Archaeological heritage

The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have witnessed a complex process of globalization, along with wars, political instability and economic deprivation. This has led to a massive increase in the number of economic migrants and asylum seekers (e.g., refugees and displaced persons). The first left their countries seeking better standards of comfort and job opportunities, while the second hoping for more stable and secure living environments. Once in their places of destination – which, interestingly, have often been multicultural before their arrival –, immigrants face various crises, from political, administrative and economic to social, religious, cultural and even personal. Their presence questions the official discourses about diversity, tolerance and intercultural dialogue, as well as the traditional identity narratives of the countries they choose to inhabit. These challenges are caused, among other reasons, by stereotypes, prejudices and insecurities that are born when different cultures and mentalities come into contact.
This session explores the potential of archaeological heritage in solving the crises of intercultural encounters that come along with migration. We welcome papers that discuss any of the following topics: examples of bottom-up or top-down initiated community projects and policies that have successfully or unsuccessfully engaged migrants with the archaeological heritage of the receiving communities; research projects that measure immigrants’ interest and participation in the cultural and especially archaeological heritage of their home and adoptive countries; the role of archaeological heritage in promoting social inclusion and cohesion, as well as in generating a sense of belonging, well-being, stability and identity among immigrants. We would also like to encourage debates on the strategies that could be designed to attract this public category to institutions (e.g., museums) and spaces (e.g., archaeological parks) which display archaeological heritage; and the various approaches that could transform these actors into cultural bridges which foster flexibility, acceptance and mutual respect.

Keywords: immigrant; asylum seeker; archaeological heritage; migration crisis; intercultural dialogue.

Ratna djelovanja su sama po sebi intenzivna prostorna praksa što znači da zahvaćaju čitav
prostor. Kao takva interferiraju s materijalnim ostacima iz prošlosti na razini krajolika, što se
prvenstveno odnosi upravo na arheološka kulturna dobra. Najčešći način interferiranja je
narušavanje materijalnog integriteta kulturnog dobra koji nastaje kao kolateralna šteta borbenih
djelovanja kao što su primjerice izgradnje vojnih objekata te postavljanje minsko-eksplozivnih
sredstava na arheološkim lokalitetima čime dobro postaje dugotrajno nedostupno. S obzirom da
ratna šteta na arheološkoj baštini koja je nastala tijekom Domovinskog rata nikada nije sustavno
dokumentirana i utvrđena, cilj ovog rada je prikazati ratnu štetu na arheološkoj baštini na
primjeru benkovačko-biogradskog područja. Procjena ratne štete obuhvaća deiniranje modaliteta
negativnog interferiranja ratnih djelovanja s arheološkom baštinom, vrste šteta, metodologiju
procjene i rezultate na području studije slučaja.

Приведен полевой опыт фотограмметрической съемки и обработки объектов дольменной культуры Кавказа. Авторы работы поставили перед собой цель выработать простую методику создания качественных трехмерных моделей в условиях с ограниченными ресурсами. В связи с чем была сделана выборка из малоизученных и труднодоступных групп с интересными культовыми и техническими элементами. Объекты находятся в Туапсинском районе: на ребтах Мезецу, Бзеульс и в верховьях реки Псынако. В результате мы получили восемь высокоточных моделей: семь отдельных сооружений и модель группы из трех дольменов в общем кургане. Также в статье раскрыты некоторые особенности методологии сбора и обработки полевых данных. Нам представляется, что этот опыт может быть востребован не только в археологии, но и в других направлениях с аналогичными сложностями фиксации объектов.

The article presents a field experience in photo-grammetric imagery and the Caucasus dolmen culture objects processing. This work objective is developing creative high quality three dimensional simple method in resource-limited settings. This approach analyzes insufficiently explored and hard-to-reach dolmen groups with interesting technical and cult elements. The objects are located in the Tuapse region: on the Mezetsu and Bzeuls ridges and on the upper of the Psynako river. As a result, we received eight high-precision models. There are seven standalone objects models and the three dol-mens in these. Also, this article the collecting features and field data processing indicates. We believe our ex-perience might be useful not in archaeology only but in other disciplines with similar objects fixing difficulties.

