Chronology

Recent decades have seen a transformation in the evidence for early settlement in east Crete through surface survey and targeted excavation. In a recent synthesis, drawing on earlier theories and lines of argument, Nowicki has argued that just before the beginning of the Bronze Age Crete was overrun by a mass migration of settlers, originating in the east Aegean, transforming the settled landscapes of east Crete. This migration is held to have ended a long period of isolation between Crete and the outside world, stretching back into the sixth and fifth millennia BC, and to have set in train a cultural transformation that led to the emergence of Bronze Age societies. This paper reviews the empirical basis for this thesis with specific respect to chronology and its employment in the interpretation of Neolithic-EM I settlement in east Crete. The chronology developed by Nowicki to understand this period of Crete's past will be reviewed against the chronology based on the long excavated sequence from Knossos and since applied to other excavated sites across the island. Recent developments in phasing at Knossos, Kephala Petras and Phaistos will be summarised and their relevance to our understanding of Neolithic-EM I settlement in east Crete discussed.

Horse forehead pendants that depict a bird of prey and other images are typical grave goods
of horsemen graves of the Sambian Peninsula of the 10th/11–12th centuries – today’s Kaliningrad region
of Russia (former East Prussia). The article gives an overview of the main forms of these artefacts
against a background of possible iconographic influences and analogies. For the first time, the typological
dating, based on the correlation of the dates of artefacts found together with forehead pendants,
are compared to the 14C AMS dating of either the same or neighbouring cremation graves with such
pendants.

The Qodesh Calendar 'short version' hold 15 chronological evidences of the calendar Moses, Joshua and Daniel used. The Qodesh Calendar is even found in Noah's pre-flood chronicles. Does the calendar exist elsewhere? The conclusion has started to rock the religious world to the very core!

Confusion between paleontology and archaeology is a common error in primary and high school teaching in France, but it is not the only difficulty to overcome at school and in school books. Wrong logical chronology, prehistorical cultures technicity considered as undeveloped, archaeology considered only from the excavation point of view, aso., the teaching of prehistoric and historic times in France generates numerous mixes between disciplines and periods as well as false ideas (linear evolution, eurocentric vision, aso.) among children as well as teachers.

Using case studies, we will show what are the difficulties to overcome for a respectful prehistoric times teaching dealing with our true current knowledge of periods and disciplines. We will, also, present some experiments done with school student from 7 to 8 years old (CE1-CE2) at primary schools in Saint-Denis. In conclusion, other possibilities will be present to change the prehistory teaching in order to distinguish cultural prehistoric teaching and natural prehistoric teaching, or how archaeology, associated to events or organizations linked to science workshops, would provide a better vision of what prehistory and archaeology are.

... Localización: La cueva de El Sidrón (Borines, Piloa, Asturias): investigación interdisciplinar de un grupo neandertal / coord. por Marco de la Rasilla Vives, 2011, ISBN 978-84-8053-602-8 , págs. 159-166. Fundación Dialnet. Acceso de usuarios registrados. ...

The horse, a majestic and noble animal. In the course of prehistory, a unique relationship was created between mankind and the horse, for that matter history was often written from horseback. The chronological scope of the work is delimited to the early Bronze Age and the end of the La Tène Period, hence a period longer than 2,000 years. The book deals with 219 contexts, which include 5,259 items with the theme of the horse. These are presented in a catalogue at the end of the work and depicted in 63 tables; they comprise the core of the work. However, the special and cultural-chronological life and institutions of the territory in question (Moravia) are presented first. Acquaintance follows with the necessary terminology, the basic biological characteristics of the horse are also outlined. An important part of the work is the typological-chronological analysis and a new Moravian typology and chronology of the sources with the theme of the horse, numbering almost 150 types of artefacts. The work goes on to a number of subsequent chapters that the theme offers: reconstructive and experimental archaeology, discusses various roles of the horse for Central European prehistoric societies of the Bronze and Iron Ages. It further deals with the socio-economic aspects of the occurrence of sources on the horse, focusing on its connection with higher social classes. Nor the study of religions is ignored, because the book includes two excursuses. One of the outputs of the work is the connection of the theme of the horse with research of prehistoric communications. Author consider the complex setting of sources with the theme of horses in the context of prehistoric cultures as crucial since the horse was not only a companion during the transformations of traditional chieftain societies, but probably also one of its key inhibitors (e.g. the Thraco-Cimmerian horizon or Late Hallstatt Period).

