Ecotourism

Previous studies have reported the negative impacts of tourism on nonhuman primates (NHPs) and tourists and advocated the improvement of tourism management, yet what constitutes good quality management remains unclear. We explored whether rates of macaque aggression and self-directed behaviors (SDBs) differed under the supervision of two park ranger teams at the Valley of the Wild Monkeys (VWM) in Mt. Huangshan, Anhui Province, China. The two ranger teams provisioned and managed a group of macaques on an alternating monthly basis. Monkey, tourist and ranger behaviors were collected from August 16-September 30, 2012. Macaque aggression and SDB rates did not differ significantly under the management of the two teams. Overall, there was little intervention in tourist-macaque interactions by park rangers, and even when rangers discouraged tourists' undesirable behaviors, tourist interactions with monkeys persisted. Furthermore, only one or sometimes two park rangers managed monkeys and tourists, and rangers established dominance over the monkeys to control them. In order to effectively manage tourists and monkeys by a single park ranger, we recommend that rangers: (1) prohibit tourists from feeding; (2) move around the viewing platform more frequently; and (3) limit the number of tourists each visiting session.

Ecotourism seldom places humans within the natural environments which serve as ecotourism attractions. Scholarship on learning and education in ecotourism has accordingly focused mostly on visitor learning about wildlife, biodiversity and adventure experiences in ‘pristine’ natural ecosystems. By contrast, community-based ecotourism (CBE) involves local and Indigenous communities living within natural environments. CBE aims not only to preserve natural environments, but also to conserve the traditional cultures of the peoples living within them. CBE involves visitors in longer term village homestays, local guides, and environmental, livelihood and cultural learning. It has also recently become an important area of study. However, while learning by CBE homestay hosts and guides is equally important, it is mostly unstudied to date. This paper reports on an empirical, interpretive case study of the transformative learning of CBE hosts in a rainforest-based CBE project in Chambok, Cambodia. Findings show that CBE hosts experienced transformations in their worldviews and self-identities in relation to three areas of transformative learning: environmental conservation, gender roles and local culture. These are three areas of learning beneficial to both hosts and communities, and key to the success of CBE. As such, they might well be encouraged in other CBE projects.

