Chronology

This presentation discusses two rock art palimpsests, i. e. two clusters of overlapping, influencing, and touching rock carvings and inscriptions, that are placed at the so-called ‘resting place’ of Rod el-Air.

They are situated along the path of the direct ascent up to the plateau of Serabit el-Khadim – the destination and base of Egyptian expeditions for raw materials during the Middle and New Kingdom – and were documented by the lecturer during the work of the Bonn Archaeological Mission to Serabit el-Khadim.

Following an introduction to the site, the methodological approaches that form the foundation for the creation of an internal relative chronology of the individual layers will be discussed. The results of these investigations are presented in the final section based on the analysis of two clusters in two separate case studies that not only exhibit special features in their chronological stratification, but also generate narratives that contradict previous interpretations on a purely iconographic or content-related level.

According to Malcolm J. Rogers, the Late Prehistoric period for southern California and northern Baja California began around AD 800-900. It is characterized by the development of an archaeological complex called Yuman, belonging to semi-nomadic groups whose linguistic roots are Hokan, with an economy based mainly on hunting-gathering and fishing. More than 70 years ago, Rogers assigned three phases to this archaeological complex, in which he proposed how it began, developed, and declined, based mainly on his discoveries in California and to a lesser extent in Baja California.

With the increase in archaeological investigations for more than 10 years in the peninsula's Yuman territory, important empirical information about this period has been obtained. It relates to the primary elements that make up the complex, as well as new ones that had not previously been considered, associated with radiocarbon dating and other diagnostic elements that allow us to position them chronologically. They are presented here as a reference framework for generating new hypotheses and interpretative proposals, with the objective of knowing the age of the traits that we archaeologically identify as the Yuman complex in Baja California.

We show that the non-Orthodox chronology, self-described as CUT chronology, built using a standard model of Egyptian kingship is a good basis for analysing the Nineteenth Dynasty / Canaanite connection eg Sutlija is the mother of Siptah and the god Hauron is a protector of Ramesses II.

В начале стадии A2b (по П. Рейнеке) в Центральной Европе появляются втульчатые копья, наследующие сейминско-турбинские традиции. Однако в Европе эти традиции появляются не в классическом виде, а трансформированные в результате взаимодействия с постсинташтинскими, петровскими и
алакульскими традициями. Это вызывает существенные трансформации в европейском пространстве, завершающиеся формированием культуры курганных погребений континентальной Европы и переходом к Уэссексу II в Британии.

Книга представляет собой авторское расследование известной проблемы астрономической некруглости дат и сезонов нашего календаря. Затронуты вопросы юлианской и григорианской реформы и показано, в результате действий каких факторов весеннее равноденствие сейчас падает на 21 марта. По результатам пасхальных и астрономических вычислений сделан вывод, что существующие представления о хронологии опорных событий календаристики нуждаются в серьезном пересмотре.

Among civilization founding myths, some can be traced back to the origin of new calendars eras, i.e.: Roman she-wolf & Ab Urbe Condita;
Pax Romana in Iberia & Era de Augusto;
Muhammed bringing up the rear of the migration & Anno Hegirae
Incarnation of the Lord & Anno Domini.
Solar eclipses anchor fortunately those eras in time

The article highlight some particular aspects from the chronological and cultural point of view in the East Carpathian Basin. It turn atention to one of the essential moments of the Iron Age in Southeast Europe, namely the ,,transition from the middle stage to the late La Tène civilization”.
For Transylvania it is about the moment of the disappearance of the Celtic civilization that followed the emergence and development of the Dacian civilization.
Based on the analysis of archaeological materials with chronological value some characteristics of the area were interpreted.