Summary
Balkans – Carpathian Basin – Bohemia:
cultural-chronological system
in the Neolithic
This contribution deals with the problematic
thousand-year delay in the Neolithisation
of the Bohemian Massive in comparison to
South-East Europe and the Balkans and its relation
to the Carpathian Basin during further
development of Neolithic cultures. The territory
of Bohemia represents a unique geomorphological
formation which drains into the
North Sea and therefore does not have any
natural connecting corridors to the Danube
basin which is reflected in the uniqueness of
the development of its Neolithic cultures. The
early Linear Pottery culture only penetrated
into Bohemia from Central Moravia during
the Milanovce phase of Vinča A culture, after
the demise of Starčevo culture in the Balkans.
The Linear Pottery culture formed while in
the contact with Starčevo culture in the Carpathian
Basin and spread to Bohemia only
after Bíňa phase with a delay of two to three
ceramic phases, probably after more than
hundred years. Linear Pottery culture in Bohemia
progressed in its own way without any
visible contacts with further developments in
the Carpathian Basin. The Želiezovce group,
which formed in the Carpathian Basin was
orientated towards the Balkans and did not
have a material response in Moravia and Bohemia.
The Stroked Ware culture arose through
continual transformation from the Linear
Pottery culture without any evidence of influence
from the Carpathian Basin, where at
the same time the new Lengyel culture formed
from the Želiezovce group basis in the contact
with the Vinča – Pločnik culture. From Transdanubia
through Lower Austria the Lengyel
culture spread by migration into the territory
of the Stroked Ware culture first to South and
Later Central Moravia and Silesia without reaching
Bohemia with the same intensity. Pottery
imports though show evidence of mutual
relationship between Lengyel and Stroked
Ware culture in the Protolengyel phase. Apart
from new types of pottery and anthropomorphic
sculptures, large two-space post-built
houses with a loft were a fundamental innovation
of the Lengyel culture. The roof was
constructed above a ceiling which allowed for
the dropping of the inner triple posts used for
centuries in the houses of Linear Pottery or stroked
Ware cultures. Houses with a loft were
built to this typical design after the StK IVb
phase in Central Moravia (Hulín) and during
the Lengyel II phase with typical white painted
ware. In Bohemia a house with a loft was
found in Postoloprty from the time after the
demise of stroked ware, about 300 years after
the time of building of houses with a loft in
the Carpathian Basin. With a delay of about
200 years roundels spread into Bohemia and
also elsewhere west of the Carpathian Basin.
On the Bohemia territory only the final stage
of Jordanovská group in the phase Epilengyel/
Lengyel IV is connected to Lengyel culture
within the global cultural transformation
towards the Aeneolithic – the Copper Age. Neolithic
cultures in Bohemia were from the beginning
developing within the context of the
cultures of West-central Europe without any
direct connections with the Carpathian and
Danubian Basins. Starting with the early Linear
culture innovations from the Balkans and
Carpathian Basin spread into Bohemia in a reduced
range from Moravia via contacts with
peoples of neighbouring regions. The settlements
in Tolna and Szederkény with pottery
of both of Vinča A and Early Linear culture in
Hungary show the co-existence of hybrid populations
on the borders of two archaeological
cultures without any migration into the core
territory of either. This could have been one
of the ways innovations spread without demic
diffusion. The Neolithic civilisation advancing
from Anatolia into the Balkans and from there
northwards, encountered regions with their
own cultural identity and their own territorial
and chronological thresholds, which were
overcome after a delay of one to two hundred
years. The preceramic settlement of Ulucak
IV is dated by AMS data to 6760 – 6600 and
its ceramic period started after 6400 cal. BC.
At the same time occupation sites in the Balkans
using monochrome ware started. Around
6200 cal. BC. Protosesklo and Protostarčevo
cultures with painted ware in south-east Europe
appeared. About 200 hundred years later
after another transformation during the first
third of the sixth millennium BC there are Sesklo
culture in Thessalia and Starčevo in the
Balkans (Pavúk 2016). Linear pottery culture
originated in the Carpathian Basin from contact
with developments in the Balkans (Pavúk
2014). So it is that between the preceramic occupation
in Ulucak in western Turkey and the
Linear Pottery culture in central Europe, with
absolute dates around 5670 – 5450 BC (Brunn
am Gebirge), there is a chronological distance
of around 1000 years.

