Economics of Education

نماذج وحالات حول التربية الاقتصادية وآثارها
ندوة التربية الاقتصادية والإنمائية فى الإسلام
مركز الدراسات المعرفية – مركز صالح عبد  الله كامل
القاهرة  27-28 يوليو 2002
أ.د. مهنى غنايم

يشهد الواقع الاجتماعي العربي  صورا عديدة لسلوكيات خاطئة ترتبط بالإنتاج والاستهلاك ( قوام عملية الاقتصاد ) تعكس قصورا فى أنماط التربية والتعليم من حيث مسئولياتها عن تربية اقتصادية توجه سلوك الفرد توجيها سليما فى التعامل الاقتصادى خاصة فيما يتعلق بعمليتى الإنتاج والاستهلاك.
والصور العديدة للسلوكيات الخاطئة التى يعكسها الواقع الاجتماعى العربى منها ما يرتبط بالفرد أو الأسرة أو المجتمع ككل فى حالات عديدة كالسرقة والغش والرشوة والاحتكار والترف والإسراف والربا وإهدار المال العام ، فى مظاهر عديدة منها مباريات كرة القدم والانتخابات والممارسة الديمقراطية .... الخ.
إن هذه السلوكيات الضارة بالاقتصاد العربى تعكس الافتقار إلى تربية اقتصادية بصفة عامة ( و / أو ) تربية اقتصادية إسلامية خاصة إذا ما اتضح لنا أن "  التعليم العربى مازال يعد الأفراد للإنتاج بمتوالية عددية ، ويعدهم للاستهلاك بمتوالية هندسية " هذا ما ذهب إليه أحد علماء التربية المتخصصين فى دراسات اقتصاديات التعليم واجتماعيات التربية(10) .
والشواهد كثيرة على أن الإنسان العربى يجهل قيم الإنتاج والاستهلاك بما يعمل على تقويض نهضة الاقتصاد وتقدمه وتنميته ، وقد يكون هناك اعتقاد خاطئ بأننا غير قادرين على القيام بالتربية الاقتصادية وتطبيق النموذج الإسلامى فى التربية الاقتصادية .
لذا يأتى البحث الحالى لإلقاء الضوء على هذه القضية ( التربية الاقتصادية ) وعرض نماذج وحالات حول التربية الاقتصادية وآثارها ، مع التركيز على النموذج الإسلامى وآثاره فى حياة الفرد والمجتمع .
ومن أهم التساؤلات التى يثيرها البحث الحالى ما يلى :
- ما هى مبررات ودواعى التربية الاقتصادية ؟
- ما مفهوم التربية الاقتصادية وما ارتباطها باقتصاديات التعليم ؟
- ماذا عن بعض الحالات والمواقف الاجتماعية التى تعكس ضرورة التربية الاقتصادية؟
- ما هى رؤية الإسلام للتنمية الاقتصادية ؟
- ما هو النموذج الإسلامى للتربية الاقتصادية . وكيف يمكن تطبيقه على بعض الحالات؟

الأنتاج العلمى التربوى فى البيئة العربية ......الواقع والمأمول
المؤتمر العربى الثامن(الدولى الخامس)
الأنتاج العلمى التربوى فى البيئة العربية " القيمة والأثر "
السبت والأحد الموافق 26-27 ابريل 2014
كلية التربية جامعة سوهاج وجمعية الثقافة من أجل التنمية
أ.د. مهنى محمد إبراهيم غنايم

