Criminology

The purpose of the study is to provide an empirical characterization of law enforcement corruption along the U.S. borders. Data were analyzed on 156 criminal cases of officers and agents employed by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Results from the present work advance the understanding of the significantly under-studied topic of border law enforcement corruption in the U.S. context. The majority of the cases were related to organized crime activities. In terms of sex, age, and location , there were significant differences between CBP's two main workforce components , corrupt customs officers, responsible for customs operations at the country's official entry points, and border patrol agents, who patrol the border between ports of entry. Both types of employees working along the southern border of the U.S. with very short histories of service were more likely to be involved in drug-related corruption than their senior counterparts who were instead prone to immigration-related corruption.

Escutar a crítica à violência e ao poder. A crítica à perfectibilização do aparato repressivo autoritário estatal, articulado legal, ilegal e moralmente. Escutar. Escutar, desde há muito tempo, para além de falar, tornou-se uma tarefa, um trabalho, um exercício para a construção efetiva das vias de libertação das condições civilizadas de servidão nas quais nos encontramos-o que faz verso à desconstrução das amarras hiperracionais que determinam uma nossa existência danificada, maltratada, não obstante assim legitimada. Um tal paradigma da escuta não se opõe meramente ao paradigma hegemônico da fala, do lugar de fala, autorizado pela lógica identitária. A escuta tornou-se, antes, radicalmente, o ambiente próprio-impróprio da não-identidade, tempo-espaço auditivo, timpânico, martelando filosofia pelo contrapelo; pele sensível, não dominada, bem longe do mesmo-outrem, indeterminado, faz-se sentir. A escuta tornou-se a língua para qual sentir significa. Contra a naturalização de um estado de coisas oligárquico e paupérrimo; contra o estado genocida das coisas; contra o cárcere no qual nos encontramos, o xilindró da linguagem anestesiada e plenamente inteligível, comunicada junto à determinação do que é porque que é, no curral de arame farpado do presente do indicativo do verbo ser da baioneta; contra a ontologia do tiro de mão branca em corpo-peito preto. Lá onde a burguesia fede batendo panela, abrindo alas ao fascismo, ofuscando com suas luzes as trevas do status quo, escutar o quê?-Os ecos inapaziguáveis da tormenta social, soando sangue e lama.

RESUMO Este trabalho objetiva identificar limites e possibilidades da criminologia crítica nos estudos dos danos sociais provocados por instituições poderosas. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, o estudo identifica como principal função da criminologia a visibilização dos danos de grandes proporções, algo que somente pode ser atingido se ampliados os seus limites epistemológicos. A pesquisa se divide nos estudos sobre crimes dos Estados, crimes dos merca-dos, crimes estatal-corporativos, e encerra sinalizando algumas dificuldades da pesquisa empírica na área. Destaca-se a necessidade de se fortalecer a agenda de estudo em criminologia, bem como de uma interdisciplinaridade investigativa de danos resultantes da manipulação do poder.

As the glow that accompanied the kinetic judicialisation of the field of international criminal justice has faded over time, scholars have increasingly turned to expressivist strands of thought to justify, assess, and critique the practices of international criminal courts. This expressive turn has been characterised by a heightened concern for the pedagogical value and legitimating qualities of international criminal courts.

This article develops a unique typology of expressivist perspectives within the field of international criminal justice, distinguishing between: instrumental expressivism, which concerns the justification of different practices of international criminal courts in terms of the instrumental value of their expressive qualities; interpretive expressivism, which concerns the identification of expressive avenues for improving the sociological legitimacy of international criminal courts; and critical expressivism, which concerns the illumination of the expressive limits of international criminal courts, as well as unveiling the configurations of power that underpin the messages and narratives constructed within such courts in different institutional contexts.

Reflecting on the limitations of these perspectives, the article elaborates a nascent strand of expressivism – strategic expressivism – which examines whether and how different actors in the field may harness the expressive power of international criminal justice in line with their strategic social and political agendas.

Criminal behavior involves any behavior or act that is in violation of the criminal law, whereas crime is the particular action representing such behavior. There are many variables which are associated with the alarming increase in criminal behavior. In this study an important sociocognitive variable i.e. locus of control has been taken to study the differences created by this variable in criminal and non-criminal behavior. Locus of control is defined as an individual’s perception about the underlying main causes of the various events that take place in their lives. Locus of control has been argued to be an important predictor of people who are at risk of becoming involved in criminal behavior. The study hypothesized that there will be significant differences in locus of control in criminals and non-criminals. A sample of 60 criminals and 60 non criminals were analyzed with the help of t-ratios. t-ratios revealed significant differences between both the groups on all the three dimensions of locus of control. The results were analyzed on the basis of their significant values.

Key words: Crime, Social-cognition, Locus of control, Criminals, Non-criminals

Terrorism is evolving rapidly, and with the technological advancements new threats are emerging from the ‘World of Terror'. Now, it has become crucial than ever to evaluate and channelise our capabilities to curb terrorism. This article evaluates the basics of human behaviour and how it can be tactically used against terrorism. The author has also addressed an important question often raised among the terrorism research community — ‘Who becomes a terrorist?'.

Key-words: Human behaviour, terrorism, tactical psychology.