Özet Turizmin çevreye verdiği olumsuz etkiler ortaya çıktıktan sonra çevre koruma bilinci giderek artmış ve artık günümüzde bir sorumluluk haline gelmiştir. Bu sorumluluk altında sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımıyla hareket eden turistler doğa temelli turizm çeşitlerinden ekoturizme katılarak ekoturist sınıfını oluşturmuştur. Çevreyi korumanın yanı sıra yerel halkın refahını gözeten ekoturistlerin duyarlı seyahatleri her geçen gün artmaya başlamıştır. Yapılan bu seyahatlerin daha çok el değmemiş doğal alanlara yapıldığı. turistlerin yerel halkla yakından ilgilendiği birçok araştırmada ortaya çıkmıştır. Ülkemiz açısından bakıldığında ise Ege-Akdeniz Yöresi'nde ekoturizm yoğun olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Mevcut ekolojik çiftlik veya ekolojik otel sayılarının da daha çok Ege-Akdeniz Yöresi'nde bulunması bunun en açık göstergesidir. Bu amaçla çalışmanın örneklem alanını Ege-Akdeniz Yöresi oluşturmuştur. Ele alınan çalışmadaki temel amaç Ege-Akdeniz Yöresi'ni ziyaret eden ekoturistlerin memnuniyet düzeylerinin ölçülmesi ve memnuniyet düzeylerinin sosyo-demografik özelliklerine göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi benimsenmiş. veri toplama aracı olarak anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda Ege-Akdeniz Yöresi'ni ziyaret eden 277 ekoturiste uygulanan anket formlarından elde edilen veriler Sosyal Bilimler araştırmalarının analizinde sıkça kullanılan SPSS for Windows (Statistical Program for Social Sciences) paket programının 20.0 versiyonu ile analiz edilmiştir. Ulaşılan bulgular ışığında ekoturist memnuniyetini arttırmaya ve ekoturizm girişimciliğinin gelişimini sağlamaya yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. Abstract After the negative effects of tourism on the environment, environmental protection awareness has gradually increased and now it has become a responsibility.Tourists who act with sustainability approach under this responsibility formed ecotourist class by joining ecotourism which is one of nature-based tourism types.In addition to protecting the environment, eco-tourists who are caring for the well-being of the local people have started to increase their travels day by day.These trips are mostly made to untouched natural areas. It has been revealed in many studies that tourists are closely interested in local people.From the point of view of our country, ecotourism is intense in the Aegean-Mediterranean region.The most obvious indication is that the number of ecological farms or ecological hotels in the region is also present in the Aegean-Mediterranean region.For this purpose, the sample area of the study was the Aegean-Mediterranean Region.The main purpose of this study is to measure the satisfaction levels of ecotourists visiting the Aegean-Mediterranean region and to examine whether the satisfaction levels differ according to their socio-demographic characteristics.Quantitative research method was adopted in the research. questionnaire technique was used as data collection tool.In this context, the data obtained from the questionnaires applied to 277 ecotourists who visited Aegean-Mediterranean region were analyzed with the 20.0 version of SPSS for Windows (Statistical Program for Social Sciences) which is frequently used in the analysis of Social Sciences researches.Within the scope of the findings reached, suggestions were made to increase ecotourist satisfaction and development of ecotourism entrepreneurship. GİRİŞ Turizm, su misali insanların isteklerine göre şekil alabilen son derece hassas kırılgan yapılı bir sektördür. Bu sektör birçok ülkenin önemli gelir kapısı olurken kendi dışında birçok sektöre de etki yapmaktadır. Verdiği etkilerle birlikte zamanla farklı bir boyut kazanan turizm, günümüzde kentleşmeyle beraber doğaya yönelmeye başlamıştır. Doğa temelli turizm çeşitleri bu anlamda giderek önem kazanmış ve bu durum da pazardan pay almak isteyen ülkelerin turizm stratejilerinde bir dizi değişmelere yol açmıştır. Ekvatoral ülkeler ekoturizm adı altında gelişme imkânı bulmuş bulundukları zengin coğrafyayı ekoturistlere sunmuşlardır. 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren turizm pazarında gelişen ekoturizm Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından 2002 yılının Uluslararası Ekoturizm Yılı ilan edilmesiyle daha da önem kazanmıştır. Kitlesel etkinliklerin verdiği zararlara karşı olarak ortaya ekoturizm gerek doğal tabiatı gerekse yerel halkı korumayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda ekoturizme katılan ekoturistler bozulmamış doğal alanları tercih etmiş, doğayla iç içe olarak yerel halkın yaşayışını ve kültürünü deneyimlemek istemiştir. Yeni bir pazar olan ekoturizm günümüzde popülerliğini korumaya devam etmektedir. Ele alınan bu çalışmanın amacı, ekoturizmin yoğun olarak gerçekleştiği Ege-Akdeniz Yöresi'ni ziyaret eden ekoturistlerin memnuniyet düzeylerini

This paper aims to provide an analysis of the influence of ecotourism on biodiversity conservation by answering the question, “What is the relationship between ecotourism and biodiversity conservation?” This research paper discusses ecotourism as a sustainable form of tourism and its role in biodiversity conservation and livelihood improvement at the community level. The study finds that community-based ecotourism is a environmentally-good practice that promotes the conservation and protection of the ecosystem and the biodiversity within it. Ecotourism also provides new sources of income for local people where ecotourism activities occur, contributing to their livelihood improvement. Better management of ecotourism is key to ensure effective, inclusive and sustainable biodiversity conservation and local livelihood improvement.

В статье дана первичная оценка туристско-рекреационного потенциала Пензенской области на примере районов, исследованных в ходе геоэкологических экспедиций в рамках молодежного экологического движения «Зеленая волна». Рассмотрен ряд возможных сценариев развития туристской индустрии в регионе, даны рекомендации по их реализации.

Дана первичная оценка туристско-рекреационного потенциала Пензенской области на примере районов, исследованных в ходе геоэкологических экспедиций в рамках молодежного экологического движения «Зеленая волна». Рассмотрен ряд возможных сценариев развития туристской индустрии в регионе, даны рекомендации по их реализации.