    منذ فترة ليست بالقصيرة راودت الباحث  فكرة تعرف واقع الأنتاج العلمى التربوى المقدم من أعضاء هيئة التدريس للجان العلمية الدائمة للترقيات وذلك بهدف تشخيص واقع هذا الأنتاج وتعرف توجهات البحوث التى يتضمنها ، خاصة أن الباحث لديه خبرة سابقة بدراسات هذا المجال فى دراسة سابقة (1994)حول العوامل المؤثرة فى أنتاجية أستاذ الجامعة العربى ، وفى مشروع بحثى (1999) حول الأنتاجية العلمية لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بالجامعات المصرية ، ولم تكن الظروف تسمح بإجراء مثل هذه الدراسة آنذاك .
    وحال تكليف الباحث بإعداد ورقة بحثية للمشاركة فى هذا المؤتمر قبيل أنعقاده بحوالى ثلاثة أشهر ربما تكون الفرصة قد حانت وسنحت الظروف لأجراء مثل هذه الدراسة، وإن كان الزمن المتاح بين التكليف وتاريخ المؤتمر لايتسع لأجراء دراسة مستفيضة عن هذه الموضوع الهام.
  وانطلاقا من أهمية الإنتاج العلمى التربوى فى أصلاح وتطوير البيئة التعليمية العربية بكافة جوانبها ومستوياتها ومراحلها ، ومع الأخذ فى الأعتبار كم الأنتاج العلمى التربوى الذى يتزايد يوما بعد يوم ، ومع ظهور دوريات ومجلات عربية جديدة وعديدة، وتزايد انعقاد المؤتمرات  والندوات التى تعكس كم وكيف هذا الأنتاج فى البيئة العربية ،
  وأنطلاقا من كل هذا  تبدو أهمية تعرف واقع  هذا الأنتاج بهدف تشخيصه وتعرف توجهاته ، وكم ونوع المعرفة المنتجة ومدى أستهلاكها والأستفادة منها فى أصلاح وتطويرالعملية البحثية نفسها وكذلك العملية التعليمية مما يعكس قيمة الإنتاج العلمي التربوي وأثره فى البيئة العربية .
والبحث الحالى يهدف الى :
- تشخيص عام لواقع الإنتاج التربوي العربي
- تحديد التوجهات العامة للإنتاج التربوي فى البيئة العربية
- تعرف مدى ارتباط الإنتاج التربوي بمشكلات المجتمع العربى
- تقديم مقترح ( مأمول)  للنهوض  بالأنتاج العلمى التربوى العربى وتحسين واقعه وضمان جودته

The paper deals with the potential relationship between higher education and entrepreneurial activities. Universities and other higher education institutions could be seen as boosting entrepreneurship in the region. University graduates could be more often involved in starting up a new business and the university itself could commercialize their innovations by creating academic spin-off companies. The paper aims to examine the potential effect of higher education on the probability of starting a business as well as its further success. Based on the data for 40 EU and non-EU countries, retrieved from a Eurobarometer survey, we conducted probit and IV probit regressions. These have tested the assumed relationship between higher education and entrepreneurial activities. Our results strongly suggest that higher education can often be very beneficial for starting up a new business and this seems to be one of the factors determining the success of new businesses. Furthermore, those respondents who attended courses related to entrepreneurship appear to be more active in starting-up a business and this seems to be also positively correlated with the company's future success. Interestingly, university graduates from Brazil, Portugal and India in particular, tend to appreciate the role that their universities have played in acquiring the skills to enable them to run a business.

El Programa de Beca Salario (PBS) consiste en una intervenció orientada a abatir la deserción escolar a través de un incentivo monetario universal y no condicionado que promueva la permanencia en la escuela, lo que a su vez se espera incida también en la reducción en la participación en comportamientos anti-sociales entre las y los jóvenes en el estado. La presente evaluación de impacto tiene por objetivo dar cuenta -a cinco años del inicio del Programa- de los posibles efectos en relación con estas metas. Este documento presenta los resultados del Programa en indicadores de logro educativo (i.e. rezago etario, reprobación, abandono y repetición de grado) y pone énfasis en los efectos diferenciados entre escuelas con mayor o menor índice de rezago social, en atención a las brechas educativas que existen entre ambos sectores. En segundo lugar, desde una perspectiva cualitativa se analizan los mecanismos que podrían explicar el posible efecto en dichos indicadores, principalmente, al presentar evidencia de las tendencias de opinión de los beneficiarios y distintos actores educativos, con relación a los logros del PBS y sus posibles áreas de mejora.

