Cultural Resource Management

Equity and the dissemination of knowledge remain major challenges in science. Peer-reviewed journal publications are generally the most cited, yet certain groups dominate in archaeology. Such uniformity of voice profoundly limits not only who conveys the past but also what parts of the material record are narrated and/or go untold. This study examines multiple participation metrics in archaeology and explores the intersections of gender and occupational affiliation in peer-reviewed (high time cost) and non-peer-reviewed (reduced time cost) journals. We find that although women and compliance archaeologists remain poorly represented in regional and national peer-reviewed journals, they are much more active in unre-fereed publications. We review feminist and theoretical explanations for inequities in science and argue that (1) the persistent underrepresentation of women and of compliance professionals in archaeological publishing are structurally linked processes and (2) such trends can be best understood in light of the existing structure of American archaeology and the cost-benefit realities of publishing for people in various sectors of the discipline. We suggest that nonrefereed venues offer a pathway to multivocality and help to address epistemic injustices, and we discuss methods for widening the current narrow demographic of men and academics who persist in dominating discourses.

The practice of archaeology within the USA necessarily involves issues of sovereignty, multiple worldviews and colonialism. Archaeologists must acknowledge both the reality of colonialism's legacy as well as our role in either supporting or confronting that history, and consultation with indigenous communities is oftentimes the main (if not only) venue for interrogating this legacy. This article, written in a dialogic format, presents and explores the role of a government agency's consultation policy within this framework of colonialism and dual sovereignty. However, it also discusses the limitation of policies and identifies areas in which continued improvement is needed. This article provides insight into the issues that are in play within consultation, concerns that may not be expressed but nevertheless have an impact, and the broader issues that agency representatives must consider so that archaeologists may have a better understanding of the decisions made within consultation discussions.

--The paper can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20518196.2019.1654673. I'm not able to share copies via Academia, but if you'd like a copy and don't have access via your institution please message me.

В статье разрабатываются аспекты исследования фондов Г. Д. Гребенщикова Государственного музея истории литературы, искусства и культуры Алтая с позиций управления культурными ресурсами (cultural resources management). Формируется модель отечественного варианта этого направления, с учетом научных результатов, полученных российскими исследователями в области изучения музейного предмета и его семиотического дискурса. / The article developes aspects of the research funds of George D. Grebensthchikoff, the State Museum of the History of Literature, Art and Culture of Altai from the standpoint of cultural resources management. The article generates the model of the Russian version of this scientific direction, taking into account scientific results obtained by Russian researchers in the study of a museum exhibit and its semiotic discourse.

Over the past few years, the lead author has had the opportunity to excavate multiple large sites in California, working on behalf of developers to keep their projects in compliance with their permits. She also worked in conjunction with local tribes to resolve burial issues with each excavation. During these excavations, she observed the challenges that the tribes encountered when dealing with fast-paced cultural resource management (CRM) projects where burial retrieval and a shortage of resources were the norm. For many years, archaeologists have viewed CRM as only dealing with the material culture of the past; however, archaeologists also consult and work with living cultures. This article will address the endemic problem in CRM that stems from a lack of planning, preparation, resources, and training and how it affects the burial excavations that archaeologists and tribes encounter in the CRM setting. It will also look for solutions to remedy a long-broken system that continues to ignore existing laws set in place to protect resources, as well as the relationships between the Native American community, agencies, researchers, and land developers. En los últimos años, he tenido la oportunidad de excavar en múltiples sitios de gran tamaño en California, trabajando por cuenta de empresas de desarrollo para mantener sus proyectos en conformidad con los permisos otorgados por entes gubernamentales. También he trabajado en conjunto con grupos locales de Nativos Americanos para resolver problemas relacionados con entierros humanos en cada excavación. Durante estas excavaciones, he observado los desafíos a los cuales se enfrentan estas tribus cuando se trata de proyectos acelerados de gestión de recursos culturales (CRM, por sus siglas en inglés), en los cuales la norma es recuperar los escasos recursos óseos presentes. Durante muchos años, los arqueólogos han considerado que los proyectos de CRM solo se ocupan de la cultura material del pasado; sin embargo, los arqueólogos también consultamos y trabajamos con culturas vivas. Este documento aborda un problema endémico en los proyectos de CRM que se deriva de la falta de planificación, preparación, recursos y capacitación. Este problema afecta las excavaciones funerarias a las que los arqueólogos y las tribus se enfrentan en proyectos de CRM. También se buscan soluciones para remediar un sistema roto desde hace tiempo que continúa ignorando las leyes establecidas para proteger los recursos culturales, así como las relaciones entre las comunidades de Nativos Americanos, los entes gubernamentales, los investigadores y las empresas de desarrollo. Palabras clave: ley sobre protección y repatriación de sepulturas Nativas Americanas (NAGPRA), gestión de recursos culturales, bioarqueología, California, ley de entierros, ética Archaeologists working in cultural resource management, also known as CRM, are situated in a position between the regulating agency or agencies and the tribe or tribes, both of which are often restricted by the very same circumstances, which include a lack of time and resources to deal with the multitude of projects that come across their desks. As the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) approaches its thirtieth year, this problem is growing larger despite legislative and col-laborative efforts to improve the law's efficacy. This essay provides an overview of NAGPRA-related challenges, ranging from the controversy surrounding its initial implementation to a lack of penalty when the letter or spirit (intent) of the law is not followed. The main challenge, however, is one that is not often openly discussed: the lack of experience and staff to conduct and supervise burial recoveries. This essay describes the problem using a case example from California and offers some solutions to a growing concern in CRM archaeology that will help archaeologists negotiate the middle ground and meet the ethical as well as legal challenges of the profession. NAGPRA AND ITS CHALLENGES The scientific and Native American communities have identified myriad problems with both the NAGPRA legislation and the way it has been implemented over nearly three decades, including unclear statutes, the need for justification of the law, and the lack of funds to implement it for both museums and tribes (Nash and Colwell-Chanthaphonh 2010). NAGPRA may be the single most important piece of legislation for archaeologists and museums, HOW-TO SERIES