This study assessed the economic, environmental and social aspects of ecotourism in Lobo, Batangas, Philippines. Lobo is situated in the Verde Island Passage, the "center of the center of marine biodiversity" in the world. Lobo is also home to scenic beaches with spectacular dive spots and fish sanctuaries; mountain ranges with the endangered tree specie, the Philippine teak or Tectona philippinensis; and the 120-year old Malabrigo Lighthouse, which is overlooking Verde Island. The assessment was made by 394 residents of 18 barangays or local communities within the ecotourism areas, who are selected through stratified-proportional random sampling. The study is descriptive in nature and a survey questionnaire was the instrument used in data gathering. Results show that ecotourism in Lobo is economically, viable, environmentally sound and socially acceptable. However, the local government of Lobo and the tourism industry should be constantly cautious in every aspect of ecotourism development to assure its sustainability in the long run. In addition, residents of the local communities should also be always vigilant on the protection of the Lobo environment and conservation of its natural resources outweighing whatever economic benefits they may be offered by industries, tourism or any else.

As a nation, Iceland can be defined, physically and experientially, by the dichotomies of geological time: slow and sweeping glacial movements in contrast to capricious, volcanic eruptions. The natural wonders that tourists seek on the island were created over the course of millennia, yet the influx of tourists in the last decade may cause catastrophic losses at a scale historically comparable to the eruption of Eldfell on Iceland's southernmost island of Vestmannaeyjar in 1973. The recent, overwhelming numbers of visitors to Iceland are threatening to become the capital region's 21st century lava: arriving in a constant flow, interrupting quotidian operations, and causing reactionary development that both stresses natural resources and puts historic, vernacular structures at risk due to the influx of cranes and developers that are looking to densify the urban center. With tourism increasing at such a rapid pace, Iceland may soon find that the loss of natural and cultural capital will far outweigh the benefits of touristic consumerism. Therefore, a wholly sustainable approach to tourism that assesses impacts on society, economy, and the environment, built and natural, will be integral to the future of the island

Resumo: A dissertação consiste na discussão e análise da relação existente entre as Reservas de Particulares de Patrimônio Natural (RPPNs), o Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços (ICMS) Ecológico e a possibilidade de fomento ao ecoturismo na regional de Jacarezinho, região delimitada pelo IAP, que está localizada em parcela da região conhecida como Norte Velho do Paraná. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e trabalhos de campos realizados nas RPPNs aponta-se o histórico do conceito de paisagem, quais são os marcos regulatórios das políticas e gestão pública voltadas à conservação das áreas de RPPNs, demonstrando a importância do ICMS Ecológico, bem como os convênios entre as associações e as prefeituras dos municípios que visam repassar parte dos recursos para os proprietários como forma de ajudar na manutenção e na conservação, trazendo também a possibilidade do ecoturismo. Chegou-se à conclusão de que, apesar de algumas dificuldades detectadas nas RPPNs visitadas, associadas ao problemático contexto político-institucional e da prática ainda ser recente no Paraná, os ICMs Ecológicos se bem aplicados pode realmente contribuir para a conservação das áreas, bem como para projetos de ecoturismo, caso haja interesse social, contribuindo assim para geração de renda, trabalho e riqueza na região ora pesquisada.

Abstract: The dissertation consists of discussion and analysis of the relation ship between the Private Natural Heritage reserves (RPPNs), the taxon circulation of Goods and services (ICMS) and the possibility to promote ecotourism in Jacarezinho, region boundedby the IAP, which is located in part of the area known as Old North of Paraná. Through bibliographical research and field work conducted in the RPPNs points-if the history of the concept of landscape, what are the regulatory frame work of public management and policies aimed at conservation of RPPNs areas, demonstrating the importance of the Ecological ICMS, as well as the agreements between the municipalities and associations of municipalities that aim to passon part of there sources to the owners as a way to help in maintenance and conservation, bringing the possibility of ecotourism. It was concluded that, despite some problems in the RPPNs visited, associated with the problematic political-institutional context and still be booked in Paraná, the Ecological ICMs if well applied can actually contribute to the conservation of the areas, as well as for ecotourism projects, if there is no social interest, thus contributing to the generation of in come, jobs and wealth in the region well researched.

The following paper offers a cultural sociological account of wildlife observation amongst tourists visiting tropical forests. The account is part of a transdisciplinary, geosemeiotic approach which articulates sociological with semeiotic phenomenological (Peirce), and ecological-geographic perspectives.

