Forensic Science

This paper looks to examine the man Joseph Bell and the man he inspired directly and the one he inspired indirectly. Joseph Bell was a famous Scottish surgeon, a pioneer in forensic pathology and an inspiration in criminal profiling. The point of this paper is to examine the importance of the facets of Joseph Bell’s life as well as his impact in each field. While a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh he would meet a student named Sir Arthur Conan Doyle who would go on to write investigative fiction. One of his pieces would feature a detective named Sherlock Holmes who was largely created in the image of Joseph Bell. This paper looks to examine the legacy of Joseph Bell, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes. It takes the legacy of Joseph and how through his own achievements and his cause for the creation of Sherlock Holmes make him the father of forensic science.

Da bi se objasnilo krivično djelo silovanja uz ostalo potrebna je dobro
organizirana, odgovarajuće kadrovski ekipirana i profilirana i tehnički
opremljena policija. Metodika razjašnjavanja slučajeva silovanja zahtijeva, možda više nego svi ostali sadržaji kriminalnih djela, poznavanje postignuća različitih nauka: kriminalistike, kriminologije, psihologije, psihijatrije i naravno krivičnog prava. Potrebno je i znatno životno i profesionalno iskustvo ovlaštenih službenih lica i dobro poznavanje ljudi. U kriminalističkom smislu valja poznavati relevantne tipične i atipične činjenice koje se javljaju tokom silovanja.
Izuzetna je društvena opasnost krivičnog djela silovanja s dalekosežnim
posljedicama za pojedince i društvo u cjelini. Tokom kriminalističkog
istraživanja (kriminalističke kontrole i obrade) krivičnog djela silovanja
javljuju se brojni kriminalistički problemi na otkrivačko-dokaznom planu. To zahtijeva multidisciplinarni pristup navedenoj problematici. Ovlaštena
službena lica koja istražuju silovanje pred teškim su izazovima. Traži se
razrađeni obrazac za istraživanje silovanja. Ovaj udžbenik trebao bi biti
skroman doprinos u tom pravcu. Kompleks otkrivačko-dokaznih pitanja koja u sebi sadrži ovaj delikt vrlo je složen. Silovanja su u porastu svuda u svijetu.
Izgleda da zbog neadekvatnosti reagovanja organa represije žrtve sve više traže pomoć i izvan krivičnopravnog sistema...

The study of human remains is the purest, most reliable and unbiased source of evidence for the reality of conflict in the past. Martin J Smith outlines its value to the new science of Battlefield Archaeology and the wider understanding of historical conflict. He outlines the processes used in examining osteological remains to unlock the clues about what the combatants endured. Drawing on case studies spanning the millennia, the author shows how skeletal remains can often tell us, in chilling detail, exactly what a warrior suffered in his final moments (though often the evidence of healed wounds from previous battles is just as striking). This enriches our understanding of the human experience of battle as well as providing scientific data on the effects of various weapons on the human body. This is a book written with scientific rigor by a leading archaeologist but it will appeal equally to students of archaeology and the military historian with an interest in the brutal face of battle.

This represents one of several sections of "A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with Emphases in Geotaphonomic and Forensic Archaeological Field Techniques, Nineteenth Edition" (The complete bibliography is also included at Academia.edu.).  This is the most recent edition of a bibliography containing resources for multiple areas of crime scene, and particularly outdoor crime scene, investigations.  It replaces the prior edition and contains approximately 10,000 additional citations.  As an ongoing project, additional references, as encountered, will be added to future editions.

From an archaeological perspective, numerous resources regarding the retrieval of blood and other types of trace evidence from historic and prehistoric contexts are included in this category.  The compiler wishes to reinforce that evidence exposed to the elements, or deposited years prior to discovery may retain significant information capable of impacting the interpretation of a crime scene.  Both here and in the sections of DNA Evidence and Stable Isotope Analyses, several citations may be found which should demonstrate for the crime scene investigator that assumptions should never be made that blood and body fluid evidence is completely obliterated from older scenes.  Loy and Wood, (1989), is an early example of how blood evidence remained viable over thousands of years.  That approximately 9000 year old evidence from Cayonu Tepesi in Turkey was initially realized using one of the most basic presumptive test for blood in most crime scene technicians' tool boxes - Hemastix.  Again, the section on DNA Evidence contains numerous citations expounding on work such as Loy and Wood.  Analyses of prehistoric trace evidence is now common in archaeological and forensic literature.

