

Jewish life in the late Second Temple period is reflected in diverse material finds throughout Palestine and is generally characterized by a strict observance of Jewish precepts. The period following the destruction of the Second Temple, and especially the Bar-Kokhba revolt, was undoubtedly a watershed in the life of the Jewish people, unfolding a new era when borders shifted and were redefined owing to the new order of Roman authority, socioeconomic behavior, and Graeco-Roman culture. This shift is clearly visible in various types of material culture, including the architecture of private dwellings and public edifices, small artifacts for domestic use, art, language, and burial customs. While archaeology sheds light on the daily life and cultural behavior of the Jewish population in Roman and late antique Palestine, the Jewish literary sources, despite their limitations, also provide a glimpse into the realia of antiquity, rendering their interdisciplinary study necessary and promising for a comprehensive understanding of this era. Zeev Weiss

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A first catalogue of the sectilia pavimenta and marble floors of Athens during the Roman and Early Christian
period is proposed here. The collected data provide a clear frame of the topographic and chronological distribution of this type
of artefacts and allow the reconstruction of the repertoire of the marbles and of the type of decorative compositions. The identification
of the way in which they were used in different architectural contexts concludes the analysis.

The study of historical, epigraphic and literary documentation, with the support of the archaeological data, had
highlighted the complex scenario of the economy of the floors and in particular of the ancient mosaics. In the research, in fact, all
the information are linked to the production of this class of artistic artefact. The data have offered a varied and articulated frame
of the economic and production processes of the art of floor decoration, which will be a starting point for understanding the birth
and the development of this type of artefacts in the Greek World.

Nel vasto scenario degli studi sui tappeti musivi di età ellenistica solo raramente è stata dedicata la giusta attenzione al mosaico come parte integrante della panoplia decorativa del tempio.
Tra gli esempi che hanno maturato considerazioni inerenti questo tema, può essere menzionato il lavoro sui mosaici repubblicani dei templi dell’Abruzzo e lo studio sui tappeti musivi dei templi della Grecia Arcaica e Classica. Quest’ultimo, in particolare, ha offerto l’occasione di osservare che le pavimentazioni musive con decorazioni articolate furono impiegati in Grecia già nel V sec. a.C., ad esempio nel pronao dell’Athenaion di Prasidaki, nel tempietto a doppia cella di Demetra e Kore a Spiliotaki e nell’Askelpieion di Epidauro.
Tali ricerche hanno dunque evidenziato il potenziale dell’argomento che in questa sede sarà affrontato in forme comparative che possano mettere in luce parallelismi e differenze della produzione musiva di età ellenistica di due aree geografiche che condivisero aspetti differenti, tuttavia complementari, delle rispettive culture artistiche e artigianali .