Pengaruh globalisasi meskipun bukan hal yang baru, namun harus diakui
membawa dinamika yang paling strategis dan juga membawa pengaruh dalam
tata nilai dari berbagai bangsa termasuk bangsa Indonesia. Derasnya arus
globalisasi dari dunia manapun, membuat generasi muda mengetahui dan
menyerap informasi dan budaya dari negara lain, oleh karena itu diperlukan
pendidikan karakter bangsa yang dapat membentengi dari pengaruh negatif.
Generasi muda diharapkan dapat berperan menghadapi berbagai macam
permasalahan dan persaingan yang semakin ketat. Membangun karakter
tidaklah mudah, karena bagaimanapun juga generasi muda adalah cerminan
karakter bangsa Indonesia. Mengacu pada pentingnya pendidikan karakter
bangsa, maka diperlukan revitalisasi melalui proses yang berkesinambungan
sehingga generasi muda dapat mengembangkan kompetensi dan ketrampilan
hidup yang dibutuhkan. Revitalisasi pendidikan karakter juga dapat dimulai
dengan membenahi pendidikan seperti mengintegrasikan nilai-nilai karakter
dalam kurikulum pendidikan. Nilai-nilai karakter yang akan ditanamkan kepada
bangsa Indonesia adalah nilai-nilai karakter yang telah dimiliki oleh masyarakat
melalui proses internalisasi.
Kata kunci : revitalisasi, karakter, kompetensi, ketrampilan hidup.

We use data from the admissions process from a highly selective private university in Colombia to analyze the impact of prestigious university attendance on the education trajectory and labor market outcomes of individuals. The university´s selection process allows the use of a regression discontinuity design. We estimate both intent-to-treatment (offer admissions) and treatment-on-the-treated (enrollment) effects. The results show positive effects of offering admission to the prestigious university on the probability of enrollment, 13.8 percentage point (pp), 1.3 pp increase in academic credits a student need to repeat, and increment in 7 pp in probability of graduation. Despite no significant effects on the standardized university exit exam, we found positive effects on the probability of employment and earnings, 7.4 and 4.6 pp respectively. These results suggest that prestigious universities are more effective source of signaling in the labor market, but they are not more effective than other universities in developing human capital.

Student’s ability in mathematics is an important component regarding with their cognitive achievement.
There is a general assumption among educationists that mathematics can develop people’s logical and
analytical thinking. G.C.E. ordinary level exam in the Sri Lanka is an important stage to make a clear
picture of student’s mathematical ability in Sri Lanka. Unfortunately, student’s results regarding with
mathematics is so week in Sri Lanka. This study aimed to find the affected factors on student’s mathematics
performance. This study has done as a case study in Passara educational zone, Sri Lanka. Multiple liner
regression analysis used as the estimation technique. This study finalized that tuition class hours, education
level of the most helpful person for student’s education at home and student teacher ratio at class room in
school make significant effect on student’s mathematics performance. So, it’s clear that to improve the
results regarding with mathematics in considering area should improve and provide the educational
sources for students.

Kankor is a national university entrance examination in Afghanistan. All
students from across Afghanistan at the end of their secondary school in case of wishing to enter public universities, free of cost, are required to take the Kankor examination. Every year on average 200,000 students from 34 provinces of Afghanistan attend the Kankor examination between February and April. In Afghanistan, Kankor examination is the only way through which Ministry of Higher Education, the responsible entity for administering Kankor examination, can evaluate secondary school graduates to determine whether they are capable to undertake undergraduate courses at higher education institutions. The findings of this paper demonstrate that the current Kankor examination system does not help university entrants obtain admission in their desired disciplines. Moreover, the findings echo that not considering students’
interests in giving admission to higher education institutions leads to many other challenges for students once they enter universities such as (a) lack of preparation for the admitted major, (b) increasing dropouts, and (c) low academic performance. Hence, the current study aims to discover the existing issues with the current Kankor examination in Afghanistan and propose a new Kankor examination model for Afghanistan’s Ministry of Higher Education.