Race and gender intertwine with ecotourism in Belize's northern rural Creole villages, communities that are home to protected areas renowned for birds and other wildlife. Racialising and gendering assemblages found here emerge out of Belize's long history of forest-based slavery economies. From the early days of sport fishing and jaguar hunting in the 1950s through to contemporary bird-and wildlife-watching, tourism has joined these socio-natural formations. Intersectional feminist political ecology and assemblage theory provide an analytical frame that reveals how ecotourism serves to re-entrench gendered and racialised inequality, yet in cases where the ecotourism industry is small-scale and locally owned, possibilities for challenging those hierarchies also arise.

This study examines the types of relevancies and literacies exemplified by a series of books developed by a multidisciplinary team of researchers and educators with Aboriginal elders to maximize the utility of the project. Multiple-use texts with high relevance for the Aboriginal adult learner are difficult to fund. The strategy of developing high relevance textual materials through the development of ecotourism is a novel approach. The process of this production is examined as well as the books themselves, their content, format, types of literacies they represent, and how they contribute to the development of Aboriginal People as participants in Australian society.

Atleo, M.R. (2005, April 11-15). Yarrawarra place stories: Literacies for Aboriginal adults. American Education Research Association, Montreal, Quebec. Research on Indigenous Issues in Education: Our histories, our literacies, our identities, SIG - Indigenous People of the Pacific.

Land use and land cover (LULC) change is one of the challenges which strongly influence the process of agricultural development in the study area. Change in land use can negatively affect the potential use of an area and ultimately lead to soil and vegetation degradation that have an impact for loss of agricultural productivity. Land use land cover change analysis was conducted in Mareka district, Southwest Ethiopia between 1995 to 2015. In this study to detect the change image was taken from two different years as reference 1995 and 2015. The land cover change detection was done by using remote sensing and Arc GIS technology. As the result of analysis indicated, the vegetation or forest cover of the Mareka district was minimized from year to year about 33.85 Km2 and due to increment of cultivation practice. Therefore, it is good to strongly introduce modern farming system that allows farmers to get more agricultural products from small farming land plot in study district.

Resumo: Como integrante do grupo de pesquisa IMAP&P da Universidade Estadual de Londrina que estuda atualmente a Região Metropolitana de Londrina, observou-se que o município de Tamarana (Pr) apresenta índices sociais de desenvolvimento baixo e com potencial para o turismo. Isto levou a fomentar esta pesquisa que tem como objetivo realizar um perfil da atividade do Turismo de Aventura desenvolvida no município de Tamarana no Paraná, bem como diagnosticar as potencialidades e apontar propostas para a incrementação desta atividade tendo como base o Desenvolvimento Local. O turismo é uma prática social no qual transforma o espaço geográfico criando novas relações sociais no destino onde se instala. O desenvolvimento com base local pode ser proporcionado pelo turismo desde que haja um planejamento incluindo a sociedade junto ao poder público e privado na tomada de decisões, programando ações que gerem a inclusão dos menos favorecidos. Consequentemente, pode melhorar a qualidade de vida da população com a geração de empregos e a dinamização da economia. O Turismo de Aventura foi o segmento que mais cresceu nos últimos anos no Brasil, fazendo com que os órgãos responsáveis como o Ministério do Turismo e ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) elaborassem normas e orientações ao público. A necessidade de dados sistematizados tanto para o planejamento como para o turista levou ao uso do Geoprocessamento. Neste trabalho estas tecnologias vieram a contribuir para a pesquisa no qual permitiu elaborar mapas de localização, de atividades de aventura, infraestruturas e físicos. A pesquisa de coleta de dados foi realizada em campo, com entrevistas (perguntas fechadas e abertas) com o poder público, poder privado e população. Foi utilizado o GPS (Sistema Global de Posicionamento) para espacializar a localização de atividades de Turismo de Aventura nas estâncias de Tamarana. As fontes secundárias referem-se aos levantamentos de dados pelas Instituições ITCG (Instituto de Terras, Cartografia e Geociências), IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis). Pode-se concluir que o Turismo de Aventura pode vir a ser um indutor do desenvolvimento social em Tamarana desde que siga um planejamento de base local. Porém, notou-se falta de articulação entre as esferas pública, privada e cívica. A confecção de mapas para o turismo tem auxiliado no seu planejamento como proposta de desenvolvimento socioeconômico, além de atuar com a divulgação e a gestão do turismo, melhorando as tomadas de decisões em benefício da população.