A large part of this section deals with the reconstruction of violent crime scenes based on the shape, size, and position of blood spatter, or blood stain, evidence.  Primarily considered at indoor crime scenes, the same type of reconstruction could apply to outdoor scenes but becomes more difficult given the effects of weather, and substrate movement.  Works such as those of MacDonnell, (1997); Bevel and Gardner, (2001); and James, Kish, and Sutton, (2003), have served to expose criminal investigators to the stories represented in patterns of what would appear to most of us as bloody Rorshak tests.  Those same works and others included in this section should also demonstrate the pitfalls of interpreting blood stain evidence without adequate training, experience, and certification. 

Probably the the most cross-referenced citations in this section have to do with DNA research; however, the researcher is also directed to sections on Photography, Fingerprint, Ear Print, Lip Print, and Tattoo Evidence, Firearms and Toolmark Evidence, Shoe and Tire Impression Evidence, and General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation Topics, for techniques in recording blood pattern evidence and bloody transfers in form of patent and latent prints involving body and clothing segments.

This represents one of several sections of "A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with Emphases in Geotaphonomic and Forensic Archaeological Field Techniques, Nineteenth Edition" (The complete bibliography is also included at Academia.edu.).  This is the most recent edition of a bibliography containing resources for multiple areas of crime scene, and particularly outdoor crime scene, investigations.  It replaces the prior edition and contains approximately 10,000 additional citations.  As an ongoing project, additional references, as encountered, will be added to future editions.

The following citations are provided as anecdotal information about some of the more prominent cases in which the victim, or at least one victim of a serial murderer, was buried.  They may be helpful in understanding what took place in particular crimes before and after the discovery of the victims.  These nonfiction accounts mention victim-subject dynamics as well as relationships victims or subjects had to particular crime scenes.  The compiler has found such accounts useful in reflecting third party, non-law enforcement observations on the manner in which particular crime scenes were processed.  A strong caveat is presented in realizing that the accounts may or may not be based on police reports.  They should not replace first hand reports of crime scene methodologies.  On the other hand, some witnesses may be more willing to speak openly with the authors of those accounts, than law enforcement officers.  Again, these are simply resources which require assessment and vetting by the researcher who considers them.  Also included in this section are case histories and biographies by forensic anthropologists.  When known, the name of the convicted suspect(s), of whom each account is written, is (are) noted in blue next to the citation.
(276 citations)

The Rashomon effect occurs when an event is given contradictory interpretations by the individuals involved. The effect is named after Akira Kurosawa's 1950 lm Rashomon, in which a murder is described in four contradictory ways by four witnesses [1]. The term addresses the motives, mechanism and occurrences of the reporting on the circumstance and addresses contested interpretations of events, the existence of disagreements regarding the evidence of events and subjectivity versus objectivity in human perception, memory and reporting. Here we consider the co∼eventum mechanistic approach [2, 3, 4] with the co∼eventum mechanistic Bayes' theorem [5] to analyze the Rashomon case in forensics.

The interpretation and analysis of dismembered remains and subsequent sharp-force trauma can be complicated in cases involving exposure to fire. This experiment aims to explore the effects of heat exposure on saw mark characteristics, and attempts to detect significant patterns within the results that can be utilized in forensic analysis. Long bones of Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, with minimal flesh and marrow extracted, were subjected to various traumatic inflictions. Bone samples were impacted with 3 different types of saw, including a branch, wood, and hack saw, resulting in one partial saw mark per bone sample.
Bones (one of each saw mark type) were then burnt at 5 different temperature parameters in a PotteryCrafts Ltd P5976 top loading kiln at The University of Exeter, Laver building, 201. Following heat exposure, samples were subjected to analysis, involving the recording of bone and saw mark dimensions, weight, colour, heat-induced fracture analysis, and microscopic EDOF examination.
Results indicate that saw marks are preserved following heat exposure, with many of the characteristic features becoming more easily observable. Additionally, the experiment has shown that saw type is an influencing factor during burning and can affect fragmentation, shrinkage, and weight.

