Anselm Jappe

Resumo: O presente artigo se propõe a discutir quatro autores diferentes que, em três obras distintas e desde diferentes pontos de vista, discutem a crise presente: Myriam Revault d'Allonnes (La crise sans fin); Pierre Dardot e Christian Laval (Ce cauchemar qui n'en finit pas) e Joshua Clover (Riot, strike, riot). Através do prisma da crise, esta articulação será feita com a mobilização do conceito de comum, observando a metamorfose de sentido do termo de crise, da mudança no paradigma do governo e nas formas políticas dos motins e das comunas. O artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que, embora cada um desses autores faça uma contribuição importante para o debate em torno da compreensão da crise, eles se tornam mais efetivos se olhados juntos. Neste intuito, para organizar essa articulação, além dos autores citados, faremos recurso aos autores Anselm Jappe e Paulo Arantes. Abstract: The present article proposes to discuss four different authors who, in three different works and under different points of view, discuss the present crisis: Myriam Revault d'Allonnes (La crise sans fin); Pierre Dardot e Christian Laval (Ce cauchemar qui n'en finit pas) e Joshua Clover (Riot, strike,riot). Through the prism of the crisis, this articulation will be made with the mobilization of the concept of common, observing the methamorphosis of the meaning of the term of crisis, the change in the paradigm of government and in the political forms of riots and communes. The article aims to demonstrate that while each of these authors makes an important contribution to the debate around understanding the crisis, they become more effective if viewed together. In order to organize this articulation, besides the mentioned authors, we will make resources to the authors Anselm Jappe and Paulo Arantes.

http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/maracanan/issue/view/1545/showToc

Η ανακοίνωση αυτή εστιάζει στο να αναπτύξει μια εννοιολογική συζήτηση γύρω από το ζήτημα της κρίσης της πολιτικής ως συνέπεια, προέκταση και μέρος της δομικής κρίσης του καπιταλισμού. Σε διαφορετικό βαθμό και με διαφορετική ένταση, όλος ο καλούμενος δυτικός κόσμος βιώνει από τα τέλη της πρώτης δεκαετίας του 2000 την δομική κρίση του καπιταλισμού. Οι ρίζες της σημερινής κρίσης όπως εκδηλώθηκε το φθινόπωρο του 2008 με την κατάρρευση της Lehman Brothers, βρίσκονται στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1970 (Τομπάζος, 2010, σ. 72). Ταυτόχρονα στις περιοχές του τρίτου κόσμου παρατηρείται μια πλήρης οικονομική κατάρρευση και ταυτόχρονη ανάδυση φαινομένων βαρβαρότητας σε αυξανόμενο ρυθμό. Θα στηριχθούμε στη συζήτηση μας σε ορισμένες πτυχές της θεωρίας της Κριτικής της Αξίας (Wertkritik) η οποία προσπαθεί να προσεγγίσει την καπιταλιστική κοινωνία ως «ολότητα» και με αυτό τον τρόπο, σύμφωνα με τον Anselm Jappe (2007, σ. 13), αποφεύγει να απολυτοποιήσει και να αναγνωρίσει ως «αυτόνομες οντολογικές κατηγορίες τις διάφορες σφαίρες στις οποίες διαιρείται επιφανειακά η κοινωνία». Επομένως η «σφαίρα» της πολιτικής και τα δικά της φαινόμενα δεν αντιμετωπίζονται αποσπασμένα και αποκομμένα από την σημερινή δομική κρίση του καπιταλισμού. Αντίθετα γίνεται η προσπάθεια να ερμηνευτεί η κρίση της πολιτικής ως συστατικό μέρος της γενικής κρίσης του καπιταλισμού που ζούμε σήμερα και η οποία «δεν συνιστά αποτυχία των πολιτικών αλλά της ίδιας της πολιτικής ως σφαίρας λειτουργίας» (Τσουρής, 2007). Με αυτή την ανάγνωση, «η πολιτική είναι η συγκεκριμένη μορφή […] της οποίας η μοίρα εξαρτάται από την ιστορική προοπτική του εμπορεύματος» (Jappe, 2007, σ. 19-20), δηλ. του καπιταλισμού.

