Clay Tobacco Pipes

Quando se pretende conhecer as populações passadas, o estudo do desgaste dentário em amostras osteológicas de origem arqueológica possui grande valor. Este estudo pretende analisar casos invulgares de desgaste dentário em indivíduos da necrópole de São João de Almedina (Coimbra, Portugal, séculos XII a XVI). Observaram‑ se macroscopicamente todos os dentes disponíveis tanto nas suas faces oclusais como interproximais. Notaram‑se padrões de desgaste pouco comuns (abrasão) nos dentes anteriores de três indivíduos. Os resultados serão interpretados à luz das condições biológicas, socioeconómicas e comportamentais da época medieval/moderna usando‑ se informações de outros estudos sobre desgaste extra‑mastigatório, dados históricos e paralelos etnográficos. Pretende‑ se averiguar se o desgaste dentário pode fornecer informações relevantes sobre actividades comportamentais dos indivíduos inumados em São João de Almedina.

Trade between Pueblo and Plains groups is fairly well understood in terms of which products were traded and when and where the trade interactions took place, but how these trade alliances were formed and how these economic interactions were socially and ritually mediated has received less attention. This paper argues that pipe smoking played a role in this process, and that pipes are a useful artifact class to trace and study Plains-Pueblo interaction networks. To illustrate this, the paper focuses on the results of analyses of smoking pipes from Pecos Pueblo, a prominent Plains-Pueblo trade center. Spatial analyses of the distribution of pipes at the site, as well as analyses of changes in pipe forms, materials, surface designs, and use, suggest that Plains and Pueblo people at Pecos exchanged smoking customs and that pipes took on a role of helping to facilitate inter-group interactions in the Protohistoric Southwest.

This project centers on Plains-Pueblo interaction in the late-prehistoric and protohistoric periods. It analyzes how trade and interregional interactions were ritually mediated between these two culture groups, through the examination of pipes and smoking materials used in economic interactions at pueblos in the Northern Rio Grande area of New Mexico. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric literature indicates that pipe-smoking was part of rituals that cemented inter-tribal trade relationships. The data from this project support the idea that pipes were used in trade negotiations and ceremonial interactions and can be proxies for examining social interaction and regional mediation aspects of trade and decision making. The blending of Plains and Pueblo pipe forms and materials suggests that there may have been a certain level of integration, alliance, or partnership in these interactions. Three categories of data totaling 1,306 pipes were analyzed from known trade centers and comparative samples from interior sites not known to be trade centers in the Southwest and Great Plains. The methods used in this study included analyses and tabulations of particular physical attributes of pipes that provide information on pipe use and regional style, as well as spatial and temporal analyses of pipe concentrations and concentrations of particular pipe attributes.

This is a preliminary study of the ceramic artifacts from the rescue excavations
carried out at Turnu Fortress, seasons 2018-2019. The following were analysed: four fragments of
faience represented by coffee cups and maybe a plate, one possible Chinese porcelain fragment, four
fragments of jugs, a candlestick, a stove tile and forty-two whole and fragmented clay pipes. The
faience fragments belong to the luxury vessel category and are products of Islamic workshops that
followed the Iznik and Kütahya styles. They can be chronologically dated to the sixteenth and
seventeenth-eighteenth centuries. The vessels for common use are represented by jugs that are
common forms of vessels widespread in the Ottoman provinces. Included in the category of special
objects are candlesticks for lighting and stove tiles for heating the rooms. They are common forms from
Ottoman contexts, widespread in the 16th - 17th centuries. The study also includes a large quantity of
clay pipes, some of which have the workshop stamp and possible inscriptions with Arab characters.

Abstract

Background
Tobacco production continues to increase in low-income and middle-income countries including in Bangladesh. It has spreads to different parts of Bangladesh and is now threatening food cultivation, the environment and health. The aim of this study is to determine the factors those are influenced farmers’ decisions to grow tobacco.

Methods
We surveyed 371 tobacco farmers using a simple random sampling in the Meherpur district of Bangladesh. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the variables affecting farmers’ decision to cultivate tobacco.

Results
Approximately 87.0% of the respondents were contract farmers with different tobacco companies. Almost 83.3% of the farmers had intentions to continue tobacco farming. Binary logistic regression results suggest that company’s incentives to farmers, farmers’ profitability, a guaranteed market for the tobacco crop and economic viability were the variables most affecting the decision to cultivate tobacco.

Conclusions
Governments seeking to shift farmers away from tobacco will need to consider how to address the dynamics revealed in this research.

The Museum of London's Archaeological Archive (LAARC) is an 'untapped' resource in many respects and this brief report is to update SCPR readers of some recent developments at the Archive concerning the clay pipe collections that may be of interest.

Os cachimbos de caulim recuperados nas escavações do Cais do Valongo / Cais da Imperatriz e suas imediações foram atribuídos, na sua quase totalidade, ao século XIX. Foram utilizados e descartados no entorno e nas proximidades do cais, região portuária caracterizada por grande diversidade étnica. Tais pitos atestam a inserção do Rio de Janeiro, recém liberto das práticas monopolistas de Portugal, em uma economia cada vez mais global, na qual o trânsito de pessoas e mercadorias vindas de diferentes pontos era particularmente intenso. Nesse cenário, foi observada a predominância da fabricação francesa nos cachimbos de caulim encontrados, coerente com o que ocorreu na indústria e comercialização desses objetos no resto do mundo. Considerando as informações arqueológicas e alguns dados históricos sobre importação e venda de cachimbos no Rio de Janeiro, especula-se a respeito dos contextos em que eles podem ter sido utilizados, nessa cidade, nos oitocentos.

A cesspit was dug up in Tiel, The Netherlands, in 1983. Finds from this cesspit can be attributed to the former Agnite monastery but also to the rector Van Aelhuysen. Among the finds are a pipe earth statue and a slate on which the inventory of the dormitorum is described. All this from the time of the medieval Agnite monastery. From the time of Van Aelhuijsen comes, among other things, his footwear, inkwell but also various books. Worth mentioning are fragments of a 17th century glass wedding cup.

As escavações arqueológicas no forte Orange, sítio multicomponencial de edificação fortificada construída e utilizada para fins militares, resultaram em imensas quantidades de cachimbos. Dois tipos básicos dessas peças foram encontrados: cachimbos importados, em geral feitos de argilas brancas cauliníticas, e cachimbos de argilas colorizadas, muito provavelmente feitos no Brasil. Ambos os tipos são aqui descritos e problematizados: no caso dos cachimbos de argilas brancas, principalmente com foco na sua utilização, enquanto para os de barro, principalmente a partir de questões que circundam sua produção.