Studies examining the influences of alcohol intoxication have reported mixed findings on whether it impairs eyewitness memory. Although the studies in this Special Issue investigated different questions and tested different variables, the findings of these studies collectively provide insight into mechanisms and methodological issues that may explain the ambiguous findings of alcohol intoxication and eyewitness memory. In this commentary, we first describe the experimental studies of this Special Issue. We then discuss four mechanisms that could underlie those mixed findings (alcohol myopia, disinhibition, hypervigilance, meta-cognitive processes at retrieval). Last, we address methodological issues that may have contributed to those ambiguous findings (i.e., alcohol intoxication levels, automatic processing of stimuli, sensitivity of dependent variables, and possible interactions with arousal), and provide suggestions for future research to address these issues.

The automatic exchange and comparison of DNA data between national databases to combat terrorism and cross-border crime in the EU area has been facilitated by the 2008 Prüm Decisions. While it was anticipated that all EU Member States would have fulfilled the requirements by August 2011, this has not yet occurred. Once each Member State has implemented the Prüm Decisions, which is expected to occur by spring or summer 2019, the EU Commission is planning on submitting a legislative proposal to amend the Prüm Decisions, possibly broadening its scope both in terms of types of data exchanged and the number of countries involved. Therefore, it is a timely place to review the available literature on the existing data on the cross-border exchange and comparison of DNA. However, due to the limited amount of available data regarding the Prüm regime's contribution to combating crime and terrorism, this article reviews national DNA databases' contribution to national criminal justice systems before it turns to the Prüm regime. Outlining how Prüm represents an "aspirational regime" focused on a secure and safe future, we draft recommendations directed towards rendering cross-border exchange of DNA data more transparent and accountable.

Digital forensics is an important and growing forensic domain. Research on miscarriages of justice and misleading evidence, as well as various inquires in the UK and the US, have highlighted human error as an issue within forensic science. This has led to increased attention to the sources of cognitive bias and potential countermeasures within many forensic disciplines. However, the area of digital forensics has yet to pay sufficient attention to this issue. The main goal of this article is to contribute to a more scientifically sound digital forensics domain by addressing the issues of cognitive bias as a source of error. In this paper we present an analysis of seven sources of cognitive and human error specifically within the digital forensics process, and discuss relevant countermeasures. We conclude that although some cognitive and bias issues are very similar across forensic domains, others are different and dependent on the specific characteristic of the domain in question, such as digital forensics. There is a need for new directions in research with regard to cognitive and human factors in digital forensics.

Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu ça lış ma da bel ge in ce le me ala nın da kul la nı lan spek tral in ce le me yön tem le ri nin üze ri ka pa tı cı lar ile ka pa tıl mış ya zı lar da oku nur luk sağ la ma et kin lik le ri nin be lir len me si amaç lan-mış tır. G Ge e r re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön n t te em m l le er r: : Ad li bel ge in ce le me ala nın da kul la nı lan ve spek tral ana liz yön te mi ile ça lı şan Fo ren sic XP 4010, Fo ren sic XP 4010 D ve VSC 2000 ci haz la rı nın kar şı laş tır ma lı ola rak in-ce len me si ama cı ile be yaz kâğıt, sa man kâğı dı ve se net kâğı dı üze ri ne ma vi ve si yah tü ken mez ka-lem ve ma vi ve si yah jel mü rek kep li ka lem ler le ya zı lan ya zı lar; 1 gün, 1 haf ta ve 1 ay son ra ka pa tı cı lar (2 fark lı mar ka sı vı ka pa tı cı, 1 adet ka lem ka pa tı cı ve 2 fark lı mar ka şerit ka pa tı cı) ile tek ve çift (hem ön hem ar ka yü zey) ta raf lı ka pa tıl mış tır. Da ha son ra ha zır la nan bu ör nek ler Fo ren-sic XP 4010, Fo ren sic XP 4010 D ve VSC 2000 ci haz la rın da in ce len miş tir. B Bu ul l g gu u l la ar r: : Spek tral yön-tem le rin üze ri ka pa tı cı ile ka pa tıl mış ya zı la rın gö rü nür ha le ge ti ril me sin de %50 ile %100 ora nın da ba şa rı lı ol du ğu, or ta la ma oku nur luk sağ la ma ora nı nın %83.3 ol du ğu gö rül müş tür. Bu oran lar, alt-ta ki mü rek kep tü rü, ren gi ve kâğıt tü rü ne gö re fark lı lık gös ter mek te dir. Sa de ce üze ri ka pa tı lan ya-zı lar da oku nur luk sağ la ma ora nı da ha yük sek (%94) iken bu ora nın hem üze ri hem de ar ka yü ze yi ka pa tıl mış ya zı lar da %68.5'e düş tü ğü gö rül müş tür. Her üç ci ha zın oku nur luk sağ la ma et kin lik le ri ara sın da is ta tis tik sel açı dan an lam lı bir fark lı lık sap tan ma mış tır. S So o n nu uç ç: : Bu ci haz la rın kul la nı mı nın bel ge in ce le me uz ma nı ile bel ge in ce le me la bo ra tu var la rı nın ba şa rı dü ze yi ni ol duk ça ar tı ra ca ğı, ra-po ra yan sı tı la cak ge rek çe ve gör sel des tek ile bi lim sel lik ve nes nel lik açı sın dan ol duk ça et kin so nuç-lar do ğu ra ca ğı ka na a ti ne va rıl mış tır. A An na ah h t ta ar r K Ke e l li i m me e l le er r: : El ya zı sı; ya zı lar A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T O Ob b j je ec c t ti i v ve e: : The pre sent study aims to de ter mi ne the abi li ti es of the spec tral exa mi na-ti on met hods used for do cu ment exa mi na ti on to ac hi e ve re a da bi lity in wri tings co ve red by cor rec-ti on ma te ri als. M Ma a t te e r ri i a al l a an nd d M Me et t h ho od ds s: : To com pa ra ti vely exa mi ne the Fo ren sic XP 4010, Fo ren sic XP 4010 D and VSC 2000 de vi ces, which are used in fo ren sic do cu ment exa mi na ti on and are ope ra ted with spec tral analy sis met hod, wri tings put on whi te pa per, ro ugh pa per, and de ed pa per with blue or black ball po int pens and blu e and black gel ink pens we re co ve red by cor rec ti on ma te ri als (2 dif fe rent brands of cor rec ti on flu ids, 1 cor rec ti on pen, and 2 dif fe rent brands of cor rec ti on rib bons) on sing le and do ub le si des (both front and back sur fa ces) af ter 1 day, 1 we ek, and 1 month. Sub se-qu ently, the se samp les pre pa red we re exa mi ned with Fo ren sic XP 4010, Fo ren sic XP 4010 D and VSC 2000 de vi ces. R Re e s su ul lt ts s: : It was ob ser ved that spec tral met hods had a suc cess ra te bet we en 50% and 100% in ma king vi sib le the wri tings co ve red by cor rec ti on ma te ri als; and the ir suc cess ra te in ac hi e ving ave ra ge re a da bi lity was 83.3%. The se ra tes vary with the type and co lor of un derl ying ink and pa per type. The ra te of ac hi e ving re a da bi lity in only front-si de co ve red wri tings was hig her (94%), whi le it was re du ced down to 68.5% in both front-and back-si de co ve red wri tings. No sta-tis ti cally sig ni fi cant dif fe ren ce was ob ser ved bet we en the abi li ti es of ac hi e ving re a da bi lity of the thre e de vi ces. C Co on nc c l lu u s si i o on n: : It was conc lu ded that the use of the se de vi ces will sig ni fi cantly im prove the per for man ce le vel of pro fes si o nal do cu ment exa mi ners and do cu ment exa mi na ti on la bo ra-to ri es and will pro du ce qu i te ef fec ti ve sci en ti fic and ob jec ti ve re sults with the help of ra ti o na les and vi su al aids pro vi ded in the re port. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Hand wri ting; wri ting T Tu ur rk ki iy ye e K Kl li in ni ik kl le er ri i J J F Fo or re en n M Me ed d 2 20 01 10 0; ;7 7((1 1)): :2 21 1-7 7