This essay outlines a critique of the autonomist theory of post-Fordism as a stage of capitalism defined by immaterial forms of production that purportedly constitute “value beyond quantification,” which is to say, value exceeding the measure of spatialized time. The essay argues that this concept of immaterial labor – proposed as a corrective to Marx’s “quantitative theory of value” – elides the crucial distinction in Marx’s analysis between two entirely different kinds of spatialized time: the time required for the production of material goods and the time that determines their (exchange) value. This elision, the essay argues, results in a fundamental mischaracterization of contemporary capitalism.

The thesis takes the French revue Lignes (1987-present) as its object of study to provide a new account of French intellectual culture over the last twenty-five years. Whilst there are now many studies covering the role of such revues throughout the twentieth-century, the majority of such monographs extend no further than the mid-1980s: the major novelty of this thesis is extending these accounts up until the present moment. It is largely assumed that a reaction against the Marxist and structuralist theories of the 1960s and 1970s led to embrace of liberalism and an intellectual drift to the right in France from the 1980s onwards: whilst largely supporting this account, the thesis attempts to nuance this narrative of the fate of the intellectual left in the following years by showing the persistence of what can be called a politicised 'French theory' in Lignes, and a returning left-wing militancy in recent years. In doing so, it will both reveal under-studied aspects of well-known thinkers, such as Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Rancière and Alain Badiou, as their thought develops through their participation in a collaborative, periodical publication, and introduce lesser known thinkers who have not received an extended readership in Anglophone spheres. Lignes also argues for the continued persistence and relevance of the thought of a previous generation of thinkers, notably Georges Bataille, Maurice Blanchot and Dionys Mascolo, and the thesis concludes by examining the potential role 'French Theory' could still have in France. Furthermore, as revues provide a unique nexus of intellectual, cultural, social and political concerns, the thesis also provides a unique history of France from the fall of the Berlin Wall to the 2007 financial crisis and the Arab Spring. Much of the thesis is concerned with contextualising intellectual debates within a period characterised by the moralisation of discourses, a return of religion, the global installation of neo-liberalism and the eruption of immigration as a controversial European issue. From a relatively theoretical and politically stable position to the left of the Parti socialiste, Lignes therefore provides a privileged vantage point for the mutations in French social and cultural life throughout the period.

En la senda de la crítica del valor –surgida en torno a Robert Kurz y los grupos Krisis y Exit!-, Anselm Jappe niega que estemos ante una crisis pasajera más en la historia del capitalismo, o hacia un nuevo modelo de acumulación, sino más bien ante un síntoma de que la dinámica del capitalismo se topa con su límite interno y estaría entrando en una fase de lenta descomposición. Anselm Jappe pone de manifiesto que la financiarización de la economía no habría sido sólo el producto de la ideología neoliberal o de una élite de malvados especuladores que parasitan la llamada «economía real», sino el proceso que ha permitido compensar las crecientes dificultades que afectan a la valorización del capital desde los años setenta.
Agotamiento del trabajo, crisis ecológica y agotamiento de los recursos, crisis energética, crisis de la forma y de la constitución psíquica del sujeto capitalista: hoy la cuestión ya no es tanto cómo derribar un sistema aparentemente fortísimo, la cuestión es cómo crear nuevas formas de cooperación social, de relación con la naturaleza, pero también nuevas formas de vida individual, de imaginación, de pensamiento, que permitan construir alternativas a un proceso de derrumbamiento que ya está ganando terreno. Romper con el capitalismo exige romper con su marco categorial, y esto implica romper con las formas sociales dentro de las cuales se mueve nuestra existencia: valor, trabajo asalariado, dinero, producción y consumo de mercancías. El libro recoge las intervenciones integrales y el debate del 11 de abril 2015 en Enclave.
Jordi Maiso: Desilusiones necesarias
José Manuel Rojo: De la economía crítica a la crítica de la economía
Anselm Jappe: Reforestar la imaginación.
Anselm Jappe: ¿Libres para la liberación?

