Foreign Direct Investment

En este capítulo, se ponen las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y Japón en un contexto histórico, para luego analizar más en profundidad el reciente Acuerdo de Asociación Estratégica entre los mismos, y un tema muy relevante que ha quedado fuera de los acuerdos como es la protección de las inversiones, para terminar con unas breves conclusiones.

In the current investment climate, most investment disputes are settled through arbitration. This indispensable book is the original legal recourse, bringing together the well-known investor-state disputes and commentary on the increasingly significant subject of parallel proceedings. It fills the need for a detail knowledge of the issue of parallel proceedings into well-organised chapters covering the all essential aspects of the subject. The book not only analysis the origin of the issue but also provides several domestic remedies to reduce the risk of parallel proceedings. Therefore, it will be of inestimable value to academics in the field as well as to practitioners.

Trump has promised to ‘make America great again’. As a self-proclaimed expert on everything of import, he knows exactly how to increase domestic investment and consumption, boost exports, reduce the country’s trade deficit, expand employment and bolster wages. And as America’s leader-and-policymaker-in-chief, he has taken the necessary steps to achieve every one of these goals, or so he says.

Capitalists and pundits follow him like imprinted ducks. His tweets rattle markets, his announcements are dissected by academics and his utterances are analysed to exhaustion by various media. A visiting alien might infer that he actually runs the world. And the alien wouldn’t be alone. The earthly population too, conditioned by ivory-tower academics and popular opinion makers, tends to think of political figureheads as ‘leaders’ and ‘policymakers’. Situated at the ‘commanding heights’ of their respective nation states and international organizations, these ‘leaders’ supposedly set the rules, make policies, steer their societies and determine the course of history. Or at least that’s the belief.

The reality, though, is quite different.

Çin’in AB’ye yönelik uyguladığı “ekonomik yatırımlar temelli dışarı çıkma stratejisi”nin, AB’nin ekonomik bağımsızlığına doğrudan tehdit oluşturduğuna dair yorumlar gittikçe görünürlük kazanmakta; bu kapsamdaki risklerin bertaraf edilmesi adına çeşitli öneriler gündeme taşınmaktadır. Birlik genelindeki Çin kaynaklı dış yatırımların sistematik izlenmesi, Çin özelinde insan hakları ve hukuk devleti gibi değerlerin gözetilmesi talebi, piyasalar arası adil rekabetin sağlanması gibi öneriler Çin-AB ilişkilerinin geleceği açısından da belirleyici bir konuma sahiptir.

The main purpose of this research is to suggest policies to improve the foreign direct investment attraction capacity in Northern Mountainous Provinces of Vietnam in short and medium-term. Though this region has huge potentials to develop, but poor infrastructure, remote location and bad FDI climate have hindered the FDI inflows. This research focuses on FDI climate factors, pays attention on

The number of special economic zones (SEZ) in the world is rising fast. These zones have contributed to the economic success of certain emerging economies, prompting a rush in many other countries, including countries in transition, such as the Russian Federation. SEZs are popular because their value proposition is clearer, especially compared with the value proposition of highly heterogenous countries and offer a more practical fix for regulatory problems. However, results in general are mixed. Unsatisfactory infrastructure support to investors and scarce links with local suppliers, together with the challenge of competing with neighbours for mobile assets are major concerns in many host countries. Countries can still leverage the impact of SEZ by better adjusting to new industrial revolution, structural challenges of the world economy, a more protectionist environment and the imperative of sustainable development.

This paper studies the relation between average growth and growth volatility. To do so a two period model is built which focuses on how firms choose their debt portfolio maturity. Due to imperfect enforceability problems, we show that contracts financing long-term investments are biased towards short-term debt. This can generate maturity mismatches between assets and liabilities and lead to liquidity crises. Then it is shown that the relation between average growth and growth volatility is more likely to be negative in developing countries, i.e. economies where financial intermediaries assets are relatively small compared to the rest of the economy while it is more likely to be positive in developed economies, i.e. economies where financial intermediaries assets are relatively large compared to the rest of the economy. We therefore invalidate the idea that volatility is the price for rapid growth in emerging market countries. This framework also allows us to assess the impact of for...