Ссылка на созданные модели дольменов: https://sketchfab.com/nemzis/models

The project “ Northwest Rock Art Route” aims to explore Portuguese NW rock art resource potentialities as capable of increase sustainable development of touristic practices.
The Portuguese NW is rich in open-air post-Palaeolithic rock art, especially from the designated Atlantic Art, specific from the area. Along with its scientific value, its strategic character should integrate programs of territory development and organization.
In order to achieve that, some scientific needs have to be overcome, like data compilation and systematization, promoting scientific knowledge and allowing attractive discourses to general public.
The project intends to deepen rock art research according to archaeological and anthropological perspectives, to contribute to its protection, and to promote its valorisation in the western façade of Portuguese NW. Ultimately, it pretends to create the sustainable touristic product “Northwest Rock Art Route”. It also aims to transform its related “intangible” heritage in something profitable, so as the involved project partnerships human resources, and increase the sustainable development of the addressed area.
The materialized and/or in process of materialization actions will be presented, so as the different achieved results from each NW area.

Resumo:
A Rota de Arte Rupestre do Noroeste é um projeto que pretende explorar as potencialidades da arte rupestre do NW de Portugal enquanto recurso  passível de desenvolvimento de uma prática turística sustentável.
O NW português é uma área rica em arte rupestre de ar livre de cronologia pós-paleolítica, em especial do estilo designado de Arte Atlântica, específico da área. Além do seu inegável valor científico, o caráter estratégico deste recurso patrimonial deveria integrar programas de desenvolvimento e de organização do território.
Para que tal se concretize há que colmatar carências ao nível da investigação, tais como a compilação e sistematização dos dados que promovam o avanço do conhecimento científico e, simultaneamente, propiciem discursos atrativos para o público em geral.
O projeto tenciona aprofundar a investigação da arte rupestre segundo perspetivas arqueológicas e antropológicas, contribuir para salvaguardar este património arqueológico e promover a sua valorização na fachada ocidental no NW de Portugal, por forma a que se possa criar o produto turístico sustentável “Rota de Arte Rupestre do Noroeste”. Visa, ainda, rentabilizar o património “intangível” ligado a estes recursos, os recursos humanos das parcerias envolvidas no projeto – e incrementar o desenvolvimento sustentável do território abordado.
Serão divulgadas as ações já materializadas e/ou em vias de materialização, bem como os resultados atingidos para diferentes áreas do NW.

The archaeological service of Grisons has recently started to use digital documentation techniques on excavations. Thus, from the past couple of years, there is a rich collection of spatial information that is joinable to an existing archaeological database. However, most records of the archaeological work – starting at the end of the 19th century – only exist in analogue form. To optimize planning processes and to stimulate research questions, it is crucial to allow digital access to basic information of all known 3500 archaeological sites - spanning from Palaeolithic stone tools to defence structures of the First World War. In order to create a digital inventory, it was necessary to define standards for archaeological as well as spatial data. Based upon these, the 4-year-project "Bestandesaufnahme Kulturgut" was started to transfer site-specific information of analogue archives to the digital database. Reviewed coordinates are displayed in a GIS-Service as point features along with polygons for sites with a spatial extent. These are integrated as a layer into the GIS-service of the administration of the canton. For the operational management of archaeological sites the ultimate aim is to provide a platform that allows a quick assessment of the local situation when working on applications for planning permissions. Along the way, choices concerning the standards and the selection of sites had to be made repeatedly. Regarding the public access to this data, it will be essential to balance the gain of open data with the potential risks for the sites.

Resumen: objetivo/contexto: con base en la investigación “Tierradentro: visiones y tensiones sobre el patrimonio arqueológico (San Andrés de Pisimbalá)”, este artículo se orienta a comprender el papel del patrimonio arqueológico, algunas de sus significaciones y la forma en que se inserta en las perspectivas políticas, culturales y económicas de la región de Tierradentro (específicamente en la vereda de San Andrés de Pisimbalá), de las comunidades que allí habitan y los conflictos que se generan a partir de ello. Se detallan los procesos que ha generado en el parque arqueológico el establecimiento de una visión monolítica amparada por el Estado y la arqueología, así como la dificultad, pero también la necesidad, de crear un espacio en común que permita el encuentro de las distintas visiones sobre lo “arqueológico”. Metodología: el artículo está basado en una investigación etnográfica sobre el patrimonio arqueológico que buscó evidenciar los diferentes posicionamientos políticos, culturales y económicos de los actores de la región frente al tema y frente al Parque Arqueológico de Tierradentro (Patrimonio de la Humanidad). Conclusiones: las distintas posiciones de los actores involucrados, campesinos, indígenas y Estado, frente al patrimonio arqueológico y al parque arqueológico confluyen en un escenario en donde los acercamientos para el diálogo no han resultado positivos, en tanto que se ignoran, o se soslayan, los puntos de vista configurados histórica y culturalmente por las comunidades locales y se ha pretendido instaurar un único sentido de lo “arqueológico”, cuando este representa mucho más que información científica. Originalidad: la reflexión sobre este tipo de procesos, que evidencian la existencia de conflictos no solamente ligados al tema patrimonial sino más anclados en las desigualdades y las condiciones históricas de exclusión de las comunidades locales, invita a continuar los esfuerzos para abrir espacios comunes que posibiliten nuevas comprensiones sobre lo “arqueológico”.

