Celtic Archaeology

The Pictish symbols are here provided with a list of each symbol’s occurence, together with a distribution map of that symbol. 
The symbol lists are divided for convenience of size into two papers, Part One and Part Two.
This paper is PART ONE. 
Part One contains mostly high-frequency symbols, Part Two the lower frequency symbols. 
A table of symbol frequency is included in Part One. 
These lists and maps are offered to enable exploration of possible concentrations or peculiarities of certain symbols, which may point to their significance, provide an insight into their function, and take us a step closer to understanding their meaning. 
The papers here do not offer indepth analysis of the data, except for a few brief header notes.

The Pictish symbols are here provided with a list of each symbol’s occurence, together with a distribution map of that symbol. 
The symbol lists are divided for convenience of size into two papers, Part One and Part Two.
This paper is PART TWO. 
Part One contains mostly high-frequency symbols, Part Two the lower frequency symbols. 
A table of symbol frequency is included in Part One. 
These lists and maps are offered to enable exploration of possible concentrations or peculiarities of certain symbols, which may point to their significance, provide an insight into their function, and take us a step closer to understanding their meaning. 
The papers here do not offer indepth analysis of the data, except for a few brief header notes.

Grosse Schatzfunde sind faszinierend, wurden aber häufig auch zerstreut, sodass sie heute mühsam rekonstruiert werden müssen, will man ihre historische Bedeutung verstehen. Die Beschäftigung mit dem neu erworbenen Goldstater erlaubt nun die Zuordnung dieser und einer Reihe weiterer keltischer Münzen zu dem viel diskutierten sogenannten Schatzfund von Saint-Louis bei Basel aus dem Jahre 1883.

English: During excavations near Merklingen (Alb-Donau-Kreis) in 2014, a small late Iron Age hoard consisting of 42 silver coins came to light. The coins were not found in situ but were scattered over a larger area and discovered by metal detecting. This may be due to earlier construction works and ploughing.
The homogeneous composition of the hoard shows close relations to the coins of the  oppidum of Altenburg, situated in a meander of the Rhine at the German-Swiss border: It consists of two quinarii of the Kaletedou and one of the Arverni type, two unidentifiable quinarii and, above all 37 quinarii of the bushel type (88,1%).
The hoard was deposited in the early stage of LT D2a, roughly between 80 and 60 BC. From this period, we know of only a few clearly datable finds from the southern part of Baden-Wurttemberg. Some scholars have connected this negative record with the migration of the Helvetii and the abandonment of their lands ("Helvetiereinöde") as described by the ancient writer Ptolemy. Against this background, questions arise on the hoard’s original owner(s) and how the hoard finally reached its place of deposition.
Français: En 2014, un petit trésor composé de 42 monnaies d'argent datées de La Tène finale a été découvert à proximité de Merklingen (Alb-Donau-Kreis). La trouvaille, mise au jour lors d’une prospection à l’aide d’un détecteur à métaux, ne se trouvait plus in situ, mais dispersée sur une plus grande surface en raison de travaux antérieurs.
La composition homogène du trésor montre une similitude de faciès avec celui de l'oppidum d'Altenburg situé dans un méandre du Rhin à la frontière germano-suisse; le dépôt est constitué de deux quinaires de type Kaletedou, d’un de type Arverne, de deux indéterminés et avant tout de 37 quinaires au rameau (88,1%).
Le trésor a été enfoui au début de LT D2a, entre environ 80 et 60 av. J. -C. On connaît peu de découvertes datable de cette période dans le sud du Bade-Wurtemberg, ce qui a incité une partie des chercheurs à y voir la confirmation archéologique du « désert des Helvètes » relaté par l'écrivain antique Ptolémée. C’est dans ce contexte que se posent les questions de savoir à qui appartenait ce trésor et dans quelles circonstances il a été enfoui.
Deutsch: Im Umfeld der Trassengrabungen bei Merklingen (Alb-Donau-Kreis) kam 2014 ein kleiner spätlatènezeitlicher Münzhort bestehend aus 42 Silbermünzen zutage. Das während Prospektionen mit dem Metalldetektor entdeckte Ensemble lag nicht mehr in situ, sondern war aufgrund früherer Erdbewegungen über eine größere Fläche verstreut.
Die Zusammensetzung des Hortes ist sehr einheitlich: Neben zwei Kaletedou-Quinaren, einem Quinar des Arvernertyps sowie zwei unbestimmbaren Quinaren umfasst das Ensemble 37 Büschelquinare (88,1%). Durch dieses Spektrum ist eine enge Beziehung zum Oppidum Altenburg am Hochrhein gegeben.
Die Niederlegung des Hortes erfolgte in einem frühen Abschnitt der Stufe LT D2a, etwa zwischen 80 und 60 v. Chr. Aus dieser Zeit sind aus dem südlichen Baden-Württemberg kaum eindeutig datierbare Funde bekannt, was Teile der Forschung dazu veranlasste, darin die archäologische Bestätigung der von dem antiken Schriftsteller Ptolemaios überlieferten "Helvetiereinöde" zu erblicken. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, wem der Hort gehört hatte und wie er an seinen Platz gelangt war.

A bronze saucepan of the type Petrovszky V,1 originates from Burial-mound 12/1976 of the Sladkovskii Burial Ground in the region of Rostov-on-Don, dated after the bronze fibula to the second half of the 1st century AD was manufactured in the first third of the 1st century AD. The outer wall of the saucepan opposite the handle is additionally decorated with a soldered broken off lower attachment of a jug, showing a vertically elongated mask of a man with moustaches, narrowing downside ending below with a circular projection comparable with the handles of some jugs, amphorae and oinochoe from Pompei, Magdalensberg and Nijmegen. It could not be the original attachment of the type with Meduse or Menade heads with rings as on the later Petrovszky V,2 saucepans from Dowalton Loch and Repov and moreover it has no functional use. That means, the only explanation is that that broken off lower attachment of the vessel handle was soldered sometime to the saucepan to decorate it. Further on the possible reason for such a decoration and parallels for the secondary decoration of Roman bronze vessels with elements of other vessels will be discussed.
          In parallel with the end of the thyrsus, decorating the handle, at the end of it, a half-erased stamp is preserved, which R. Petrovszky, to whom the author expresses sincere gratitude, restores as P (.) OC (T) AV (I) (.?) FELIC (i). The stamp belongs to the Campanian tria-nomina type, whereas the workshop of Octavia worked at the end of the rule of Tiberius and during the  reign of Claudius. It cannot be ruled out that the image on the handle attachment soldered to the wall of the saucepan, was perceived by both the donor and the endowed person as an image of the barbarian, the future owner of this item. Given the fact that the jug attachment soldered to the wall of the vessel adorned the Eggers 140 type saucepan, made according to the stamp, in the 30s AD, and also taking into account the fact that such saucepans belonged to the standard equipment of the Roman troops, it is possible that the bucket with additional decoration was a gift from the Roman military commander to one of his barbarian allies during the Bosporan-Roman war of 45–49 AD.

The lack of cult statues in Gallic shrines of the second Iron Age is one of the most solid common places in the archaeology of sanctuaries. It is
even one of the first criteria used by specialists to distinguish them from their Roman period successors, built to house a figurative representation
of the honoured divinity. Suggested by Diodorus, in his legendary account of Brennus saccage of Delphi, this statement is contradicted by Caesar,
though, who explicitly mentions divine effigies of Mercury (BG, 6.17).
This paper proposes to reconsider this thematic in the light of archaeological discoveries made over the past thirty years: from the rare preserved
examples of Gallic stone- or wooden statues, to their iconographic representations, up to the traces that they may have left within the temples grounds. Particular attention is paid to the central cavities, generally interpreted as “autels creux”, which may have served as implantation pits for large wooden statues such as the one in Geneva.

This chapter discusses the Belgian coalition of 57 BCE in a holistic way, from its configuration to its characteristics. Drawing upon a broad variety of sources (literary, archaeological and numismatic), the chapter offers detailed analysis of the coalition’s institutions, its members and its development.

En este capítulo se aborda de una manera holística la configuración y características de la confederación belga de 57 a.C. Recurriendo a una amplia variedad de tipos de fuentes (textuales, arqueológicas y numismáticas), se analiza con detenimiento los diversos aspectos de esta symmachía: sus instituciones, sus miembros y su desarrollo.

Nella cornice dell'edizione 2019 dell'Abruzzo Irish Festival, una lezione su una variante di Lingua celtica: l'Antico Irlandese. Focus sulla sua documentazione scritta dalle origini, all'età cristiana, fino al Medioevo, toccando anche nozioni di storia, società, saghe e mitologia irlandesi.