Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Blending Theory, knowlege representation systems

Der Beitrag untersucht den mythischen Stoff des Sonnenaufgangs, d.h. des Wechsels des Sonnengottes von einer unterweltlichen in eine himmlische Sphäre am östlichen Horizont, wie er uns in ausgesuchten Text-und Bild/Text-Kompositionen des Alten Ägypten des 15.–10. Jahrhunderts v.Chr. überliefert ist. Zunächst werden die in diesen Texten bezeugten elementaren, handlungstragenden Einheiten gesammelt und gesichtet, und es wird versucht, diese in eine natürliche zeitliche Ordnung zu bringen. Anschließend wird einigen solcher Einheiten in Sonnenaufgangstexten nachgegangen, die offensichtlich aus anderen mythischen Stoffen stammen (Chnum-mit-der-Töpferscheibe-Mythos, Weltschöpfungsmythos, Osiris-Mythos). Dabei wird vorgeschlagen, diese im Kontext des Sonnenlaufes als (ursprünglich) metaphorische Sprechweisen, als metaphorische Instrumentalisierung zu verstehen. In einem weiteren Abschnitt wird einem auch in Sonnenaufgangstexten belegten Element, dem Himmelstor, nachgegangen, das in Texten vorkommt, in denen es im Kern nicht um den Sonnenaufgang, wohl aber um eine andere Art von Sphärenwechsel oder Grenzüberschreitung geht (Pyramidentext-und Totenbuch-Sprüche, Tempelritual). Es zeichnet sich ein funktionales Netzwerk von Leihen und Spenden von Elementen mythischer Stoffe um den Stoff des Sonnenaufgangs ab.

Conceptual blending has been proposed as the cogni-tive machinery for concept generation. While computational approaches to conceptual blending have been implemented with some success, the automatic approaches still struggle to consistently produce concepts and blends that 'make sense' and have value. Mechanisms and optimality principles for blending have been introduced, yet their formal integration remains sparse. In this paper, we suggest to partly bypass this problem by identifying some conceptual heuristics for blending. This is done through a top-down analysis of three proto-typical superheroes, an exemplary domain for conceptual blends and human imagination. We formalise the superheroes and backtrace their properties into their respective input spaces and from there map the inherited properties to cognitive theories for conceptualisation. It is our belief that computational blending systems could greatly benefit from conceptual heuristics for blending, identified in this top-down fashion. As a proof of concept of the identified superhero-blending heuristics, we blend the superhero 'Flowerman'.

Abstrak Geometri merupakan salah satu materi yang sangat dekat dengan kehidupan kita. Terdapat berbagai bentuk geometri yang digunakan dalam design interior dan pola-pola dalam bangunan. Kedekatan konten geometri dalam kehidupan kita tersebut mendorong peneliti untuk menggali lebih dalam proses berpikir spasial siswa SD. Terdapat dua jenis representasi yaitu representasi internal dan representasi eksternal. Persepsi, abstraksi, distorsi dan hubungan antar objek merupakan elemen dari representasi internal, representasi eksternal mengungkapkan produk pemikiran tersebut dalam bentuk gambar, kata-kata (verbal), tabel, benda konkrit, atau simbol matematika yang digunakan untuk memahamkan diri sendiri dan orang lain. Transformasi merupakan bagian dari representasi. Transformasi membutuhkan objek untuk dioperasikan dan representasi membutuhkan transformasi untuk menciptakan representasi. Kita membutuhkan representasi untuk mengomunikaskan ide-ide kita kepada orang lain dan transformasi sangat penting untuk membantu mengungkapkan representasi. Transformasi merupakan alat untuk mendeskripsikan representasi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa SD kelas V yang diberi sebuah masalah geometri dari objek 2 dimensi ke 3 dimensi. Hasil temuan penelitian adalah subjek mampu membangun sebuah definisi genetis kubus, dengan menggunakan berpikir analogis dalam penyusunan definisi tersebut. Subjek menggunakan karateristik yang sama yang terdapat pada jarring-jariing kubus dan kubus kubus untuk membangun definisi genetis kubus dan meyisihkan karakteristik yang tidak relevam pada kedua objek tersebut. Abstract Geometry is one of school material subject which close with our daily activities. They used geometry form concept to interior and exterior design. The closeness between geometry content and daily activities encourage author to explore how is spatial thinking elementary student. Two kinds of representations are internal representation and external representation. Representation internal include perception, distortion or abstraction and relationships between objects, external representation reveal the product of thought to image, words, table, concrete object, or mathematic symbols used to understand yourself and others. Transformation is representation component. Transformation needs object to operate it, and representation needs transformation to create representation. Transformation is tool to descript representations. Subject of the research is elementary school students grade 5 th , the researcher gives them a problem of geometry object 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions The research findings are the subject be able to construct a genetic definition of the cube by using analogical thinking in the preparation of the definition.

