Anatomy

Domestic crow is the most commonly observed passerine bird throughout India. For the present research six dead crows were utilized and the sternal bone was processed by the maceration process. The sternum of the crow was quadrilateral in shape and presented  neumatic foramina in the anterior half of the median groove. The craniolateral process was short and the caudolateral process, enclosing a lateral notch, was well developed. Through and through pneumatic foramen was replaced by a notch in fifty percent cases. The rostrum was typically Y shaped and the keel was strongly built. From the present study we conclude that the sternum of crow showed typical features of passerine birds. However, the sternum unlike the birds like bulbul, sparrow and myna presented well developed pneumatic foramina.

This article focuses on a short series of anatomical prints produced by
Giulio Bonasone, a Bolognese engraver, during the second half of the
sixteenth century, which deals with perceptions of the body and
its representation in untraditional ways. In this article I will posit that these images, rather than propose an accurate representation of the human body which could be useful for medical students, respond to complex social and psychic implications that were (and still are) inextricably connected to the violent act of dissection.

Delayed union or non-union of fracture shaft humerus occurs if there is damage to nutrient artery of humerus
during surgical procedure of open reduction of fracture or by displaced bone fragments of fracture or any soft
tissue interposition. This implies vital role of nutrient artery of humerus in fracture healing. 200 human dried
humeri were studied for its anatomy of size and number of nutrient foramina. Size of nutrient foramen and thereby
size of nutrient artery was decided with use of hypodermic needle No. 20 G & No. 24 G from Eastern medikit
Limited. Observations made were compiled and tabulated. In present study, out of 282 nutrient foramina, 98
(35%) were large sized. Single nutrient foramina were found on 63% of humerus which is indicative of single
nutrient artery to humerus and amongst them 40% humerus having large sized nutrient foramina. 65% of large
sized nutrient dominant foramina were found on humerus having more than one nutrient foramina. 60 (49%) large
sized nutrient foramina were found on right side humerus which is points to more use of right arm. Orthopaedic
surgeons treating opened or displaced fracture shaft humerus can very well prevent damage to nutrient artery of
humerus with sound knowledge of size of nutrient foramina and thereby its artery and add to better prognosis of
fracture healing.

Introduction: Defective closure of rostral pore of neural tube leads to anencephaly. Folic acid deficiency is most
common cause anencephaly. In most of the cases of Anencephaly is associated with other systemic anomalies.
Objectives: Aim of present study was to find out the incidence of anencephaly associated systemic anomalies and
their correlation with maternal age, sex of the foetus.
Materials and Methods: 32 anencephaly foetuses obtained from the Department of obstetrics and gynaecology
Navodaya Medical College. The period of study was from January 2013 to December 2016.
Results: Out of 32 cases, 25(78.12%) cases showed presence of systemic anomalies associated with anencephaly,
53.12% of the cases were observed in primigravida. Most common associated anomaly was spinabifida 28.12%
followed by gastrointestinal anomalies 6.25%.
Conclusion: Incidence of anencephaly associated anomalies is not uncommon; hence gross systemic examination
of the anencephalic abortus is required to find out incidence of anencephaly associated anomalies.
Keywords: Anencephaly, Craniospinal rachinoschisis, Exomphalos, Spina bifida.

Introduction: Compared to the general population medical students have to face more stress, which, if not handled
properly, may negatively affect the career of future doctors and community health drastically. To counter this stress,
they need appropriate coping strategies. Studies on stress and coping strategies among medical students in India are
very few to date and show wide demographic variations in their results.
Materials and Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey to find out stressors using a validated Medical
Students’ Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ) and we used Brief COPE scale to assess the coping strategies adopted by
the first-year medical students in Kerala. Descriptive statistics was used to compile and summarize data.
Result: Most common stress inducer was found to be ‘academic related stressor’ domain, in which we observed
that 88% students had moderate to high level of stress. In this domain, more common stressors were ‘examinations’
and ‘large amount of content to be learnt’. ‘Planning’ was ranked first with mean score (SD) of 5.72 (1.42), while
‘substance use’, 2.07 (0.45) was least adopted coping method by them.
Conclusion: Academic stressors were found to be the most common stressor domain in first-year medical students.
Timely reduction of such stress using various measures is expected from the educators. Maximum students
employed constructive coping strategy i.e. ‘planning’ but maladaptive ‘self-distraction’ coping was also seen in
substantial number of students who can be helped by guiding them for proper coping methods.
Keywords: Brief COPE, Coping strategy, MSSQ, Stressor.

