Digital Journalism

Una de las estrategias del periodismo para competir en la economía de la atención es la generación y distribución de contenidos informativos en microformatos multimedia, que combinan efectivamente el lenguaje audiovisual y el escrito al comunicar un mensaje a través del teléfono móvil.
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Texto e imagen, lenguaje verbal (escrito) y visual, son dos maneras de producir, distribuir y consumir información a través de tecnologías convergentes como el teléfono móvil, dispositivo que ya supera el acceso a las noticias a través de computadores de escritorio y que sigue en aumento.
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La era digital exige al periodista flexibilidad y adaptación a las plataformas y narrativas digitales emergentes en constante evolución. En el contexto de la economía de la atención, alternar contenidos informativos extensos y de largo aliento con microformatos permite llegar a nuevas audiencias, tener mayor visibilidad por parte del medio o de los periodistas, generar tráfico al sitio web o impulsar nuevos modelos de negocio.
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De hecho, la atención es la nueva moneda en el ecosistema digital, donde permanentemente los medios luchan por el clic y los usuarios son bombardeados con titulares provocativos, listas y contenido viral.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a pertinência do conceito de literacias para a compreensão da relação entre Jornalismo e tecnologias digitais. A partir de métodos exploratórios e não sistemáticos de revisão da literatura, apresenta-se uma descrição conceitual e a utilização destes achados como categorias de análise no contexto da prática ciberjornalistica. Apresentam-se, assim, as perspectivas teóricas da Literacia Digital, bem como a das Alfabetização Mediática e Informacional – AMI, de forma a responder a provocaçao apresentada no título, sobre um terreno onde emergem e se firmam competências e habilidades, evidenciando-se o risco da ausência destas para a prática do Ciberjornalismo – diretamente relacionado ao paradigma digital – e, de forma mais abrangente, ao próprio Jornalismo como prática profissional que é perpassada, de forma direta e indireta, pelas tecnologias digitais.

Abstrak/Abstract Kata kunci/keywords: Situasi banjir informasi pada era media baru, membuat media online beramai-ramai mengejar traffic. Salah satu cara menarik audiens adalah dengan membuat bingkai-bingkai berita yang beragam untuk mendapatkan perhatian audiens. Bentuk bingkai berita yang cukup sering ada pada berita online di Indonesia adalah bingkai kata merakyat untuk meng-kategorikan pemimpin politik yang ideal untuk rakyat saat ini. Bingkai berita dengan kata merakyat sesungguhnya ada-lah bingkai heuristik contoh-kategori yang telah ada penelitiannya di bidang psikologi. Premisnya bahwa contoh-kategori memiliki efek penilaian heuristik terhadap individu. Penilaian heuristik adalah penilaian yang berlangsung secara otomatis dan cepat dalam menilai suatu kalimat atau pesan yang telah dibingkai. Penelitian ini menjadi menarik ketika dibawa ke ranah komunikasi untuk melihat apakah bingkai berita pada berita online dengan contoh-kategori (misalnya kata-kata merakyat) memiliki efek penilaian heuristik individu. Karakteristik media online yang begitu cepat menyajikan berita dalam beraneka raga bingkai diprediksi memiliki dampak bagi individu. Apalagi dengan adanya media baru, pola audiens dalam mengonsumsi media telah bergeser dengan adanya unsur selektivitas dan interaktivitas. metode penelitian yang digu-nakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif eksperimen. Hasil penelitian eksperimen ini mengkonfirmasistudi Tversky & Kahneman (2002) mengenai penilaian heuristik..

The information flooding in this era of new media has intensified competition for traffic among online media. One of many ways to attract target audiences is to create diverse news frames. The fairly common form of news frame in online media in Indonesia is the "populist" word frame to categorize ideal political leader of the people. The news frame with the word "populist" is actually a sample-category heuristic frame that has existed in psychology. The premise is that the sample-category has an individual heuristic judgement effect. The heuristic judgement is an automatic and rapid assessment of framed sentence or message. This research becomes interesting when it is brought to the realm of communication to see if the news frames in the online media that use sample-category (e.g. populist words) generate individual heuristic judgement effects. The characteristics of online media that quickly present the news in various frames are predicted to have an impact on individuals. Especially with the new media, the audience's pattern in consuming media has shifted with the element of selectivity and interactivity. The research method used in this research is quantitative experiment.