The use of community corrections continues to grow across the globe as alternatives to incarceration are sought. Little research attention, however, has been directed at correctional alternatives from a global orientation. The purpose of this research study is to compare the way that a sample of criminal justice students from the United States (n = 118) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (n = 133) perceive electronic monitoring. Because electronic monitoring is a newer sentencing alternative and it is used differently in Bosnia and Herzegovina than it is in the United States, it is predicted that Bosnian students will view electronic monitoring differently than will students from the United States. This study finds that while students are largely supportive of electronic monitoring sentences, support is affected by offender type and student nationality. For example, Bosnian students are more supportive of electronic monitoring sentences for drug offenders while American students are more su...

During the last decade, more than 300 people have been killed in the Amazon in conflicts over the use of land and resources, according to available data. Many of them were killed by people involved in illegal logging.

“Rainforest Mafias” documents 28 such killings, and over 40 death threats, where the evidence collected by Human Rights Watch indicates the perpetrators saw their victims as obstacles to illegal deforestation. 

The report shows how the deforestation is driven largely by criminal networks that use intimidation and violence against people who defend the forest, including members of Indigenous communities, other local residents, and environmental enforcement agents.   

It documents how Brazilian authorities fail to prevent that violence and, when it occurs, to hold perpetrators accountable. The report draws upon more than 170 interviews, many with government officials who provide inside accounts of how President Jair Bolsonaro is undermining enforcement efforts. By doing so, he is endangering both the Amazon and the people who live there.

The stakes of the fight between Brazil’s forest defenders and criminal networks extend far beyond its borders. As its contribution to global efforts to mitigate climate change, Brazil committed in 2016 to eliminate illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030. Until the country addresses the violence and lawlessness that facilitate illegal logging, the destruction of the world’s largest rainforest is likely to continue unchecked.

This paper presents a juvenile delinquency prevention program for unaccompanied foreign minors in street situations in Ceuta, Spain. The main objective is to assess the implementation and results of this program. Due to its proximity to Morocco and its two enclaves in Africa, Spain faces specific challenges regarding immigration. Ceuta's geographic and fiscal specificities offer a porous border and some of the people crossing it every day are minors. Currently there are around 300 unaccompanied foreign minors in the reception centre under administrative supervision, and approximately 50 unaccompanied Moroccan minors living in the streets of Ceuta, where their presence generates a sense of insecurity for citizens. In this context, child protective services, who are responsible for the wellbeing of every unprotected minor, face a substantial challenge. An agreement between the University of Malaga and the City of Ceuta launched a program to prevent juvenile delinquency among unaccompanied foreign minors who escape the established child protection system and loiter around the port of Ceuta in the hope of crossing into the Spanish peninsula illegally. This paper aims to present the internal assessment of implementation and results of this pioneering program. The results suggest that the PREMECE program sheds more light on the changing reality of these unaccompanied foreign minors and their considerable cross-border mobility, helps to detect invisible minors for the child protection system, improves the protection of especially vulnerable minors, eases street tensions and lowers the risk of juvenile delinquency and victimization. Evaluation eines Programms zur Prävention von Jugenddelinquenz für unbegleitete aus-ländische Minderjährige in Straßensituationen Dieser Text stellt ein Programm zur Prävention von Jugenddelinquenz für unbegleitete ausländische Minderjährige in Straßensituationen in Ceuta, Spanien, vor. Das Hauptziel ist es, die Implementation und Ergebnisse des Programms zu evaluieren. Aufgrund seiner geografischen Nähe zu Marokko und seiner zwei Enklaven in Afrika, ist Spanien mit spezifischen Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der Ein-wanderung konfrontiert. Ceutas geografische und fiskalische Besonderheiten bieten eine durchlässige Grenze und einige der Menschen, die sie täglich überqueren, sind Minderjährige. Aktuell befinden sich etwa 300 unbegleitete ausländische Minderjährige im Aufnahmezentrum unter staatlicher Aufsicht und ungefähr 50 leben in den Straßen von Ceuta, wo ihre Anwesenheit ein Unsicherheitsgefühl bei den Ein-wohner*innen hervorruft. In diesem Kontext stehen die Kinderschutzbehörden, die für das Wohlerge-hen jedes unbegleiteten Minderjährigen verantwortlich sind, vor Herausforderungen. In Zusammenar-beit mit der Universität Málaga hat die Stadt Ceuta ein Programm zur Prävention von Jugenddelinquenz unbegleiteter ausländischer Minderjähriger gestartet. Dabei geht es um diejenigen Minderjährigen, die dem Kinderschutzsystem entfliehen und im Hafen von Ceuta "herumlungern", immer in der Hoffnung, auf illegalem Wege auf die spanische Halbinsel zu kommen. Der vorliegende Text stellt die interne Evaluation der Implementierung und der Ergebnisse des Pionierprogramms vor. Das Programm PREMECE zeigt die wechselnden Realitäten der unbegleiteten ausländischen Minderjährigen und deren große Mo-bilität bei der Grenzüberquerung; es hilft dabei, bislang für den Kinderschutz unsichtbare Minderjährige aufzuspüren; es mildert Spannungen auf der Straße und senkt das Risiko von Jugenddelinquenz und Viktimisierung.