English linguistics

ABSTRACT
Speech act is a functional unit in the form of an act which helps humans understand or accomplish things with words in communication. This research was aimed to find out and analyse the types of speech acts which were performed by teachers and students in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. The researcher employed the speech act theory from Cruse (2000) to analyse and interpret the research results. Qualitative research was applied in this research due to the data source was from the teaching and learning activities in naturalistic environments in English classrooms. The subjects of this research were teachers and students in REAL Equivalent English classrooms. The results showed that there were three types of speech acts found in the interactions between the teachers and students, namely locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act was performed when teachers and students uttered expressions with no certain intentions. Illocutionary act, on the other hand, was performed when the expressions contained certain intentions to listeners. Perlocutionary act was performed when the listeners showed responses and acted as feedback to the speakers’ utterances. By conducting this research, the researcher hopes that it can give more insights to readers regarding to the study of speech act theory in pragmatics field.
Keywords: English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Classrooms, Speech Acts, REAL Equivalent English, Teachers and Students.

This paper offers an overview of the discipline of English lexicography with special consideration of interdisciplinary connections with English linguistics. Emphasis is placed on dictionaries of varieties of English, period dictionaries, and learner dictionaries, the latter of which being currently most firmly tied to wider linguistic research agendas. Overall, the relationship is described as a difficult one, characterized by differences in emphasis that are reflected in competing philological, historical, and linguistic foci. The account seeks to identify gaps in the lexicographical documentation of varieties of English (e.g., Irish English, Ulster Scots, Indian English) and period coverage (e.g., in Early Modern English), and aims to identify strong suits and best practice examples (e.g., Dictionary of American Regional English). It is argued that English linguistics as a whole, especially the sociolinguistic discipline, would benefit from renewed interest in the lexicography of English.

Keywords: lexicography, dictionaries, English language, linguistic variation, scholarly discourse, English linguistics, varieties of English, applied linguistics, historical linguistics

This study examines two types of semantic change, namely amelioration and pejoration, through comparing the positive/negative senses of 20 English adjectives over time in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). It also aims to explore whether the semantic change, which may have occurred in these words, can be associated with their frequency in The British National Corpus (BNC). The results reveal that the stability of the target adjectives has indeed changed over time. The positive adjectives were originally somewhat negative, neutral or positive, and then started to become positive if they were previously negative or neutral if they were previously positive. Conversely, the negative adjectives tend to become less negative over time. The study suggests that the semantic change of these adjectives could have been motivated by a tendency to reduce lexical complexity, which speakers may have done for pragmatic reasons, such as successful communication. The study also proposes that the semantic change could also be related with the frequency of the adjectives undergoing the change. The study concludes with recommendations for further research.

It seems the subjunctive lives on in Present-Day English (PDE), despite repeated predictions of its death and the discouragement of the Fowler brothers, who in The King’s English (1906) dismissed it as ‘never necessary, often dangerous, and in most writers unpleasantly formal’. One use of the descendant of the old past subjunctive – as in If that were true vs If that was true – remains a favourite topic for prescriptivists, while there are still a number of productive uses of the descendant of the old present subjunctive. One of these, the mandative subjunctive – as in I insisted that he come – has received considerable scholarly attention following reports of its increasing frequency in the twentieth century, first in American English (AmE) and later in British English (BrE). Even so, reference grammars such as Huddleston & Pullum (2002) are reluctant to apply the term ‘subjunctive’ to English verb forms in a synchronic description of the language. The two main aims of this thesis are to re-evaluate the growing body of research relating to the subjunctive in PDE, and to present a new study of the mandative subjunctive. The first part features an in-depth critical analysis of subjunctive-related studies since the 1960s, looking in particular at theoretical and methodological approaches. In the course of this, previously unrecognised inconsistencies are identified in important studies involving the mandative subjunctive such as Johansson & Norheim (1988) and Leech et al. (2009). The second part is a new corpus-based diachronic study that for the first time examines the mandative subjunctive in AmE and BrE using freshly derived data from four data points – 1931, 1961, 1991/2 and 2006. This study provides evidence confirming the inconsistencies identified in previous studies and presents new findings regarding variation in preferences in English mandative clauses over a period of 75 years.

We ilustrate the complexity and interest of English phonology and morphology through two case studies: the phonological and morphological behavior of sibilant suffixes, and the aspiration of voiceless obstruents. We focus on documenting individual variation in these areas and examining theoretical proposals that have been advanced to account for the attested range of variation that is found, highlighting cases where the data connect to larger issues in phonological and morphological theory.