Há pouco mais de dez anos as pesquisadoras Mielniczuk e Silveira (2007, 2008) pro-puseram um trabalho no qual discutiam a abertura dos veículos jornalísticos aos processos de interação da internet. As autoras discutiam se os canais de interação abertos em veículos jorna-lísticos de referência e também os veículos independentes e não necessariamente compostos por profissionais designavam continuidades, potencializações ou rupturas nas características do jornalismo digital na época. Nosso objetivo aqui é ampliar esta discussão e atualizá-la a partir dos novos conceitos e elementos que se somaram ao debate na atualidade. Aspectos como plata-formas de redes sociais online, mobilidade e ubiquidade fizeram com que os processos interati-vos fossem ainda mais modificados e consequentemente também o cenário jornalístico, o que justifica o interesse em desenvolver este trabalho a fim de mapear tal complexidade.

This  paper  proposes  an  analysis  of  the expansion  of  boundaries  of  journalism  as  a  professional  field.  With  the migration to digital platforms, journalism faces new challenges of several natures, and current discussions on the very nature of the profession and its practices abound (Ryfe, 2012). Thus, we propose that one important aspect to understand the transformation of digital journalism is looking at the relation the profession establishes with other fields.Professions  pass  through  several  dynamics  of  change,  always  revolving  around  tasks  and  abstract  knowledge (Abbott,  1988).  Professions,  then,  build  boundaries  around  itself,  to  assert  their  autonomy.  In  the  case  of journalism, those boundaries are being rearranged (Carlson and Lewis, 2015) with digital media. Additionally, we consider the current scenario of journalism with the principles of Deuze and Witschge (2016; 2018), especially that the profession and its practices need to be understood as more beta and, therefore, one must move away from an essentialist definition of journalism.This  paper  examines  the  expansion  of  journalism’s  boundaries  (Carlson,  2015)  through  the  schedules  of  Online News Association Congresses. The ONA National Congress, organized by the homonymous organization, is one of the most relevant professional gatheringsof journalists in the United States. With diverse offerings of lectures and sessions  in  their  programs,  the  schedule  of  the  annual  ONA  Congress  is  a  viable  way  to  explore  how  digital journalism  involves  not  only  content  practices,  but  skills  related  to  other  field  areas,  in  what  we  describe  as  a professional convergence, and the expansion of boundaries. We analyze the schedules of the ONA conferences of 2018, 2017 and 2016, dividing them in the categories business/monetization, technology/data, design/audience, journalistic content, and others. That enables an examination of the current state of newswork, in connection to our research questions. Understanding how one of the main events of the area deals with the skills for a journalist in the digital age motivates new reflections on what a journalist does currently, as well as on what journalism is, with new tasks being increasingly common. There are also consequences for journalism education, that can be rethought when in relation to those new boundaries.This  study  is  part  of  an  ongoing  PhD  thesis,  which  will  explore  the  given  premises  of  interdisciplinarity  in journalism’s boundaries, highlighting the cases of companies and other news initiatives imbued with this sense of complexity and professional convergence.