Resumen: Analizamos la arquitectura cognitiva en la construcción de antipiropos en Lima. Estos son comunes para cualquier mujer que se desplaza por zonas públicas y hacen referencia, comúnmente, al físico de la mujer, ya sea explícita o implícitamente. Muchas veces estas expresiones emitidas por hombres son consideradas ofensivas y en algunos casos, halagadoras. Esta percepción varía según las características de los enunciados y el juicio de las receptoras de los mismos. Es así que, por la forma y el contenido lingüístico, los antipiropos callejeros están determinados por una ideología machista ya que la mujer es reducida a un estímulo erótico-sexual para el emisor. Esto se ve reflejado en la construcción y forma de los antipiropos callejeros, que al ser una constante en el día a día de las mujeres, se considera como sinónimo de acoso callejero. Los antipiropos limeños serán abordados con el marco teórico de la integración conceptual.

The key to the keys to immortality and eternal youth lies in the correct answer to the main question: How to naively discover new essential – but still hidden – features required for properly training novel adaptive supervised machine learning algorithms (SMLA)

Argumentations are at the heart of the deductive and the hypothetico-deductive methods, which are involved in attempts to reduce currently open problems to problems already solved. These two methods span the entire spectrum of problem-oriented reasoning from the simplest and most practical to the most complex and most theoretical, thereby uniting all objective thought whether ancient or contemporary, whether humanistic or scientific, whether normative or descriptive, whether concrete or abstract. Analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and function of argumentations are described. Perennial philosophic problems, both epistemic and ontic, related to argumentations are put in perspective. So much of what has been regarded as logic is seen to be involved in the study of argumentations that logic may be usefully defined as the systematic study of argumentations, which is virtually identical to the quest of objective understanding of objectivity.
Argumentations and Logic in Dutch
Dutch translation by Ron C de Weijze

Corcoran’s 1989. Argumentations and Logic. Argumentation 3: 17-43
This is my "signature". It frames all my subsequent work and it distances me from many of my former illusions. It is my watershed: reaping the fruits of prior plantings; clearing the garden of useless accretions, and preparing the soil for future work. Many people helped me with it. 30 years ago it was accepted for publication.
TRANSLATIONS
COMPLETED: Dutch, Persian, Portuguese, and Spanish.
FORTHCOMING: Chinese, Czech, Russian, and Greek.
DISCUSSION https://www.academia.edu/s/e22733b6a9?source=link
PAPER https://www.academia.edu/14089432/Argumentations_and_Logic
Please post corrections and suggestions for alternative translations.

В монографии анализируются базовые парадигмы, определяющие
облик лингвистики во второй половине ХХ – начале ХХI века (изоляционистская, антропоцентричная, социокультурная), а также их философские и психологические основания. Возможности, открываемые социокультурной парадигмой, проиллюстрированы исследованием социокультурной истории метафоры механизма, когнитивных и культурно-исторических оснований метонимии, содержания понятия «кризис культуры». Важным итогом книги становится «социокультурная теория лексических комплексов» и выполненное в ее рамках описание комплексов «открыть», «камень», «интеллигенция».