Microfinance has broadened rapidly since its inception in the late 1970s. However, scholars have divergent views on whether and how much it helps to lift the poor from the economic quagmire. This research investigates the assessment of the impact of participation in microfinance.
It is difficult to disentangle the impact on poverty reduction of microfinance as an
anti-poverty intervention scheme and establish a causal relationship between participation and poverty indicators, because of unobserved heterogeneity and reverse causality problems.
Using the 2009 data set, first, we estimated propensity scores for participation on several pre-treatment variables. We then matched clients and non-clients on the basis of these variables. Next, we estimated the average treatment effect, considering participation as a
treatment, and participants as the treated group. Finally, we employed different matching methods to establish the robustness of the utilized methods. In addition, for the year (2007 and 2009) panel data sets, we used the fixed effect (FE) and random effect (RE) panel data analysis techniques to fully address the two major problems stated above. Although we found a significant impact of microfinance on household productive assets, its impact on fixed assets and monthly expenditure is insignificant. The propensity score matching and the panel data analyses identified microfinance as having direct temporary effects on
household productive assets but limited (no) effect on households’ fixed assets and monthly expenditures.

Professional competencies are a key factor in gauging how employable a graduate is. This paper demonstrates that individuals who have best developed the competencies which firms feel to be most important are more likely to be in a position to obtain a job. To this end, we have developed an indicator that measures the proximity between the relative levels of both importance and attainments. Results confirm the feeling among experts that the most relevant competencies in the labour market are predominantly of the systemic type, i.e. transferable personal competencies, to the detriment of more instrumental competencies related to capacities and graduate education. This paper clearly points to the fact that universities must change their traditional focus and make a special effort to help their students to develop those competencies that best foster employability.

Previous research on the relationship among family socio-economic status (SES), cannabis use and educational attainment has concentrated on finding a causal pathway from SES and illicit drug use to educational achievement. However, the association between family background and a child’s cannabis use is weak. When analysing both family SES and education as determinants of a child’s educational attainment, cannabis use should be treated as an effect modifier rather than a confounder. This article examines how cannabis use alters the protective effect of better family education on a child’s school performance. By means of a retrospective cohort study using data from the Spanish National Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education, this study illustrates that, as expected, children of better-educated parents are less likely to repeat a grade, although the positive impact of higher family education vanishes when students use cannabis.

Some economists claim that the rate of return to education is a convex function of schooling. Further, Mookherjee and Ray (2010), using a theoretical model of skill complexity, show that “the return to human capital is endogenously nonconcave.” To test this claim empirically, I estimate the functional form of returns to education for India using a semiparametric partial linear model based on the standard Mincer regression. Marginal returns are estimated to test the nonconcavity of the functional form under both exogenous and endogenous schooling assumptions. My results show that the marginal rate of return declines during primary education and increases until high school, followed by stable returns for college and higher studies. However, the test of robustness of the functional form based on uniform confidence bands fails to reject the presence of nonconcavity in returns to education for India. This lends support to the claim of Mookherjee and Ray (2010) based on their theoretical model.

Indian education system is in the mode of massification. Paucity of Finance and quality crunching education sector is a policy discourse today. Joint responsibility of central and state governments for educational development came into existence with the recommendation of Kothari Commission (1976). But, even after many decades, we have not achieved the targeted level of education. This study focuses to examine the trend and pattern of expenditure of central, state and union territories governments on education sector of India. In addition to that paper tries to study the budgetary provision for the education sector by the central government under different five year plans in India. This study is based on secondary data collected mainly from Ministry of Human Resource Development, GoI. The assessment years for the study are from 2000-01 to 2018-19. The study found that due to the policy impact of decentralisation the role and responsibility for financing education in the hand of centre declined and state increased after 2001. The study also reveals that government funding on primary education has become top priority over the years in relation to secondary, higher and technical education. The combined public expenditure incurred by both central and state governments on education hovering around three to four percent of GDP since 2001. There is a need to increase spending on India’s education sector beyond six percent of Gross Domestic Product and per capita expenditure on education should also grow.
Keywords: Public expenditure; Education; GDP; Budgetary outlay; Five Year Plans.

The paper considers the modern university as an economic growth driver within the University 3.0 concept (education, research, and commercialization of knowledge). It demonstrates how the University 3.0 is becoming the basis for global competitiveness of national economies and international alliances, and how its business ecosystem generates new fast-growing industries, advanced technology markets and cost-efficient administrative territories.

The use of ICT tools in itself is not equal with the application of innovative pedagogies Teachers with a higher level of pedagogical knowledge use advanced technologies more easily and quickly in lessons The heads of institutions has not yet recognized the advantages and the opportunities of the channel of communication with stakeholders provided by advanced technologies