Over the last decade, shifting strategies of capital accumulation have deepened the integration of land and associated primary commodities into circuits of investment. More than merely an economic revalu-ation of land, such integration involves an iterative rearrangement of the social and natural processes determining land's material and symbolic qualities. Highlighting these shifts through a comparative study of investment processes for large-scale agricultural and extractive projects, we posit investment processes as assemblages proceeding in the context of different ontologies, valuations, and uses of land, which coalesce and compete with one other in complex ways, producing new spaces and subjectivities. Such assembling, we suggest, notably involves a discursive component involving the narration of the need for investment, an institutional component reforming regulatory arrangements, and an operational component enrolling labour, infrastructure, and ancillary resources associated with agricultural and extractive production. After examining each of these components in turn, we conclude with a discussion of tensions and contradictions inherent in 'opening' lands for investment and the business of harnessing agricultural and extractive resources.

This paper examines the relationship between outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and domestic investment (DI) in China using co-integration and Granger causality analyses (including bivariate and multivariate Granger causality models). The results suggest that the conclusions drawn from a bivariate model may not be valid because of the omission of important control variables. The results of the multivariate model show that there is a positive long-run unidirectional causal relationship running from OFDI to DI In the short run, DI and OFDI do not show Granger causality.

This article studies what I describe as “state-coordinated investment partnerships,” an investment modality central to the deployment of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). These partnerships bring together state and business actors to export overcapacity and address infrastructural demands in underdeveloped markets. To do so, they require accumulation and sovereignty regimes that mirror, in contingent ways, similar social arrangements within China. The superposition of such regimes and the interests and social imaginaries of local actors produces forms of uneven and combined development and shapes the contours of the BRI's emerging developmental and geoeconomic footprints. The BRI exports also an elite development paradigm which promotes urbanization, connectivity and economic growth over participatory approaches. This paradigm projects a depoliticized version of China's present into the BRI's future to justify social and environmental dislocations, and shields Chinese firms from civil society scrutiny. My analysis rejects this elite perspective and favors a labor-centric approach that unearths the social foundations of the BRI. From this perspective, despite relevant differences in format, the BRI's quintessential investment modality is closely aligned to a contemporary global current of public-private partnerships endeavored to mobilize public resources and state power for the expansion of capitalist social relations.

This research project explores the relation between institutions in emerging
markets and the entry strategies chosen by foreign direct investors. The merits of
alternative strategies from investors’ perspective as well as the impact on the host
economy are investigated. For this purpose, FDI strategies are investigated and
compared in four important emerging markets India, Egypt, South Africa and
Vietnam.
Project working papers no 1 to 12 present the field research reports, cases and
data collected by the country teams. The “Background Paper: Institutional
Development and FDI” outlines the economic and institutional context in the country.
The “Case Studies of FDI” explore in depth the three case companies with respect to
investor strategies and interaction with the local environment. The “Survey of FDI”
summarizes and interprets the main results of the questionnaire survey.

Abstract (English): Poland and China established official diplomatic relations at the beginning of the twentieth century. These relations should be regarded as at least correct, they were often influenced by other countries. Recently China's importance in international relations has grown. The concept called the New Silk Road is the subject of many analyzes and provides an opportunity for dynamic economic development for many European countries. Poland can play an important role in implementing this
idea, as has been tried to draw your attention in this article. Detailed analysis has been made on the history of Polish-Chinese relations, China's foreign direct investments in Europe and in the world, and Poland's place in the concept of the New Silk Road. Abstrakt (PL): Polska i Chiny nawiązały oficjalne stosunki dyplomatyczne w początkach XX wieku. Relacje te uznać należy za co najmniej poprawne, ich stan często warunkowany był wpływami państw trzecich. W ostatnim czasie znaczenie Chin w stosunkach międzynarodowych rośnie. Inicjatywa określana jako Nowy Jedwabny Szlak jest przedmiotem wielu analiz i stanowi szansę dynamicznego rozwoju gospodarczego dla wielu krajów europejskich. Polska może odegrać ważną
rolę w realizacji tej idei, na co próbowano w niniejszym artykule zwrócić uwagę. Szczegółowej analizie poddano historię stosunków polsko-chińskich, bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne Chin w Europie i na świecie oraz miejsce Polski w koncepcji Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku.

