(2011) al-a’ras wa l-harb, tartabiyat al-zawaj was ihtifalatuhu khilal al-intifadatayn al-filastiniyatayn (in Arabic)

١ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺨ ٢٠٠٩ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ٢٠١٠ ٢ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ) JMEWS ( EDITORS Nancy Gallagher, University of California, Santa Barbara Sondra Hale, University of California, Los Angeles MANAGING EDITOR Diane James, University of California, Los Angeles ASSOCIATE EDITORS Amal Amireh, George Mason University Miriam Cooke, Duke University Amaney Jamal, Princeton University Suad Joseph, University of California, Davis Susan Slyomovics, University of California, Los Angeles EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Naazneen Diwan, University of California, Los Angeles Rana Sharif, University of California, Los Angeles EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Lila Abu-Lughod, Columbia University Janet Afary, Purdue University Moneera al-Ghadeer, University of Wisconsin, Madison Barbara Aswad, Wayne State University Margot Badran, Georgetown University Marilyn Booth, University of Edinburgh Mounira Maya Charrad, University of Texas at Austin Susan Schaefer Davis Eleanor Abdella Doumato, Brown University Nadia El Cheikh, American University of Beirut Nadia Elia, Antioch University Seattle Farah Ghannam, Swarthmore College Ellen Gruenbaum, California State University, Fresno Mervat F. Hatem, Howard University Barbara Ibrahim, American University in Cairo Marcia C. Inhorn, Yale University Mohja Kahf, University of Arkansas Rhoda Kanaaneh, Columbia University Nikki Keddie, University of California, Los Angeles Eileen Kuttab, Birzeit University Lisa Suhair Majaj Minoo Moallem, University of California, Berkeley Valentine Moghadam, Purdue University Nadine Naber, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Jennifer Olmsted, Drew University Martina Rieker, American University in Cairo Diane Singerman, American University Nayereh Tohidi, California State University, Northridge Judith E. Tucker, Georgetown University ٣ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ JMEWS: Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies Special Issue War and Transnational Arab Families ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻑﻴﺭﺨ ٢٠٠٩ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻋ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ : لﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻝﺎﻫ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻝﺍ : ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻹﺍ ،لﻴﺎﻨ ﻡﺎﺴﺤ : ﻲﺼﻤﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ٢٠١٠ ٤ ﺕﺎــﻴﻭـﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺩﺩﻋ : ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ لﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻝﺎﻫ ٦ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ٨ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ : ﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻴ ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﺎﻨﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺱﻴﻤﻝﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ١٥ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ : ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﺎﺠ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ٣٣ ﺓﺭ ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ : ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺼﺃ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻨﺎﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻭ ،لﻭﺨﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ٤٧ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﻅ ﻲﻓ : ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻭﺠ ﻱﺍﺭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ٦٢ ٥ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ : ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃ لﺤﺭﻭ ﻑﻠﺨ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺸ ﻰﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ٨٣ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ : ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻭ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ٩٧ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ : ﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻐﺸﺘﻴﻤﺒ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨ ﺏﺭﺤﻭ ٢٠٠٦ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻋ ١١٤ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ · ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ١٤٠ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ١٤٣ ٦ ª-=,--ا ª--آ -آ ª-'ه ل' ﻥﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺩﺩﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺎﻌﺴﻤ ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻑﺎﺸﻜﺘﺴﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻝ ﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻜﺸﺄﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ، ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﺨﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ،ﺔ ﻭﺃ ﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﹰ ﺎ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻭ ﺜﺍﺩﺤ ﹰ ﺎﻴ ﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎ ﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒﻭ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻡﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﻐﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ ﺏﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺴﻴ ﺩﻬﺠ ﻲﻴﺃﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﻴﺭ ﹰ ﻼﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇﻭ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺯﻓﺎﺤ لﺜﻤﺘﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻠﻝ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﺒ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻋﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﺠ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ، ﻲﻓ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻥﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺠ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺩﺩﻌﻝ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﺼﺘﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺸﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ، ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺩ ﺭﺩﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺎﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﺃﺭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ) gender ( ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻊﻤﻓ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻭﻬﻔ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ،ﺔﺴﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺩﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ، * ﻲﻓ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﻤﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻐﻴﺼ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ * م,+-- ª-=¸- ل,= -,¸-'' ) gender ( ª,''-'ا رد'--'ا _'إ ع,=¸'ا ¸-´, : Samia Mehrez, “Translating Gender”, JMEWS: Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 3:1 (Winter 2007): 106-127. Hala Kamal, “Translating Women and Gender”, WSQ: Women’s Studies Quarterly, 36: 3&4 (Fall/Winter 2008): 254-268. ،ل'-آ ª''ه " ª-=¸-'ا ª-'آ " ، ª,-`-`ا ت'·'-`'او ء'--'ا ª=,-,- ,,',, ، ٢٠٠٦ ص ، ١٣ - ١٩ : pdf . list / arabicparted 1 V / ewic / edu . ucdavis . ph sjose :// http ٧ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺭﻁ ) gender ( ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻕﺎﻘﺘﺸﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻊﻤ ، ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺎﻨﻔﻗﻭﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻡ ) family ( ﺔﻤﻠﻜﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) household ( ﺔﻤﻠﻜ لﺩﺎﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻤﻠﻜ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻤﻜﺘﻭ ) family ( ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺄﺠﻠﻓ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﻤﻐﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ [ ﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺔﻠ ﻎﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﺒ ) transnational ( ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻉﻭﻴﺸ ﻊﻤﻓ ، ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﺯﻠﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ لﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻎﻴﺼ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﻕﺤﻠﻤ ﺵﻤﺎﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ﺫﺇ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻠﻝ · ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ لﻭﻠﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺌﻭﺠﻝﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﻋﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻀﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﻨﺄﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺙﻴﻨﺄـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﺫﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﻼﻓ ﺩﺎﻴﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ) ﺭﺌﺎﻤﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻹﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ( ﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ، ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺙﻴﻨﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﺫﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﺫﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻌﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ،ﻑﻁﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ ﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻨﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻐﻴﺼ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻱﻭﺜﻨﻷﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ) researcher ( ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻰﻌﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ، ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻡﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،لﺠﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻤﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ،ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻨﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍ ) researcher ( ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﺫﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﺘﺨﻭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻨﺈﻓ ، ﹰ ﺎﻓﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺇ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻐﻝ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻘﻨ ﺏﺠﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻘﻨﺒ لﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺔﻤ ،ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘﻭ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﺍﻭ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﻌﻓ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﺒﺼﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺤﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻉﻼﻁﻀﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﻊﻤ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﺒ ﺎﻫﺎﻌﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻱ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻜﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ٢٠١٠ ٨ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ * ﺒ ﻴ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨ ﺩﺎﻌﺴﻭ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ؟ﺭﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ٢٠٠١ ﻜﺒﺘﺸﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﺎﻜ ﺕ ﻊﻤ ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒ - ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ - ﺕﺎﺸﺎﻘﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺎﺸﺘﻭ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃﻭ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ، ﻥﻤﻀ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻱﺭﻜﻓ ﻑﺎﺸـﻜﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ لﺨﺍﺩﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻝ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻜﺸﺄﺒ ﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺔ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ، ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﺨﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ،ﺔ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺜﺍﺩﺤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺭﺎﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭﺤ · ﺕﺎـﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ، ﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻷﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺭﺴ ﺓ ﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻫ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺃ لـﺠ ﺫﻫ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥ ﺕﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻝﺍ ﹸ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺴ ، ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺈﺒ ﺕﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺯﻨﻝ ﺔـﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌ ﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ، ﻓ ﺈ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻥ - ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ - ﺩـﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺩـﻘﺘﻔﺘ ﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻓﺍ ﻲ ﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ، ﺃ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ ﺙـﻴﺒﺍﺯﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺴـﻤﻭﻁ ) Elizabeth Thompson ( ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ لﻭﺤ ) gender ( ﺔـﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ) Thompson 2000 ( ﻭ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ) ﺍ ﻨ ﺭﻅ [ ﻱ · Khater 2001; Doumani 2003; Pollard 2005 ( ﺏﺤﺎـﺼ ﺩـﻗ ﺔـﻠﺤﺭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻫﺍﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﻜﺒﺘﺸﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻊﺴﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ،ﺩﺭﻻﻭﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻝﺩﺒﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺩﻝﻭ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻰﻘﺘﻝﺍ - ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ٢٠٠١ - ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺓﻭﺭﺫ ،ﺓﺭﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ - ﺩﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ - ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﺩـﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺕﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺃ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻫﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﺕﺠﺘﻨﺃ ،ﻥﺭﻗ ﻊﺒﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺩﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﻭﺤﺸﻤ ﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﻴ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺏﻭﺭـﺤﻭ ﻑﻭﺭـﻅﻝﺍ ﻙـﻠﺘ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺘﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻭ ﺎﻬ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻔﻤ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺭﻬﻅ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺎ ﺓ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻌﻗﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎ ﺴﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﹰ ﺎ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻴ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﻤﺠﻤ لـﻤﻋ ﺔـﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺡﺭـﻁﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﻭﺭﻌﺸ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲـﻓ * Penny Johnson and Suad Joseph, “Introduction: War and Transnational Arab Families”, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 1-10. ٩ ﺏﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺎ ﺃ ﺎﻬﻗﻭﻘﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺠ ﺕﻓﺩﻬﺘـﺴﺍ ﺩـﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺍﻭﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﺘﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﻴﺭ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﻌﺸ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻁﺎﺒﺤﺈﺒ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻏ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺏﺎﻴ ﺍ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻝﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻝ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺠﻠ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺄـﻜﻭ ﺍﺩﺒ ،ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻁﺃ ﻯﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻨﻭﻜﺘ ﺠﻤ ﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺓ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﺯﺘﻠﻤ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻭ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺫ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻜﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ٢٠٠١ ، لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻨﺴ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻤ ، ﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻊﻀﻭﻝ ﻬ لﻭﺤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺎ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ١ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻤﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ ) ،ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺒﻋﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ( ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺎﻨﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﻭ ﻌﺒﺴـﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔ ٍ ﻥﺎﻤﺜ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﻭ ﻥﻴ · ﺱﻴﻤﻝ ،ﺔﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﺴـﻨﻭﺠ ، ﺩﺎﻌـﺴ ،ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﻱﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﺠ ﻴ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﻰﻨﻤ ،ﻑﻼﺨ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ ،لﻭﺨﻤ ﺱﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﺇ ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ، ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﺎﻨ ﺒ ﺭ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺔ ﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺔ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺩﺎﺠ ، ﺜﺤﺎﺒﻭ ﺔ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓ ﺎﻏ ﻨ ﻡ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﺸﻨ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻬﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﻡ ﻡـﻬﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻫﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓ ﻤﺃﻭ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﺒﻭ ﻱﺭﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎ ﺭﺒ ﺍ ﺇ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒ ﺏﺎﹼ ﺘﻜ ﻥﻴﻠﻴﺇﻭ ﻨﻴﺯﻭ ﺭﻜﻴﺭ ﺎﻨﻴﺘﺭﺎﻤﻭ ﺔ ﻱﺭﺘﻋﺯ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ لـﻤﻋ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﺎ ﻠﻤﻋ ﻥ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ( ﻥﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺯﺭﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ · ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﺓ ، ﻥﻌﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ، ﻑﻭﺭـﻅ ﻲـﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯـﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ، ﺭـﺴﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻬﻠﺌﺍﻭﻋ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌ ﻝ ﻥﺎـﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﻘﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺭﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗﻭ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻨﻌﻝ ﻕ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭ ﻤ ﻴ ﻥﺎﺠﻴﺸ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ، ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ، ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﺒﺠﺃ ﻲ ﺡﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺜ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺍ ﺫﺎـﺨﺘﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻝﺁﻭ ﻲﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷ ﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ، ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺓ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺕﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺩﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺭـﺠﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻬﻌﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺔﺌﻔﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸـﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻡﻭـﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻴﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ،ﺭﺼـﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ لﺩﺒﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝ ﻥﻭﻴﻤﺩ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻭ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ) ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤ · ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻭ لﻭﺨﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻭﺠ ﻱﺍﺭﻭ ،ﻑﻼﺨ ﻰﻨﻤ ﻡﻨﺎﻏ ( ، ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓﻭ ) ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤ · ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺔﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺱﻴﻤﻝﻭ ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ﺱﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﺇﻭ ،ﺩﺎﺠ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ( ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﺍ ـﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝ ﺕﺎ ) ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤ · ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴﻭ ،ﺭﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻨ ( ، ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻙﻠﻤﻨ ﻻ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻀﺭﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺼﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻸﻝ - ﹰ ﻼﺜﻤ - ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻝ ﻤ ﻭ ﺎﻨﻋﻭﺭﺸ ﻝ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬ ﺔـﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻌﺒﺘﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ( ﻥﺩﻋﺃ ﻡﺜ ،ﻥﺤﺯﻨ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ١٠ ﺎﻬﺒﺒﺴﺒﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻥﻫﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻓ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌ ، لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﺩﺌﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻪـﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺴـﻴﻔﻜﻨﺍﺭﻏ ﺎـﻤﻠﻴﻫ ) Hilma Granqvist ( ﻲﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ١٩٣١ - ٣٥ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻁﺭﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ) ﻯﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻨﻴﺭﺸﻋ ﻴ ﺎ ﺕ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ( ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﻔﺘﻠﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺕﺎ ﻩﺫـﻫ لﻼـﺨ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺯﺭﺒ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻓﺩﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻴﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﺒ ، ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻻﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺈﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺍ ﻥﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻝﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺍﻭﺤﺃ ﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺩﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻲﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺌﺸ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺒﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ٤٨ ﹰ ﺎﺘﻓﻻ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ، ﺭﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﻭ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ﻭﻝ ﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻨﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﺼﻗ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩ ﻐ ﺓﺯﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭ ﻕـﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺓﺭـﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴـﻠﻔﻝﺍ ،ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﺜﻼﺜ ﺔ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ - لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ - ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘ ﺓ ﻕﺎﻴـﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ · ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﺕﺤﺠﻨ ﺩﻘﻝ ، ﺓﺫـﻓﺎﻨ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ) لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ · Jad 1990; Peteet 1997 ( ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ ، ﻑﺸﻜ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﺴـﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺘـﺤﻻ ﻥﻋ لﻴﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺨﻀ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﹰ ﻼﺜﻤ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭـﻐﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﺘﻜﻻﺍ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺠﺄﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺒ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺕﺎـﺠﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺎ ﺕﺎـﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺕﺎـﺠﻭﺯ ) Moors 1995 ( ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻓ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯ ﻥﻬﻔـﺼﻭﺒ لﺯﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺭ ، ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺊﻁﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ) Lang and Mohanna 1992 ( ﹰ ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ، ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﹸ ﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺡﺭﻁ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻫ ﺭﻴﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺔـﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻓ لﺨﺍﺩ ) ﻰـﻠﻋ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻔﺴﻜﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨ · Oxfam International ( ﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ، ﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ل ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ، ﺎﻴﺎﻀـﻘﺒ ﺔﻤﺘﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﺕﺤﺘﻓ ﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺠ ﺕﻻﺎ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺍ ﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻭ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺕﺤﺘﻓ ﺓﺩﺎـﻋﺇ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻁﻁﺨﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ) Taraki 2006 ( ، ﻙﻝﺫـﻜﻭ لﻭﺎـﻨﺘ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺃﺭﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻥ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ، لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻐ ﺔﻴﺒﺭ ) Rosenfeld 2004 ( ، ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀـﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﻘﻝﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺍ ﺀﺎﺴـﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻ لﻴﻠﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ) Kanaaneh 2002 ( ﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃ ، ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﺘﻨﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻻﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﺘﻨﺘ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ، ﻎﻴﺎـﺼ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺯﻭﺭ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻡﺎﻬﻝﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ ) لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ · Sayigh 2002 ( ﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻥﻻﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻥﺎﺘﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ) ﺱﻴـﻠﻴﻨﻴﺇﻭ ﺔـﻠﺤﻨ ﻭـﺒﺃ ﺱﻴﻤﻝﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﺠ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ( ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﹸ ﺘ ﻩ` ﺩِ ﻌ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ، لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﺏﻭﺭـﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ، ﻭ ﺕﺎـﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺃﺩﺒﻴﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺔﻅﺤﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺓ ، ﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﺘﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﻪ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ( ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩـﺘﻤﻤ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﺱﻴﻤﻝ ﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺔ ﻭ ﺱﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﺇ ﻥﻴﺘـﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺯﻜﺭﻴﻓ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ، ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﹰ ﺍ ﻤﺴﺎﺤ ﹰ ﺎ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ، ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ ، ` ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺸـﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺘﻤﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻫﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺩﺎﺠ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ، ﻻﺃ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻲﻫ ﹰ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ١١ ﺏﺤﺎﺼﺘ ﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝ ﻭ ﹰ ﻼﻴﺩﺒ ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ ، ﺎﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ لﻴﺼﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺕﺤﺘ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡـﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﻲـﻬﻓ ﺙـﺤﺒﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺫﻫ ﺡﺭﻁ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻥﺎﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻬﻁـﻀﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎـﺤﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﺱﺭﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻲﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ،لﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻕﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻕﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ لﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ لـﻔﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ) ﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺢﺘﻓ ( ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﻘﻨﺇ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺇ ﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻ ﻥﻴﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﺎﻫ ﺘ ﻥﺎﻔﺸﻜ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝ ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ لﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺘﺭﻴﻅﻨﺒ ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﺇ ـﺨ لﻼ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﺌﺠﺎﻔﺘ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝ · ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺭﻁﻴﺴ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺎﻨﻨﺎﻫﺫﺃ ﻓ ﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻔ ﻰﻝ ، ﺕﺠﺘﻨﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺕﻻﻭـﺤ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ، ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﻜﻭ ﺍﺩﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ، ﺇ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥ ﹰ ﺍﺭـﻴﻁﺨﻭ ﺕﺎـﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝ ، ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﹼ ﺜﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻘ ﻱﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻭﺠ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻭ لﻭـﺨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﺤﺯﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻨﺎﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﻅ ﺩﺠﻨ ﹰ ﺔﺴﻜﻌﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺼﺘ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﻨﺎﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻭ لﻭﺨﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺩـﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺍ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻐﻝ ) ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻷﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ( ﻲـﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻠﻝ ﻪﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺭﺤ ﺭﺤ ﺔـﻴ ﺔـﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻬﺘﺎﻓﺭﺸ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥ ﻥﻬﻠﻴﺴـﻏ ﺭﺸﻨﻝ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻭﻠﺠﻠﻝ ، ﻥﺃ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻊﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻋ لﺎﺼﻔﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤ ﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻴﺩﺅ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻝﺍ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﺭـﺴﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻻ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻕﻴﻤﻌ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤ ﻲﻫ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ · ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻨ ﻡﻝ ﺓﺭـﻤ لـﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺎﺨﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻕﺭﻁﻴ ﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺩﺤ ﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺈ ﺎﻗ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹﺍ ﻥ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨ ، ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﻴ لﺎﻔﻁﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ، ﻑﻴﻀﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻁﻭﻐﻀ ﻪـﺠﻭ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕﺎـﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻌﺸـﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﹸ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻭ لﻭﺨﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ ـﻏ ﻡﻨﺎ ، ﺎﻤﻬﻠﺨﺩﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺎﺜﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻯﺩـﻤﻝﺍ لـﻴﻭﻁ ﺭـﺜﻷﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ، ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻀﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺫﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻥﻔﻔﺨﻴﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺌﺩﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﻱﺍﺭ ﺭﻴﺸﻴﻭ ﺭﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻋ ﻭﻁﺨﺘ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﺹﺨﺸ ؛ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﻑﻭﻝﺄﻤ ،ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﻨﺘـﺴﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻴ ﺭﻘ ﻱﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴ ﺒ ﺎ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﻌﻨ ، ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ لﺒ ﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﺼ ،ﻡﺘﻫﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺒ ﺒ ﺘﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻬ ﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﻥﻬﺘ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺏﺭﺎـﻗﺃ ﻩﺎﺒـﺸﺃ ) fictive kin ( ، لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ،ﻲﻨﺒﺘﻠﻝ ﺒﻭ ﱠ ﺜـﻤ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻐﺼ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻥﻠ ﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻻﺩﻨﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ١٩٧٥ ( ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﻥﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻬﻨﺄﻜ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺩـﺤﺇ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ، ﻭ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻬﻴ ﺎﻤ - ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ - ﺏﺭـﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ لﻭﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ،ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻔﻤ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﺫـﺠ ﺔـﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﺤﺯﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺯﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻜ ، لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ، ـﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ` ﻥـﹸ ﻜ ١٢ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻬﻗﻭﻘﺤﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻥﻬﺘﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻫ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﺓﺭـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘ ﺓﺄﺠﻓ ﻥﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻭﺒ ﻥﻬﻔﺼ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻑﺌﺍﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ لﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺨﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻁﺨ ﻙﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ ﻴﻭ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻱﺍﺭ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔـﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻭﺠ ﺔﻴﻌﻠﺴـﻝﺍ ﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻤﻝﻭ ) commodified and globalized ( ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ، ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻁﻗﻹﺍ ﻡﺩﻗﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺴ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺴﻨ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻋ ﻯﻭﻗ ﺭـﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺕﺎﻤﺴ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﺘﻤ ٍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ٍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻓ ﻜﺭﺘ ﹰ ﺎﺘﻗﺅﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺒﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺯ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻭﺃ لﻴﺒـﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻤ ﻪﻠﻴﺤﺭ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﻋ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﹰ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤ لﻅﺘ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺫﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ٧٧ لﻤﺸ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﺢﺴﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ١٨٢٣٤ ،ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺱﺭﺩﺘ ﻰﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄـﺘ ﻑﻼـﺨ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺫـﺨﺘﺘ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺠﻭﻓ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺤﺭﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ، ﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ لﻘﺘﻨﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻴ ﹰ ﺎ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻅﻓﺎﺤﻴ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺎﺒ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ، ﻡﻬﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎـﻤﻠﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻼﺨ ﻰﻨﻤ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻴﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﺜﻤ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺕﻝﺎﻁ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺱﺭﺩﺘﻓ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ﻭ ﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻜﺄﺒ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ لﺨﺩﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝ ﺩﻴﻔﻤ - ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ - ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺼﺭ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﻋﺩﺘ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻥﺇ ﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺇ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻨﺜ ﺕﻠﻤﺸ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ١٩٩٤ ، ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﺎـﻨﺒﻝ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻤ ﺔﺌﺎﻤ ﺕﻠﻤﺸ ﻊﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩـﻘﻝ ﻥﺎـﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻁ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺍ ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ لﺎﻔﻁﻷ ﹰ ﺎ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺭﺠﺎﻫ ، ﺔـﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻤﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺍﺩـﻨﻜ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻀ ﺕﻌﺒﺎﺘ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻑـﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎ ﺍﻭ ، لﺎﻴﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤﻭ ، ،ﻙﻴﻭﺯﻨﻭﺭﺒﻭﻴﻨﻭ ﻭ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻫﻭ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺇ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻥ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻗ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺫﺇ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎﻌ ﻝ ،ﻡﻋﺩﻴ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺥﺭﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕ ` ﻫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ` ﻥ ﻤ ﻥ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻌﺠﺸ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸ - ﻲـﻓ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ - ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻨﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻲﻫﺎـﻤﺘﻝﺍ ) identification ( ﻊـﻤ ﻥﺎـﻨﺒﻝ ﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺎ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻜﺒﺘﺸﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻑـﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭـﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺠﻴﺸـﻴﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﱠ ﻁﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺭﺎﺼﺤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭـﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺕﻘﺜﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺤ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻊـﻤ ﺎـﻬﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻩﺎـﺒﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻌﻝﻭ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻴﻗ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﺒ ﺭﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﻡ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ` ﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺒﺨ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻌ ﻥﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺡﺭﻁ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻪﺘﺤﺭﻁ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ،ﺭﻜﻴﺭ ﺎﻨﻴﺘﺭﺎﻤﻭ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ٢ ﻭ ﻫ ﻲﻓ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﺍﺫ ﹸ ﻕﺌﺎـﻘﺤﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤﺘ ١٣ ﹶ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭـﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻊﻀﺘﻭ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻥـﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝ ) JMEWS ( ، ﺢﺘﻔﻴ ﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭـﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻎﻴﺎﺼ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺯﻭﺭ ﺡﺭﻁ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭـﺴﻷﺍ ،ﺔـﻤﺯﻸﻝ لـﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ ) Sayigh 2007 ( ، ﺫﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻑﺼﻭﺒ ’ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ‘ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﺠﺘﻤ ﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ لﺸﻓ ﻕﺎﻴ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ لﺸﻓﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍ ) Joseph and Rieker, submitted ( ﻝﺍ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬ ١ ﺕﻠﺼﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ) International Development Research Center, Cairo and Ottawa ( ﺩﺭﻭﻓ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻭ ) Ford Foundation, Cairo ( ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻭ ) Population Council, Cairo ( ﻑﻴﺴﻴﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍﻭ ) UNICEF, Cairo ( ﺎﻴﻨﺭﻭﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻭ - ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺱﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺠﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﻤﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻤ ﺎﻴﻨﺭﻭﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ - ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺱﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﺒ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ٢٠٠١ ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺴ ﻡﻬﻓ · ﺱﻴﻤﻝ ﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺔ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ، ﻱ ﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻫ ، ﺓ ، ﻱﺭﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺃ ﺒ ، ﺎ ﺭﺒﺭ ﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﺒ ،ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﻴ ﻲﻨ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ،ﻑﻼﺨ ﻰﻨﻤ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻭﺠ ﻱﺍﺭ ، ﺏﺎﹼ ﺘﻜ ﻥﻴﻠﻴﺇ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ ، ﺱﻴﻠﻴﻨﻴﺇ ،لﻭﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻨ ،ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ﺭﺒﺎﻨ ﺭﻜﻴﺭ ﺎﻨﻴﺘﺭﺎﻤ ، ، ﻨﻴﺯ ﺔ ﻱﺭﺘﻋﺯ ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﻡﻜﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ www.afwg.info 2 ﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺞ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ، ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ لﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ،لﻜﺸﺘ ١٤ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ Doumani, Beshara, ed. 2003 Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property and Gender. 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New York: Columbia University Press. ١٥ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ : ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ * ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﺎﻨﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺱﻴﻤﻝﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝ ﺎﻨﺘﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺯﻜﺭ ،ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ لﺘﺤﻴ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺭﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﺕﻝﺩﺒﺘ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻼﻋﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻀﻴﻔﺨﺘﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻁﻴﺴﺒﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺩﺍﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻑﺸﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺫﺇ ؛ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺇ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻷﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺱﺄﻴ ﻰﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ لﻭﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻠﻝ ﺭﺎﺼ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺕﻌﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﹰ ﻻﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻲﻨﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﺃ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ،ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻤﺃ لﻗﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺨ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﺘ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘ ﺀﺍﺩﻫﺇ ﺭﺎﺼﻨ ﻡﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺎﻬﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ) ١٩٥٤ – ٢٠٠٨ ( ﺔﻤﺯﺘﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤﺒ ﺎﻨﺘﻤﻬﻝﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ١٩٨٩ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ،ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺓﻭﺭﺫ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺽﺎﻴﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺼﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ٣٣ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻤﺯ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ لﺎﻤﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﺴﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﺎﻴﺭ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﺎﻤﺃ ؛ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺽﺎﻴﺭ ﻰﻓﻭﺘﺴﺍ · ﹰ ﻼﺠﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ لﻭﺒﻘﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻋﻭ ﺍﺫ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﹰ ﻼﺠﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁ ﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ * Penny Johnson, Lamis Abu Nahle, and Annelies Moors, “Weddings and War: Marriage Arrangements and Celebrations in Two Palestinian Intifadas”, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3, (Fall 2009), pp. 11-35. ١٦ ﺔﻔﺼ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﺒ ﻥﻴﻋﺍﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻔﺼﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻬﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺭﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ – ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﺒ - ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻤﺤ ﻉﺎﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺤﻝﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻭﺸﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻓﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻀﺤﻝ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺎﻴﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺘﺨﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ لﻴﻭﻁ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻉ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﺭﻤﺍﻭﺄﺒ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ( ﺓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺤﺠﻨ ، ﹰ ﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻌﺸ ﻑﻴﻔﺼﺘﻝ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ لﺤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﻨﻗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ لﻭﻘﺘ · ﺭﺌﺎﻔﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺽﺎﻴﺭ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻭ ،ﺭﺨﺄ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ لﺼﻭ ﻥﻴﺤﻭ لﻭﻘﻝ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻙﻭﺭﺒﻤ ،ﻙﻭﺭﺒﻤ ” ، لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏﺍﺭﻀﺇ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ل` ﺠﺴ ﺍﺫﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺭﻜﺫﺘ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ لﻭﻘﺘ · ﺏﻫﺩ ﻻﻭ ،ﻪﻠﺒﺩ ﻻﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﹸ ﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻘﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ) ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺁ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻱﺃ ( ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﺨﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ، · ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻫﺫﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﹰ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﻀﻤﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ لﺄﺴﺘ ؟