Plantaris muscle though a vestigial muscle and absent in 10% of cases still has a diagnostic and clinical
importance e.g., of its being an isolated cause of tennis leg. This study was done on 50 lower limbs of 25 adult
cadavers for morphology and prevalence of plantaris muscle in our region. We have observed absence of plantaris
muscle in about 26% of limbs and both belly and tendon of the plantaris muscle had a wide variation in its length
and width. In two of the limbs double head of origin of muscle was seen.
Keywords: Double Head, Plantaris, Vestigial.

Introduction: The rise in prevalence of diabetes in developing countries is due to industrialization, socio- economic development, urbanization and changing life style. One of the important causes is the excessive intake of alcohol. In Sikkim, nearly 35% of the population of > 21yrs of age is chronic alcoholic which is a much higher figure as compared to the national average.2 As per data compiled by Health Ministry, the prevalence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (Type‐II DM) was highest in Sikkim. The present study will be to assess the burden of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (DM) among alcoholics and to see the co- relation of DM and alcohol drinking pattern in the study population from Gangtok, Sikkim.
Objective: To assess the burden of Type II Diabetes Mellitus(DM) among alcoholics, to see the co- relation of DM and alcohol drinking pattern and to see the lipid profile of the study participants.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional hospital based study was undertaken in Central Referral Hospital, a tertiary care centre under Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences Tadong, Gangtok. A hundred patients above 30 years of age admitted in the Central Referral Hospital and diagnosed as alcoholic liver disease during the period 01‐07‐2012 to 31‐12-2012 were selected for the study. After taking a written informed consent, these patients were interviewed. Fasting and postprandial blood sugar, lipid profile and blood pressure were recorded from the case records. The collected data was analysed using INSTAT version 3 graph pad. The result is represented in tables. p<0.05 is considered significant.
Results: The occurrence of Diabetes in relation to number of drinks per week was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). On assessing lipid profile of study participants, it was found that the mean cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoproteins were significantly different in alcoholic diabetics and alcoholic non-diabetics.
Conclusion: A definite association between alcohol consumption and Type II Diabetes Mellitus could not be established. However, there certainly appears to be some association between heavy alcohol consumption and Type-II DM. A reduction in alcohol intake by heavy drinkers may reduce their risk of developing Type-II DM.
Keywords: Alcoholics, Diabetes Mellitus, Non-alcoholics.

Introduction: The different types of issues affect academic performance of freshly admitted first year M.B.B.S.
students negatively. The importance of academic guidance has been recognized and counselling sessions were
implemented to help out first year M.B.B.S. students to cope up with the lengthy and tough academic syllabus.
Aims and objectives: To study the relationship and the effect of counselling method on the academic
performance of first year M.B.B.S. students through students’ perceptions.
Materials and Methods: Hundred second year freshly passed out M.B.B.S. students who underwent face to face
individual interviews (counselling) with skilled faculty members of Department of Anatomy during their first
M.B.B.S., were given questionnaires and the analysis was based on their feedback responses to the questions.
Results: 1. 98% students reported that counselling helped in their study planning; 2. 98% students agreed that
counselling augmented their theory performance; 3. 95% students agreed that counselling enhanced their practical
performance; 4. 94% students reported that counselling helped to improve their presentation skills in theory and
Practicals; 5. 97% students opined that counselling helped to enhance their performance in university exam.
Conclusions: The individual counselling has a positive effect/impact on the academic performance of first year
M.B.B.S. students.
Keywords: Academic syllabus, Counselling, Issues, Medical students, Questionnaire

Introduction: Remarkable increase in the occurrence of tattoo has triggered to do this study to know the possible
reason for this. Presently this has emerged as a big fashion accessary to both the genders.
Objectives: To know the prevalence of tattoo, assess the religion and gender-wise distribution, know the reasons
for getting a tattoo and, after effects of tattooing.
Materials and Methods: All the individuals from the society with whom the researcher come in contact having
tattoos. A proforma was prepared for the same with the standard questionnaire and asked the individuals to fill the
same. The researcher will help in filling the form for illiterates; since the answer to the questions are specific
standard replies.
Results and Discussion: Since the study was conducted in a place where the majority of Hindus live and religion
may not give any statistical significance with respect to religion. More participants were from urban backup.
Almost equal number of individuals used the permanent and temporary methods of a tattoo. And they were found
more in hands being done by an amateur with a single colour. Getting the tattoo removed was not seen in the
present study and very few have the regrets of having the tattoo done on them.
Conclusion: Here the urban area and literacy rate have some significant comparison with the available literature.
In this study students have more tendency compared to another group. And number had a permanent tattoo with a
single colour. Hands are the commonest site for tattoo and fashion is the main reason. The amateur done tattoo
was more with no complaints after getting the tattoo done. Majority of the people have no plans to get the tattoo
removed and less number of subjects were regretting getting the tattoo done.
Keywords: Colour, Fashion, Hands, Profession, Removal.