This is an English Grammar written from a descriptive linguistics approach with an APP as well as exercises, answer keys,  and lecture slides, quizzes, and exams for the instructors. It is a unique textbook and a reference grammar for College-level  GRAD/UNDERGRAD English Classes in higher education as well as First-Year Composition and Advanced TESOL programs. Instructors may request an examination copy at he.kendallhunt.com/aygen_request

This chapter deals with a novel case of constructional copying, i.e. the incipient productivity of the partially schematic construction X slash Y in early-twenty-first-century French, as in chanteuse slash actrice 'singer slash actress' or consoles de jeu slash porte clés 'game consoles slash key rings'. Such occurrences are still exceedingly rare, but they can, however, be found repeatedly in online journalistic prose. On the basis of data collected from the news aggregator Google Actualités, it is advanced that the French schema was copied from an equivalent English construction associated with the concept of 'concurrent multiple careers', which was first popularized in the US by the journalist Marci Alboher in 2007, and that it rapidly acclimatized to the point that it is now used with different semantics than those of the original schema and appears in a variety of structures, including adjectival constructs and a remarkably high number of recursive constructs. From this latter fact, it is claimed that slash has been partially functionalized into a marker of immediate constituent structure that audibly signals internal boundaries within polylexemic constructs.

In this paper, I have examined the analysis of translation process carried out by Poyzan Nur Taneli into Turkish, for the book named Homodeus, by Yuval Noah Harrari. You will see, and hopefully understand, how the translator conducted and managed the process of translation. The methods and strategies have been explained.

You know the ordinal number ‘first’ as irregular in English, such as ‘erste’(the first) in German(Deutsch), where you see the initial consonant deletion, compared to that in English. I inspect the etymology of  ‘*s < *si < *sa’(one) in the ordinal number ‘first’ in English, compared to that in the ordinal number ‘erste’(the first) in German(Deutsch), which might have the origin in an ancient age, such as sa ‘one’ in languages of the Onin group(Onin, Sekar, and Uruangnirin) in Western New Guinea of Indonesia. cf. Roh(2019b) for the ordinal number ‘erste’(the first) in German(Deutsch).

I wonder the etymology of ‘s’ of ‘score’(20), which I might inspect as sa ‘one’ of the vigesimal system which might have the etymology in an ancient age.
You can tell sa ‘one’ of sa ‘one’ in languages of the Onin group(Onin, Sekar, and Uruangnirin) in Western New Guinea of Indonesia in 21c CE a mile away.

This dissertation research investigates the acquisition of Kaqchikel as a third (or later) language by adult native speakers of Spanish and English. As there will be potential participants in the audience, I cannot divulge specific details of the study. To perform this research, one must review the background literature on not only second language acquisition of phonology but also that of third language acquisition. Furthermore, one must consider the phonology of all relevant languages (in this case Kaqchikel, Spanish, and English), which differ critically in several ways, including stress patterning, segmental inventory, and allophonic variation. Taking that into account, one can then examine the perception and production of the target phonological phenomena and all possible correlates in each of the languages of interest, for it has been observed that not only does first and second language knowledge affect acquisition of a third language, but also that the acquisition of a new language may affect production in previously known languages. For adequate comparison, one must also measure the perception and production of native speakers. Comparisons will then be made between the production in each of the different languages of each speaker, but also between groups of speakers based on their native language. Based on existing models of acquisition and all the relevant factors there are two conflicting hypotheses in this study: one that the native-English learners perform closer to the target production of native-Kaqchikel speakers, and one that the native-Spanish learners would perform better.

La investigación para mi tesis doctoral examina la adquisición del idioma kaqchikel por les hablantes natives adultes del español y del inglés. Porque habrá participantes potenciales en la audiencia, no puedo divulgar los detalles específicos del estudio. Para lograr esta investigación, se debe revisar el material de referencia de la adquisición de un segundo idioma también como él de la adquisición de un tercer idioma. Además, se debe considerar la fonología de todos los idiomas relevantes (kaqchikel, español e inglés), las cuales se distinguen en varias maneras, incluyendo sus patrones del acento, sus inventarios fonémicos y sus variaciones alofónicas. Luego, se puede examinar la percepción y la producción del fenómeno fonológico objetivo y las correlaciones posibles en cada uno de los tres idiomas, porque se ha observado que el conocimiento de los primeros y segundos idiomas no solo afecta la adquisición de un tercer idioma, sino también que la adquisición de un tercer idioma puede afectar la producción de los idiomas ya conocidos.  Para una comparación adecuada, se debe medir la percepción y la producción de les hablantes natives. Unas comparaciones se harán entre la producción de cada uno de los idiomas de cada hablante, y también entre los grupos de hablantes basados en sus idiomas nativos. Según modelos existentes de la adquisición y los factores relevantes, hay dos hipótesis de este estudio: 1) les hablantes natives del inglés ejecutan más cerca de la producción objetiva de les hablantes natives del kaqchikel, 2) les hablantes natives del español ejecutan mejor.