Palabras clave: comunidad nasa, Estado, mestizos, parque arqueológico, patrimonio arqueológico, Tierradentro

Tierradentro: Visions and Tensions Surrounding Archaeological Heritage

Abstract: Objective/context: Based on the study “Tierradentro: visiones y tensiones sobre el patrimonio arqueológico (San Andrés de Pisimbalá)” - (Tierradentro: Visions and Tensions Surrounding Archaeological Heritage (San Andrés de Pisimbalá) - this article aims to understand the role of archaeological heritage, some of its meanings and the way in which it is inserted in the political, cultural, and economic perspectives pertaining to the Tierradentro region (specifically in the village of San Andrés de Pisimbalá), of the communities that inhabit it, and the conflicts that are generated from it. The processes that the establishment of a monolithic vision protected by the State and archaeology has generated in the archaeological park are detailed, as is the difficulty, but also the necessity, of creating a common space that allows the encounter of the different visions on the “archaeological”. Methodology: The article is based on an ethnographic research on archaeological heritage that sought to highlight the different political, cultural and economic positions of the actors in the region vis-à-vis the issue and the Tierradentro Archaeological Park (World Heritage). Conclusions: The different positions of the actors involved - peasants, indigenous people and the State - in terms of the archaeological heritage and the archaeological park converge in a scenario in which approaches to dialogue have not been positive, to the extent that the perspectives historically and culturally configured by the local communities are ignored or disregarded, and an attempt has been made to establish a single sense of the “archaeological”, when the latter represents much more than scientific information. Originality: Reflection on this type of process, which reveals the existence of conflicts linked not only to the heritage issue but that are also rooted in the inequalities and historical conditions of exclusion of local communities, invites us to continue our efforts to open common spaces that foster new understandings of the “archaeological”.

Keywords: Acheological heritage, archeological park, mestizo, Nasa community, State, Tierradentro

Tierradentro: visões e tensões sobre o patrimônio arqueológico

Resumo: objetivo/contexto: com base na pesquisa “Tierradentro: visões e tensões sobre o patrimônio arqueológico (San Andrés de Pisimbalá)”, este artigo busca compreender o papel do patrimônio arqueológico, algumas de suas significações e a forma como se insere nas perspectivas políticas, culturais e econômicas da região de Tierradentro (especificamente na vereda de San Andrés de Pisimbalá), nas comunidades que ali habitam e nos conflitos que se geram a partir disso. Detalham-se os processos que tem gerado no parque arqueológico o estabelecimento de uma visão monolítica amparada pelo Estado e pela arqueologia, bem como pela dificuldade, pero também pela necessidade, de criar um espaço em comum que permita o encontro das diferentes visões sobre o “arqueológico”. Metodologia: o artigo está baseado em uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre o patrimônio arqueológico que procurou evidenciar os diferentes posicionamentos políticos, culturais e econômicos dos agentes da região frente ao tema e frente ao Parque Arqueológico de Tierradentro (Patrimônio da Humanidade). Conclusões: as diferentes posições dos agentes envolvidos, camponeses, indígenas e Estado, frente ao patrimônio arqueológico e frente ao parque arqueológico, confluem em um cenário onde as aproximações para o diálogo não têm resultado positivo, enquanto se ignoram ou se esquivam os pontos de vista configurados histórica e culturalmente pelas comunidades locais e se pretende instaurar um único sentido do “arqueológico”, quando este representa bem mais que informação científica. Originalidade: a reflexão sobre este tipo de processos, que evidenciam a existência de conflitos não somente unidos ao tema patrimonial mas mais ancorados nas desigualdades e nas condições históricas de exclusão das comunidades locais, convida a continuar os esforços para abrir espaços comuns que possibilitem novos entendimentos sobre o “arqueológico”.

Palavras-chave: comunidade nasa, Estado, mestiços, parque arqueológico, patrimônio arqueológico, Tierradentro