Anselm Jappe was born in Bonn, Germany, in 1962. Now based in France, he is the author of several major works of critical theory and analysis in German, French, and Italian, with many translations of his works appearing in other languages, including English, Spanish, and Portuguese. He currently lectures at the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris and the Accademia di Belle Arti di Sassari in Sardinia. Alastair Hemmens interviewed him for Field Notes in August.

A relação entre Hegel e Marx sempre foi objeto de discussão, esta, no entanto, raramente partiu diretamente da análise da mercadoria e de seu fetichismo. Nos últimos anos, no entanto, mais e mais pensadores tem se debruçado sobre esta análise e declarado que sua conclusão mais importante é a existência de uma abstração real que se origina na relação mercadoria. O valor não é algo externo aos homens ou próprio das coisas, mas um fenômeno prático que depende igualmente da consciência humana para existir. Também não é algo subjetivo, mas sim uma relação dotada de objetividade social, como o dinheiro no qual se expressa, constituindo um “sensível supra-sensível” (Marx). A mercadoria, que se desenvolve na relação de capital, é uma abstração que domina a realidade prática ao impor sobre ela sua forma, constituindo um sujeito automático que molda a realidade capitalista. Sua forma puramente quantitativa, que pressupõe uma abstração das qualidades materiais, institui uma espécie de realidade conceitual. Segundo autores analisados, é justamente esta realidade conceitual que molda nossa percepção do Em si, “filtrando” por meio deste “mundo suprassensível” - expressão utilizada por Hegel – aquilo que nossos sentidos nos passam. O suposto idealismo de Hegel e o materialismo do Marx maduro aqui convergem em uma realidade que tem estrutura de conceito ou de uma abstração que é, no entanto, real. Esta estrutura paradoxal do mundo humano comportaria assim uma forma “especulativa” de abordagem, na qual se parte da consciência e se desenvolve rumo ao ser, bem como ao mesmo tempo, uma forma “materialista”, na qual se parta do ser rumo às determinações da consciência. A análise da mercadoria guarda assim não apenas mera semelhança ou identidade de método, mas uma verdadeira homologia estrutural com o desenvolvimento do espírito hegeliano, como se uma abordagem se tratasse da imagem especular da outra.

This thesis proposes an intellectual biography of Raoul Vaneigem (1934-Present). Vaneigem was a member of the Situationist International (SI) between 1961 and 1970. Today the SI is widely recognised as one of the significant avant-garde groups to have contributed to the historical events that shook France in May 1968. Most people will have come to Vaneigem through his Traité de savoir-vivre à l’usage des jeunes générations (1967), which he wrote as a member of the SI and was published just months before the largest wildcat strike in French history. Vaneigem is therefore of interest from a cultural history or history of ideas perspective because his work embodies both a political moment and because it emerged out of debates that are still informing contemporary theory. Moreover, Vaneigem is something of an anomaly in that he has always worked outside and against intellectual and political institutions, he comes from a working-class background and he has lived the great majority of his life in the province of Hainaut, the old industrial heartland of Belgium, where he was born. This makes Vaneigem an outsider in a world that has ostensibly been dominated by the Parisian intellectual elite.
More often than not Vaneigem has been dismissed, even vilified, by academics interested in the Situationist International. This is all the more surprising given that his Situationist comrade Guy Debord (1931-1994) has become a cause célèbre among the intellectual left since his death, igniting a veritable publishing industry in France and the English-speaking world. The intention of this thesis is not an attempt to earn Vaneigem the dubious acclaim that has feted Guy Debord these past decades. Rather, it endeavours to contextualise, clarify and bring out the complexity of the life and work of Raoul Vaneigem, making him the focus of a critical commentary that will reassess his place in the field.