The consumption of news has transitioned from print media to social media as the age of online technology continues to elevate. Along with this advancement comes the sudden proliferation of fake news and unethical journalism that stems from a lack of information screening. This in turn affects the truth perception of Facebook news article readers. Research suggest that readers scrutinize presented arguments, making it more difficult for them to discern truth from rumor as lies often run rampant in Facebook news pages. As a result, this increases the likelihood of ethics disruption as the phenomenon has been shown to confuse aspiring journalists from distinguishing the authenticity found in news articles.
In this descriptive-qualitative study, the objective is to uncover the experiences of UST SHS Grade 12 aspiring journalism HUMSS students upon reading unethical news articles on the Presidential Communications’ Facebook page. Using the Elaboration Likelihood Theory, this will aid in illustrating how people express doubt through the central and peripheral paths. In applying this theory, UST Grade 12 HUMSS students may have the option of motivation in scrutinizing the article as suggested by the central path or they will analyze content based on peripheral indications as suggested by the peripheral path.
Through phenomenology, isolation of the shared lived human experience of UST Grade 12 HUMSS students will be extracted upon examining their ability to construct opinions based on the amount of unethical online news articles they consume weekly within a 4-hour period. To obtain the essence behind the phenomenon, ten (10) respondents will be initially selected through purposive means for a one-to-one in-depth interview.
Findings have produced a notable concept called the Investigative-Cognizance model. This suggests that UST Grade 12 HUMSS students evoked three types of doubt: doubt as exploitation, doubt as deformation, and doubt through popularity. This in turn elicited three various emotional responses. By exploitation and deformation, anger is manifested. By exploitation and popularity, hopelessness is displayed. Finally, by deformation and popularity, amusement is revealed. Once these responses are integrated, they will enter a process of cognition. However, when there is no response, the news reader will enter a process of negligence.
The study will benefit the academic community by allowing them to manufacture more efficient systems in screening information online; news websites by providing updated information on ethics which will help train current and future journalists; media practitioners by allowing them to reflect on their principles and help them understand what to do and not to do as practitioners of their respective field; and future researchers in curating programs and similar studies in the field that will solve the issues discovered upon execution of the study.

While Facebook is an important distribution channel for today's media houses, there is a lack of research on how news outlets choose to present their stories in social media. The present study aims to narrow this gap by analysing two weeks of Facebook updates by the Norwegian tabloid Dagbladet and the public-service broadcaster NRK and comparing them to the corresponding stories on their news sites. An important objective is to uncover if and how the Facebook updates depart from established text norms for online papers. The method is triangulated. A quantitative content analysis reveals that newsrooms tend to utilize a wider range of speech acts when writing presentations specifically for Facebook. A follow-up qualitative analysis identifies five rhetorical strategies for unique promo texts on Facebook: adding emojis, posing questions, making requests, expressing emotions and stating subjective points of view. Qualitative interviews with responsible journalists confirm that these strategies are more common the less controversial the stories are. However, the newsrooms have few explicit guidelines for when it is acceptable to transgress traditional journalistic text norms. The findings are summarized in a model that connects the continuum of decreasing story controversy to a corresponding continuum of increasingly interpretative and subjective rhetoric.

In recent years, a number of digital news media outlets have begun to include paid links in their content. This study seeks to identify and analyse this content whose sole purpose is to improve the website authority of the advertisers and their search engine rankings. To do so, it employs two basic methodologies: first, it undertakes a systematic review of off-page SEO practices, the digital press and native advertising; and, second, it reports a case study based on the identification and analysis of 150 news items that contain specially commissioned links resulting from a commercial transaction. The study provides evidence of a new revenue stream for the digital news media, one that is not clearly disclosed and which is based on the sale of links. The article includes a discussion of the case study findings, and presents future guidelines for the use of paid links based on the emerging concept of ‘native advertising’.

Political magazines offer a vantage point for evaluating the present and future of in-depth journalism in the digital age. The death spiral of newsweeklies overshadows the increasing influence of political magazines in the national and global debates. Publications like The Atlantic or The Nation keep on advancing policy solutions and inoculating debates on other more mainstream media as they have done for more than a hundred years, but they are also being reshaped by the new digital environment: their online readers are more numerous but less loyal than their print subscribers, and their publics have become more international, with one-third of their audiences coming from outside their home country. This article reports on the views of journalists and editors from American political magazines regarding three issues: the role of their publications in the public sphere (inter-media agenda setting, prospective policy solutions), the differences between their print and digital versions (in terms of audience and content), and their economic sustainability (reflecting on the ethical conundrums of native advertising and sponsored events). Cases studied include The Atlantic, The Economist, The Nation, Bloomberg Businessweek and The New Republic.

En 1994 se lanzaron los primeros medios web en varios países del mundo. Veinticinco años después, el periodismo digital es una realidad consolidada, no sólo en lo profesional, sino también en lo académico. Con base en una amplia revisión bibliográfica, se examinan las principales áreas de investigación científica en torno a los medios digitales en el último cuarto de siglo, a escala global. Se muestran las líneas de investigación sobre la historia del periodismo en internet, las modalidades de medios digitales, sus lenguajes y desafíos económicos. También se repasan las teorías y métodos de investigación más extendidos. El análisis confirma que la investigación sobre periodismo digital es una disciplina afianzada y en desarrollo, si bien tiene pendientes diversos desafíos metodológicos y temáticos que deberá afrontar en los próximos años.