Introduction: The way the young professional students are looking at their own profession is changing from the
time of their admission to the course and at the time of their internship. In the recent past, the instances of students
undergoing mental trauma are often being published. And the same mental attitude will have some of its impact in
their future professional life.
Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was prepared with preambles and the questions mentioned in Beck’s
Depression inventory. Medical college students who have passed their MBBS exam and doing their internship
from different colleges were sent the questionnaire and 36 have responded completely. This was subjected to
statistical analysis.
Results: The study sample has been categorized according to gender, schooling before joining the professional
college, medium of study, parent’s occupation, family history and habits of the individual. Among these, family
history and habits were found to be significantly affecting the depression.
Conclusion: Students may be assessed and parents may be updated about their ward psychological condition in
the initial days of professional course; so that any undue event may be prevented by appropriate measures.
Keywords: Professional, Psychiatric disorder, Students

Why some animals have big brains and others do not has intrigued scholars for millennia. Yet, the taxonomic scope of brain size research is limited to a few mammal lineages. Here, we present a brain size dataset compiled from the literature for 1,552 species with representation from 28 extant taxonomic orders. The brain-body size allometry across all mammals is (Brain) = −1.26 (Body)^0.75. This relationship shows strong phylogenetic signal. Thus, we conducted additional allometries using median species values for each order, family, and genus to ensure evolutionary independence. Slopes from these analyses at different taxonomic levels all approximate ~0.75 scaling. Why brain size scales to the 3/4 power to body size across mammals is to our knowledge unknown. Slopes within taxonomic orders, exhibiting smaller size ranges, are generally shallower than 0.75 and range from 0.24 to 0.81 with a median slope of 0.64. Published data on brain size are lacking for the majority of extant mammals (> 70% of species) with strong bias in representation from Primates, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Australidelphian marsupials (orders Dasyuromorphia, Diprotodontia, Peramelemorphia). Several orders are particularly underrepresented. For example, data on brain size are available for less than 20% of species in each of the following speciose lineages: Soricomorpha, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Didelphimorphia, and Scandentia. Use of museum collections can decrease the current taxonomic bias in mammal brain size data and tests of hypothesis.

This is the second paper, in a 2-paper sequence by this author, the first being that of ref. [4], where the fundamentals of a New Epistemology were set. Its major tenets are employed here in the field of Evolutionary Biology. The part of Biology that is tied to Darwinian Evolution (species and speciation) is re-examined and critiqued. Major flaws and the hidden religiosity of Darwinism are exposed, providing the predicate for the new suggested theory. Major themes put forward include the modern Metrology based proposition that a specimen’s Architecture and Anatomy are quantitatively unique fingerprints, not exactly replicated by any other specimen. Further, they can’t be accurately measured. A thesis is advanced that specimens are the elementary units of Evolution, forming genealogical lineages. Lineages contain complex genealogical micro and macro sequences of specimens. Sequences evolve through self-structuring forming evolutionary quanta. Specimens act under decision-making quanta, according to observer. Furthermore, specimens exhibit an ability to speculate. Core ideas are placed within the context of a New Epistemology, and rely on concepts from its four pillars: Nonlinear Dynamics, Fuzzy Sets Theory, Quantum Mechanics, and modern Metrology.

In this translated essay, originally published in French, Colette Caillat examines the teachings of anatomy in the Tandulaveyāliya, one of the Prakīrṇaka-sūtras in the Svetāmbara Jain canon. Caillat explores similarities and discrepancies between the accounts of physiology described in the Tandulaveyāliya and other classical medical treatises of the time, such as Caraka- and Suśruta-saṃhitās, as well as the Viṣṇu-smṛti, Yājñavalkya-smṛti, and Garbha-upaniṣad. Alongside these comparisons, Caillat also highlights singular contributions found in the Tandulaveyāliya, namely the unique anatomical accounts of women and "third-sex"/"neuter" individuals (paṇḍaga [Skt. paṇḍaka]).