Abstract: As a member of Londrina State University's IMAP&P research group, who currently studies Londrina's Metropolitan Area, this study presents Tamarana as one of low social development municipalities with potential for tourism. This fact led to foster the research, which aims at making a profile of Adventure Tourism's activities implemented in Tamarana, in Paraná state, as well as to diagnose the prospects and indicate targets for improving such activities based on the development of the area. Tourism is a social practice which transforms geographical spaces creating new social relations in a given place. Local development can be rendered by tourism provided its planning includes society within the government and private sectors decision making, acting towards the promotion of inclusion for underprivileged. Consequently, it can improve population life quality by creating jobs and boosting the economy. Adventure Tourism has been the fastest growing segment over the last few years in Brazil, causing the Ministry of Tourism and ABNT draw up standards and guidelines to the public. The need for systematic data both for planning and as a tourist product led to the use of Geographic Information System (GIS). Such technologies came to contribute to this research, enabling the development of location maps, adventure activities, and physical infrastructure. The survey data collection was carried out through interviews (open-ended and close-ended questions) with the public and private sectors, as well as the population. We made use of GPS (Global Positioning System) for determining Adventure Tourism locations in Tamarana's area. Secondary sources refer to survey data provided by ITCG and IBAMA institutions. It can be concluded that Adventure Tourism can become a social development promoter, provided a local-based planning be followed. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of coordination between public, private and civic spheres. Map-making for tourism has helped in its planning as a proposal for socioeconomic development, as well as working with tourism disclosure and management, improving decision making for the benefit of the population.

Цей матеріал покликаний бути джерелом натхнення для тих, хто вже володіє або
лише хоче відкрити пансіонат та вважає або визнає, що екотуризм є оптимальним
способом започаткувати або розширити власний бізнес.
Прикордонний регіон Румунія-Молдова-Україна має значний потенціал для
розвитку екотуризму: привабливі зони, парки та заповідні зони, традиційні культурні
ландшафти. Все це може створити привабливий, комфортний пейзаж і важливу для
екотуристів туристичну дестинацію.
Навіть якщо "займатися туризмом” видається легкою справою, забезпечення
якісних послуг в туризмі вимагає узгоджених зусиль кількох груп дійових осіб,
зацікавлених та важливих у розвитку туризму: місцеві адміністрації, адміністрації
природних парків, заклади культури, власники структур розміщення, туристичні
агенції, ремісники, асоціації, що займаються туризмом, навколишнім середовищем,
культурою, тощо.
Є можливим зробити все правильно, терпляче шукаючи шляхи розвитку, які не
мають агресивного впливу на середовище, в якому ми ведемо бізнес. Все це
представлено в даному посібнику: опис способів розвитку структур розміщення з
повагою до навколишнього середовища і принципів екотуризму.

Як зазначається у Carpathian Environmental Outlook (2007) - «Карпатські гори
найбільший, найдовший та найбільш фрагментований гірський ланцюг в Європі». Гори
простягаються територіями семи країн Центральної та Південної Європи: Республіки Чехія,
Словаччини, Польщі, Угорщини, України, Румунії та Сербії. Вони є унікальною скарбницею
природних красот та екологічних цінностей, джерелами великих річок, а також важливим
резервуаром біорізноманіття. Багато ландшафтів та ареалів проживання біовидів, флора і
фауна демонструють унікальні характеристики і риси, які знаходяться виключно або
головним чином в Карпатському регіоні. (UNEP, 2007). Велике розмаїття ендемічних рослин
і тварин, особливості карпатських екосистем представляють собою важливий компонент
біорізноманіття Європи. У той же час, Карпати утворюють яскраве розмаїття культур та
живих традицій, які є важливими компонентами нашої культурної спадщини в глобальному
масштабі. (Munții Carpați ESD Set de instrumente de formare, Ambrusne, E.T. et al., Convenția
Carpaticг – ENSI, 2009, p. 8)
Цей матеріал містить інформацію про спосіб, яким має розвиватися дестинація на
принципах сталості, та направлений рівним чином як органам влади, так і турагентам. Добра
співпраця між усіма учасниками, зацікавленими у розвиткові туризму, є життєвонеобхідною.
Інформація про розвиток дестинацій екотуризму були розроблені з урахуванням системи
сертифікації Еко-Румунія Асоціації екотуризму Румунії, а критерії сертифікації
представляють собою цінні рекомендації з розвитку екотуризму та специфічних заходів.