A RASCL is an adaptation of two methods: the windshield survey that is typically used to inventory historic buildings, and the aerial survey used by archaeologists and natural resource managers to assess sites. A RASCL involves the comparison of historical plans to contemporary aerial imagery. A remote survey can cover a large geographic area in a short time, and is tailored to the scale and orientation of landscape-based resources. This can overcome hurdles to cultural landscape preservation, which include a lack of available staff, resources, and time. RASCL is a cursory method that requires little investment, yet creates a foundational point of departure for future work.

Notes for my remarks as a member of Oregon's State Advisory Committee for Historic Preservation while reviewing the Q’alya ta Kukwis schicdii me Traditional Cultural Property Historic District Nomination, put forward by the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw, delivered in committee, February 22, 2019

Abstract In this paper, I explore linkages and dis-linkages between academia, Cultural Resource Management, and Tribal Historic Preservation programs. The vast majority of archaeological field work in North America involves recording and interpreting Indigenous material culture, ceremonial sites, sacred sites, community sites, and burial sites. Over the last century, millions of American Indian, First Nations, and Hawaiian cultural artifacts, and thousands of human remains were collected by Western academies, museums, and governmental institutions. These human remains and cultural artifacts have been used to interpret and define Indigenous histories and peoples, most often without any input from Indigenous peoples or communities. There are a few exceptions to this notably in the Southwest; however, the vast majority of American archaeologists have not traditionally consulted Indigenous communities regarding their ancestral sites. Indigenous people who were included in discussions or archaeological field work were treated as native informants: the power to define and interpret the past was not shared. Tribal Historic Preservation offices and archaeological projects have risen to challenge non-Native control of heritage and interpretations of the past and present. Although archaeology has grown and changed since the implementation of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act in 1990, core issues negatively affecting the field remain undiscussed. In this article, I discuss problematic issues within Cultural Resource Management field work. I argue that some of these issues require changes to current academic programs in American anthropology.

From 2008 to 2012, Illinois State Archaeological Survey (ISAS) personnel performed archaeological investigations for the New Mississippi River Bridge project in East St. Louis and Fairmont City, St. Clair County, Illinois. This undertaking by the Illinois Department of Transportation included a new bridge, interstate connector, interchange construction, and local road improvements. An impact area of 82.9 ha of Mississippi River floodplain was surveyed, tested and subjected to data recovery investigations following Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Nine archaeological sites were affected, and mechanical excavations revealed a total of 6,434 prehistoric and 297 historic features. ISAS crews manually excavated nearly all of them. Data recovery investigations were performed at three sites: East St. Louis Precinct (11S706), Old Eighth Street (11S1790), and Mary B. Young (1S1817). The latter two sites were inhabited from circa AD 1870 to 1930 and represent portions of East St. Louis neighborhoods. Occupations at the East St. Louis Precinct, a 290 ha civic-ceremonial precinct of Greater Cahokia, dated from circa AD 950 to 1225. This volume summarizes the project's research design, field and laboratory methods, and history of investigations for the sites and the project. It concludes with an evaluation of the project results.

Article published on the website of the Itaú Cultural Observatory in function of the selection of the homonymous dissertation in the Itaú Cultural Observatory Program of Research in Culture Economy 2017 in the category "Research Completed".
This article is a concise version of the dissertation of the same name, which summarizes the proposition of a method for the construction of a synthetic indicator used in the analysis of the cultural supply, consisting of facilities managed by the Municipal Department of Culture of Rio de Janeiro (SMC-RJ). Planning Areas (APs) and Administrative Regions (RAs) of the city were used as units of analysis based on data from administrative records. The study area is the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Additionally, a system of indicators was proposed with more detailed information on the management aspects analyzed. In order to create the indicators, data of cultural facilities managed by the Municipal Department of Culture (SMC-RJ) collected in 2013 and techniques of exploratory statistics and geoprocessing were used so as to understand their distribution in the city. The analyses by Planning Areas and Administrative Regions led to the conclusion that there is an imbalance in the supply of cultural facilities. The study showed variations in the distribution of such facilities, which are more concentrated in the Northern, Southern and Central areas of the city to the detriment of the Western area. The analysis in these territorial units also made it possible to find out that, depending on the scale used for an analysis at more disaggregated levels, variations also exist within the macro areas. The outcomes evidenced that synthetic indicators are important tools to support the practice of management, but they also showed that their utilization based on a complementary indicator system leads to a more detailed analysis of some aspects. This makes it possible to identify variations that are not explicit in the result of the synthetic indicator, but are present in the analyzed contexts.
Cultural indicator. Cultural management. Indicator system. Data administrative record. Rio de Janeiro.