The relationship between forensic science and legal adjudication is intricate mainly because the need to inform fact-finders on issues going beyond the layman's knowledge poses challenges both on empirical and normative dimensions, in particular with regards to the specific role and duties of the different participants in the legal process. While rationality is widely upheld as one of the aspirations of the legal process across many modern jurisdictions, a pending question is how to remedy the uneasy relationship between general propositions (and knowledge claims) conditioning expert witness testimony, and individualized decisions taken by fact-finders. The focus has hitherto been put on the utilization of model-based and formal methods of reasoning while, regrettably, the concepts of judgment and decision-making have not received equal attention. A first aspiration of our paper will thus be to further clarify the nature of this systemic relationship in the particular area of the legal process involving scientific experts, by conducting a critical transversal analysis of current empirical, normative and doctrinal understandings of expert witness testimony. As a second aim, we will use this insight to argue in favor of the view that structural features of expert witness testimony are embedded in a decision-making process, and that the understanding of this decisional dimension is important for clarifying the respective roles of expert witnesses and fact-finders, and for favoring their mutual understanding thereof. To substantiate this perspective, and attest to its growing recognition as a frontier understanding, we will provide real-world examples from forensic science reporting practice and policy documents of professional bodies.

Objetivo: evaluar como es el papel del patólogo forense en la inspección de las heridas causadas  por armas blancas. Suministrando definiciones y aspectos generales sobre la patología forense, los diferentes tipos de heridas de armas blancas y sus características. El método de investigación es a través de la información de libros y revistas relacionadas a la medicina legal, patología forense y lesiones por armas blancas. Como resultado y conclusión,  el patólogo forense juega un papel muy importante en el estudio de estas heridas de armas blanca porque tiene que saber con exactitud qué tipo de arma blanca lo causó, la afectación y así aplicar conocimientos jurídicos para aportar datos relevantes de un hecho delictivo

Objective: To evaluate the role of the forensic pathologist in inspecting the wounds caused by white weapons. Providing definitions and general aspects of forensic pathology, the different types of white gun wounds and their characteristics. The method of investigation is through the information of books and magazines related to the legal medicine, forensic pathology and injuries by white weapons. As a result and conclusion, the forensic pathologist plays a very important role in the study of these wounds of white weapons because it has to know exactly what type of weapon caused it, the affectation and thus to apply legal knowledge to provide data Relevant to a criminal fact.

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) has giant possibilities to optimize the fight against crime and strengthen national security. In the conditions of unimaginable accumulation of information and the need for rapid decision-making, only the use of AI can lead to success. Intelligence, counterintelligence, forensic science, counteracting organized crime, rapid processing of available information, drafting of varied decisions, creating plans and multivariate scenarios, performing various analyzes is a time-consuming process. Only its use can significantly shorten this time and thus dramatically increase the possibilities for detection, prevention and curbing crimes.

Niniejsze opracowanie stawia sobie za cel przede wszystkim przedstawienie założeń Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI). Drugim zakładanym celem jest ukazanie tegoż procesu w wybranych obszarach badawczych typowych dla nauki prawa w kontekście Ustawy z 5 lipca 2018 r. o krajowym systemie cyberbezpieczeństwa , ale także w odniesieniu do całej gamy zagadnień kryminalistycznych począwszy od działań wykrywczych po profilaktyczne.