This article analyzes how inter-media connections and news flows can establish societal resilience in times of crisis. The article is framed by understandings of the discursive practice of news as polyvocal and networked, and that social media as much as legacy media are important to a society’s resilience to crisis situations. Based on an analysis of the Norwegian public sphere during and immediately after the terrorist attacks of 22 July 2011, the article finds that the Norwegian public sphere established societal resilience through what we identify as “uniformed polyvocality”. This analysis reveals that an inter-connected news landscape, in which power is distributed and trust in established news institutions is intact, is key to the formation of societal resilience in times of crisis. The analysis is based on the following empirical material: Hyperlinks in the Norwegian Twitter-sphere and in online news sites, and sources referenced in stories about the attacks published in the most read Norwegian online and print news outlets. The findings, and the methodology presented in this article, have important implications for future research related to discursive practices of news and societal resilience in times of crisis.

In 1994, the first web online media outlets were introduced in several countries around the world. Twenty-five years later, digital or online journalism is a confirmed reality and common practice in professional and academic circles. Based on an extensive bibliographic review, this article examines the main areas of academic research related to digital media at the global level in the last quarter of a century. It shows the lines of research on the history of journalism on the Internet, the forms of digital media, their languages and economic challenges. It also reviews the most widespread research theories and methods. The analysis confirms that research on digital journalism is a strong, ongoing discipline, despite the fact that several methodological and thematic challenges will need to be addressed in the next few years.

Migration, Nahost, Sexismus oder die AfD: Bei gesellschaftlichen Reizthemen entfesselt sich häufi g eine explosive Stimmung in den Kommentarbereichen von journalistischen Angeboten. Viele Medienhäuser haben ihre Kommentarfunktion wegen Überfor-derung abgeschaltet. Seit Jahren tobt eine Debatte darüber, wie Redaktionen den richtigen Umgang mit dem wachsenden Hass im Netz fi nden sollen. Gerade in den sozialen Medien geht es-nicht nur für Journalistinnen und Journalisten-inzwischen um den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt. Hassrede steht, als abstraktes Phänomen und konkrete Bedrohung, im Zentrum dieser prozesshaft-experimentell angelegten Studie: Journalistische Berichterstattung dient scheinbar immer häufi ger als Anlass von hetzenden Meinungsbildungsprozessen. Die Autoren raten Redaktionen, systematisch in den Nutzerdialog zu treten-auch mit hassgetriebenen Kommentatorinnen und Kommentatoren. Die vorliegende Studie und die hierin enthaltenen Handlungsoptionen für Redaktionen entstanden im Auftrag der Landesanstalt für Medien NRW und in enger Zusammenarbeit mit fünf Online-Redaktionen von deutschen Medienhäusern (Deutschlandfunk Kultur, RP Online, RTL, SPIEGEL ONLINE, tagesschau.de) sowie mit ausgewiesenen Social-Media-Experten und Redaktionsverantwortlichen.

Media organizations throughout the Western world struggle to adjust their practices to rapidly changing conditions. Initially, online journalism was celebrated for potentially revolutionizing political reporting due to its new technological possibilities: According to this, it is able to (1) increase transparency by providing hyperlink sources, (2) increase understanding by providing further background information, and (3) add to deliberation and follow-up communication by providing a platform for interactive exchange. A comparative content analysis of 48 news websites from six countries (France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, and United States) examines the degree to which these three potential strengths are fully exploited. By mapping the different news outlets in relation to the digital functions, we identify three models prevalent in different countries and organization types. The first model contains outlets promoting the usage of links to make their sources transparent to the reader ('transparency model'), outlets focusing on the provision of background information to enable their audiences to gain a wider understanding of the reported topic ('background model'), and outlets that mainly avoid the adoption of new technologies ('print-oriented model'). These findings show that different structural developments and professional orientations lead to the adaption of different technologies in digital journalism.