La teoría de la enunciación se debate entre dos concepciones: una que la liga al acto de locución y la otra a la actualización de la lengua. Esta disyuntiva ha dado lugar a acercamientos divergentes, unos centrados  en el discurso y otros en la historia. El recurso a la Teoría de los  Espacios Mentales y de la Integración Conceptual, asociada a una  caracterización de la enunciación representada en el discurso, en  términos de relaciones entre el texto del narrador y el de los personajes, permite avanzar en la conciliación de ambas perspectivas. A partir de estos fundamentos teóricos, se examinan cuatro tipos de discurso: el indirecto, el directo, el indirecto libre y el monólogo interior. El propósito del artículo es lograr un enfoque unitario de la enunciación concebida como la puesta en marcha del sistema de la lengua y como su apropiación individual por parte de un enunciador. La propuesta es ilustrada mediante citas de las obras de Juan Rulfo y de Carlos Fuentes.

The paper argues for the crucial role of conceptual blending in creating and developing of Christian doctrine. It assumes that typological patristic exegesis of the early Christian period, viewed through the lens of Conceptual Blending Theory, may be regarded as a series of conceptual integration processes, with typological blends as building blocks of Christian doctrine, including the doctrine of salvation. To prove this, the paper discusses selected Adam-Christ typological blends present in the writings of the early Christian authors, seeing in them linguistic realizations of moral accounting metaphor that underlies the doctrine of salvation and demonstrating in this way a key role of conceptual integration in shaping Christian doctrine.

We have two ways of knowing. Our mind knows forms, things, both subtle and gross. Faces, hands, buildings, trees, math formulas, mind knows subject and the mind knows otherness. The mind knows dualities, the mind knows me and you, us and them, and this and that. Mind knows time, mind knows the past, the present and the sense of the future. The mind knows things and entities, the mind knows beings, infinite numbers of beings and things. The mind knows difference. The mind thinks conceptually, feels affectively, imagines through imagery, the mind has sense and the mind has memory. The mind knows dualistically.

This dissertation offers an all-inclusive approach to the study of semantic change using a cognitive-based model called conceptual blending. The author presents semantic change as a non-linear, multidirectional, and cognitively driven phenomenon that is most effectively studied from a panchronic perspective through the analysis of lexical items belonging to the same conceptual domain (i.e., near-synonyms). Specifically, Grygiel analyzes the semantic development of over 120 historical near-synonyms of MAN/MALE HUMAN BEING. Through the application of Blending Theory (BT), following Fauconnier and Turner (2002), the author seeks to determine which conceptual domains may act as sources or targets in the development of lexical items with the meaning of MAN/MALE HUMAN BEING. The dissertation is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 points out the problematic aspects of previous research and demonstrates the need for an innovative theoretical model for the historical treatment of semantic change. Chapter 2 introduces the proposed theoretical model, focusing on conceptual blending as the mechanism for semantic change and the panchronic and non-linear nature of this phenomenon. Chapter 3 applies the theoretical model in a case study on the development of English near-synonyms of MAN/MALE HUMAN BEING.

Catchwords and catchphrases denoting crucial ideological concepts or disqualifying an opponent serve as indices pointing to the line of demarcation between political camps. Using the example of three catchwords (Patriotyzm genetyczny 'genetic patriotism', półka kulturowa 'cultural shelf', Palikotyzacja X-a 'Palikotization of X') emerging in the aggravated political debate in Poland between 2000 and 2009, and mainly signaling affiliation with the national conservative PiS-party, a twofold approach combining methods from discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics is proposed. On the one hand, the lexical items are analyzed as keywords in statu nascendi which are disputed, quoted or ridiculed and serve as intertextual hinges which still have the potential to evoke the communicative situation in which they have been created. On the other hand, the selected newly created lexical items are analyzed as conceptual integration networks within the framework of blending theory. The blending analysis reveals the underlying logic of the novel conceptual structure and displays the explanative and argumentative pattern suggested by the blend and condensed in the catchword. By tracing the disputes elicited by these catchwords and analyzing sequences in which these newly created concepts are contested or maintained from a cognitive perspective, we can see how the logic suggested by the blend is either perpetuated or perverted in the process of the ongoing dissemination of the catchword.