The Late Pleistocene, Early and Middle Holocene Nubian cultural sequence was constructed after the pioneering work done in Nubia in the 1960s (Irwin et al., 1968; Wendorf ed. 1968c; Marks 1970; Nordström ed. 1972). Most of the prehistoric sites located by the expeditions during the Nubian Campaign were surface concentrations and their dating was made on the basis of their location on ancient Nile deposits attested at different levels: the Dibeira-Jer, Ballana, Sahaba, Birbet and Arkin formations (De Heinzelin 1968). Absolute elevation was also considered as relevant to a site’s date.
Within this cultural sequence, the Qadan (Shiner 1968a) was usually associated with the Sahaba Formation, whose beginning was more or less established at 16,500 BP (De Heinzelin 1968), and the Jebel Sahaba cemetery (site 117) was attributed to this same cultural phase.
The Qadan sequence has been already discussed by the author (Usai 2008a) in a paper demonstrating that Shiner’s hypothesis that the Abkan Neolithic complex originated directly from the Qadan needed revision. This contribution continues this discussion but to suggest that it now appears that the Jebel Sahaba cemetery cannot be possibly associated with the Qadan. In doing so, it notes some possible discrepancies and some important factors.

This paper represents the first part of a larger study focusing on the three major Dacian settlements on the Siret Valley, Romania: Brad, Poiana and Răcătău. A new closer glance at the published archaeological data needed to be done since the chronology of these sites is still a problematic issue in the literature. By analyzing the stratigraphic evidence, I noticed that these Dacian sites had the same relative chronology and that the upper Dacian levels may have pointed to a similar evolution, both in time and landscape.

Isaac Newton spent 40 years of his life studying ancient civilizations (Manuel 1963; Buchwald and Feingold 2012; Feingold 2016; Schilt 2018). These studies should be understood in the light of his lifelong interest in the prophecies in Scripture, in particular those in the books of Daniel and Revelation. Newton held that the study of these prophecies was a sacred duty, for they dealt with Christ’s second coming and the Day of Judgment in which the various nations of the world had their role to play.

This paper describes a study, which aims to highlight the history of the Ayyubid Mamluk mosque in the Remun village, simply called "the Remun mosque". It focuses on analyzing and interpreting the chronological sequence of the mosque from site documentation and textual sources. Also, the study conducts a comparative study with other mosques in the northwestern of Jordan (Ajloun mountain area) to know the general characteristics and varieties of this type of historical rural vernacular mosques.

В. Л. Васильев Новгородский государственный университет им. Ярослава Мудрого Великий Новгород, Россия НОВГОРОДСКАЯ ГИДРОНИМИЯ НА-КА: СТРУКТУРА, ДЕРИВАЦИЯ, ХРОНОЛОГИЯ (на материале водных имен бассейна р. Мста)* В статье всесторонне исследована гидронимия на-ка (Веребушка, Городенка, Осиповка, Плотичинка и т. п.), которая на исторических землях средневекового Нов-города, а также во многих других русских регионах является наиболее многочислен-ной среди речных имен, охватывая до 30 % всей их совокупности. В первой части статьи данная гидронимическая категория охарактеризована в целом, применительно прежде всего к новгородской территории. Эту категорию отличают: 1) высокая плот-ность и однородность территориальной дистрибуции, создающие впечатление фона; 2) закрепление имен, кроме отдельных случаев, за небольшими речками и протоками; 3) структурно-деривационное разнообразие со многими частными разновидностями; 4) сохраняющаяся продуктивность, выраженная тесным пересечением с разговорной лексикой современного русского языка и появлением поздних новообразований. Во вто-рой части статьи проведен подробный структурно-деривационный анализ гидронимов данного типа, локализуемых в пределах бассейна р. Мста. Выбор этой реки не случа-ен: мстинская гидронимия принадлежит центральным районам Новгородской земли и ранее была тщательно собрана и систематизирована, что позволяет экстраполировать результаты проведенного сплошного анализа на остальные прилегающие новгородские территории. Анализ, осуществлявшийся с опорой на микросистемные связи между Вопросы ономастики. 2020. Т. 17. № 2. С. 75-106 © Васильев В. Л., 2020 * Исследование выполнено при поддержке РФФИ (проект «Гидронимия исторических новгородско-псковских земель. Структурно-словообразовательное, этимологическое, ареальное и этноисторическое исследование», № 19-012-00120).