This monograph is focused on post-investment issues, particularly on intercultural synergy, and M&A performance.
The M&A reasons are the result of globalization, of the need of growth and of achieving synergies. Most of the professionals consider that M&A is one of the most significant business phenomena in the past decades, but warn about the dangers of M&A.
The most challenging part of the M&A process is the integration of two entities that present different organizational and national cultures. This monograph emphasizes the relationship between culture, post-merger integration processes, and M&A performance.
This monograph exerts to find an explanation for M&A performance in terms of the impact that cultural differences have on the post-merger integration process. It emphasizes the role of post-investment monitoring and intercultural synergies achievement.
This monograph offers an extensive insight of the M&A process inasmuch as M&As are a complex domain demanding an interdisciplinary approach.
This book is seeking to deepen the apprehension of the impact of cultural differences on M&A performance.
M&A performance can be characterized by ambiguity of the concept and a lack of concurrence on measurement procedures.
This monograph reveals that cultural synergy can be produced by similarities in organizations but at once by differences. The empirical results deliver contradictory outcomes. Intercultural synergy might be highly significant after the merger or on the contrary have an insignificant effect on firms’ performance or even a negative impact. The findings regarding the cross-cultural integration aspects are contradictory and the relation between M&A performance and intercultural synergy is still to be refined.
The findings of this book suggest that intercultural synergy is a significant and controversial issue of cross border M&As. Some inconsistent results suggest the need for further research on post-merger integration.
The main goal of this book is to uncover intercultural issues that managers encountered during the post-investment phase and they should have discovered during the pre-investment phase. Intercultural synergy has a strong impact on M&A. Both national and organizational cultures are determinants for maximizing the intercultural synergy.
This monograph integrates the research on national, organizational and professional culture, into a theory of M&A performance and outcome. It investigates not only the outcomes and intercultural synergy but also the perception on these issues.
In the area of intercultural management, this book reveals that the culture clusters make for a very helpful and strong tool. It appears that national culture might influence perceptions on M&A in some culture clusters much more than in others.
M&A professionals may benefit from a deeper understanding of cultural values that shape the post-merger integration process and implicitly the M&A performance. The companies that minimize the importance of post-investment monitoring expose themselves to a higher risk of failure.
The expectation of the author of this monograph is that the conclusions would help forewarn M&A scholars and practitioners of the need to thoroughly understand the cultural issues influencing the post-M&A processes.
This monograph will be useful for academic researchers, postgraduate students, for MBA/Executive Education and for practitioners.

For the first four decades after achieving independence from British colonial rule, the economic policies of the Indian government were characterised by planning, control and regulation. There were periodic attempts at market-oriented reform, usually following the balance of payments pressures, which induced policy responses that combined exchange rate depreciation and an easing of restrictions on foreign capital inflows. However, the latter was relatively narrow in scope and had little impact on actual inflows, which remained small. Nevertheless, there were foreign shareholdings in many companies, partly as a result of their pre-independence origins. Moreover, in sectors upon which the government placed high priority, domestic firms were allowed to enter into technology licensing arrangements, which often involved an equity stake as well. But, there was a general sense of discomfort with a foreign presence in industry, particularly in “non-essential” sectors
like consumer goods. This culminated in a series of major policy decisions in the late 1970s that forced companies to restrict their foreign shareholdings to a maximum of 40 per cent. Many companies did comply, but two prominent ones who did not, Coca Cola and IBM, were asked to shut down their Indian operations.
During the early 1980s, following a serious balance of payments crisis
and a large loan from the International Monetary Fund, the Indian
the government relaxed its foreign investment policy. This engendered a number of joint ventures in the automotive industry, involving both financial and technical relationships between Indian and Japanese manufacturers. A few years later, Japanese two-wheeler manufacturers entered the domestic market, again through joint ventures with major Indian producers. Here again, the ventures were followed by a series of arrangements between component manufacturers in the two countries. Other key sectors, like the computer industry, were also provided with a more liberal trade and investment environment.

I believe the government needs to take conventional stimulating measures like rate cut, GST cut, tax incentive etc. in adequate quantity. However in my view, to enhance the impact of these measures, a number of additional measure aimed at boosting sentiments and stimulating higher trade volumes and activity level would also be needed simultaneously.
I am presenting some of the illustrative measures that could be considered by the government for immediate implementation

Do we want long term risk capital that would support out economy in achieving sustainable high growth? Or do we only care for the fleeting arbitrage money that would stay in India only until a better opportunity arises in some other corner of the world.
I am certainly not denigrating the importance and need of FPI flows to Indian securities markets. But I strongly believe that unlike the long term risk capital (FDI) these flows must be on our terms and within the regulatory framework designed to ensure orderly development of securities market.

Bangladesh and Vietnam are on the verge of further economic expansions in terms of export-import, investment and economic integration. This common interest between Bangladesh and Vietnam should render closer bilateral economic ties that would enable receiving the goals on or before the targeted timeline. The minimum wage of Bangladesh is now US$ 95 which is considerably low compared to US$ 166.5 minimum wage of Vietnam, turning out Bangladesh to be a very attractive investment destination for Vietnamese investors and industrialists to relocate their factories, especially the primary and intermediary goods-manufacturing factories that are linked to making tertiary or final products and service-based businesses, such as business process and management outsourcing (BPMO) firms.