ﺎﻨﻝﻭﻘﻋ ﺕﺒﻫﺫ ﻥﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﻘﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺭﺴﻓ ﻡﺜ · ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ،ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﻐﺸﻴ ﺎﻤ ﱠ ل` ﺠ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻤﺃ لﻗﺃﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻨﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﺍ لﻼﺨﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺩﻘﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ٢٠٠٦ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ ، ٢٩ ،ﻰﻠﻴﻝ ﻥﻤ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ٢٢ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺒ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺨﺘﻤ ﻰﻠﻴﻝﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺭﺨﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﻭﺠ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻏ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻪﺌﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻬﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺢﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻐﺼﻷﺍ ﺥﻷﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺌﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻪﻠﻴﺤﺭﺘ ﻡﺘ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺩﻤﺤﻷ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ · ،ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺕﺴ ﻥﻋ لﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻥﺴ ﻕﺭﻓﻭ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻗ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻﺃ ﻁﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻤﻋ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ · لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ل` ﻀﻓﺃ ﻲﻨﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻻ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻪﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺈﺒ ﻡﺎﻘﻓ ،لﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﺠﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﺎﻋﺃ لﺒ ،ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﺎﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺘﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺒﺎﻁ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ لﺯﻨﻤ · ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺃ ﻲﻜﻝ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺩﺃ ﻥﺃ ` ﻲﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺭﺘﺸﺃ ﻡﻝ ﺱﺒﻼﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﺎﺒﻏﺭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﺒ ﺎﺘﻤﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﺘﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭﻭ ﻰﻠﻴﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻑﻝﺃ ﺕﻴﻁﻋﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺒﺴ ﺎﻨﻘﻔﻨﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺨﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻫﺃﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻨﺃ ﺎﻨﺒﻫﺫ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ٣٠٦٠ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ · ،ﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ٣ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻥﻴﺘﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ لﻼﺨ ﺕﺩﻴﹸ ﺸ ﺡﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ ﻁﻴﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻋ ﺽﻭﺎﻔﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻉﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻀﱠ ﻔﺨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻰﻠ ٦٥٠٠ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ لﻜﻴﺸ ﹰ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒﻭ ﻎﻠﺒ ﻪﻓﻭﻴﻀ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺭﺨﺘﻔﻴ ،ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﺒﺤﻤﻭ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ١٥٠٠ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺹﺨﺸ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻥﻭﻋﺩﻴ ﻻ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ١٧ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﺴﻤﺨ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﻅﻨﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ) DJ ( ﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻔﺤﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩ ﺴﺍ ﻊﺘﻤﺘ ﺒ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺎ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﺒ ﻥﻬﺒﺎﺠﻋﺇ ﻥﻴﺩﺒﻴ ﻥﻫﻭ ﺕﻼﻔﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻪﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﻊﻤ ﺹﻗﺭﻠﻝ لﺨﺩ ﺙﻴﺤ ، لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺜﺩﺤﺘﻴﻭ ﺓﻭﻬﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﺘﺤﻴ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺠﺭﺨﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﻠﺨﺩﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻥﺎﺘﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺎﻫ ﺡﺭﻁﺘ ﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻔﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻀﺎﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻀﺎﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺎﻤ ؟ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ؟ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺨﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻡﻬﻔﻨ ﻑﻴﻜ ؟ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ؟ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻬﻴﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ - ﻭ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﺠﺭﺎﺨ - ﻤ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻝ ﻲﻫ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻤﻬ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ٤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺨﻀ ﻕﻭﺭﻓ ﺔﻤﺜﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ لﻜﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻜﺭﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻅ لﻅ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﺘﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻬﻴﺒﺸ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﻑﻭﺭ ) ١٩٨٨ – ١٩٩٣ ( ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ ٢٠٠٠ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ( ﺩﻀ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺎﺨ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃﻭ · ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻝﻹ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺜﻭﺘﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺤﻀﺘﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ،ﺭﻫﺍﻭﻅﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﺎﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻡﻬ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻜ ﺩﺭﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﻨ ﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﺒ ﻥﺎﺘﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗ – ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ - ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻥﻴﻨﺜﻻﺍ ﺕﻀﻓﺭ ﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﺘ ﻕﻘﺤﻴﻝ ،ﺙﻭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﺘﺍﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝ ،ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺩﺎﻜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺭﺨﺩﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺔﺠﻴﺯ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻪﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻌﻗﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺘﺄﻴ ﺩﻤﺤﺃﻭ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺨﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴ ﻕﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻋﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﺃ ﺎﺘﺩﻬﺸ ﺩﻗ ﹰ ﺎ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻘﻓﺇﻭ ،ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺄﺘ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺓﺯﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﺒ ١٩٦٧ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻝﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺹﻠﻘﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﻭﺭﺒﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺔﻘ` ﻤﻌﻤ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻴﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ؛ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻁﺎﺨ ﹰ ﺍﺀﻭﻀ ﺩﻤﺤﺃﻭ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻲﻘﻠﺘ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺕﻨﻤﻀﺘ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ،ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻨﺜﻹﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻊﻀﻭ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻠﺒ ﻊﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺭﺒﺨ ٥ ﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ لﻼﺨ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺌ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ١٨ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃﺭﻁ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺝ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ؛ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﻨﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ لﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻸﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ : ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ - ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ - ﺀﻻﺅﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﺠﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ٦ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ - ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ - ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﺎﻤﻫﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﻯﺭﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﻘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﻊﻤ ﻙﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺎﺒﻭ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ · Taraki 2006 ( ﺍ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ، ﻥﻴﺒ ﺏﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ، ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻼﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻁ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺯﺎﺤ ﻱﺃﺭ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻓﺭﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ · ﻭﻫ ﻲﻋﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺓﺭﻴﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻋ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻜ ﺎﻬﻀﻭﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﻴ ﻊﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻠ ، ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﻴﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﻨﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺤ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ،ﺎ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﺩﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ، ﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻓ ﺔﻨﻭﺭﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻯﻭﺩﺠ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ،ﻡﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺝﺍ ﻼﻤﻭ ﺀ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ لﺜﻤ ،ﺔﻤ - لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ - ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ) ﻨﺍ ﺭﻅ [ ﻱ · Moors 1995, 87; Johnson 2006 ( ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻤﺤﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻌﺌﺎﺸ ﺔ ﺒ` ﺭﹶ ﻘ` ﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ` ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺍﺯ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺭ ﺙﻴﺤ ٢٠٠٤ ( ، ٧ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻭﻴﻋ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﺒ ﻩﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﺨﺁ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃ ﻻ ؛ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﺄﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ) ﻭﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ لﻤﺍ ( ؛ ٨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﻭ ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﻭ ﺀﺎﺴـﻨﻝﺍ ﺭـﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺭﻴ ﻥﺇ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ 'ﻱﺃ ،ﻕﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺠ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩ ﺫﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺒﺍﺭ ،لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻨﻻﺍ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﺎﻜﺸﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺽـﻌﺒ ل` ﻀﻓ ﺩﻘﻓ لـﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺭﺒﺠﺃ ﻥﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺭﻌﺸ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻝﻷﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ ﺓﺭـﺴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺼﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻼﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺠﺭﹸ ﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ١٩ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ) ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ( ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻁﺭﺨﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺎﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻐﻁﻴ ،ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺴﻴ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻴ ﻜ ﻲ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻤﻫﺩﺤﻭ ﺎ ﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ، ﻥﻴﻝﻭـﺘﻴ ﻥـﻜ ﻲﺘ – ﹰ ﺎـﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ - ﻥـﻤ ﺭـﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍﻭ · ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ِ ﺕﻨﺃ ﺕﻘﻓﺍﻭ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻀﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﺈﻓ ،لﻴﺠ ﺩﺭﻤﺘ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺃﺭ ﺩﻗ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ،ﻥﻴﺒﺭﺎﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ؛ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﺅ ) ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ( ﻥـﻬﻝ ﻥﻬﻀـﻌﺒﻭ ، لﻭﺨﺩـﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻌﺠﺸ` ﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ لﺒ ﻥﻤﻋﺩ ﻴ ﺩﻗ ،ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺌﻻﻭﺒ ﻉﻭﻓﺩﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻬﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻲﻝﺎﻀﻨ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺩﻘﺘﻔﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻏﺭ ؛ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺒﻌﻝ ﺕﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺩـﻤﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﻷ ١٩٧٧ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺫﺇ ، ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺤﻁﺼﺍ ﺘﻤﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﺭﻭﻀﺤﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻪ ﺔـﻤﻜﺤﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﻤ ﺊﺒﺘﺨﻴ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺒﺤﺭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺀﺎـﻨﺜﻷﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺤ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺕﻝﺄﺴ ﻡﺎﻴﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺜ · ؟ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﻭﻨﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺎـﻨﻴﻝ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ، · ﺏﻭـﻠﻁﻤ ﻪـﻨﺇ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺏﻌﺼ ﺭﻤﻷﺍﻭ لﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒﻭ · ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻭ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻡﻠﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ِ ﺕﻘﻓﺍﻭ ِ ﺕﻠﺒﻗﻭ ﺕﻨﺃ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺘﺭﺭﻗﻭ ﻙﺒ ﻭﻫ لﺒﻗﻭ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺩﺘ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻥﺎﻀﻤﺭ ﻡﻭﺼﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﻑﺼﺘ لﻭـﻘﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ · ﻲﺴﺭﻋ لﻴﺨﺘﺃ ﺍﺫﻜﻫ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻘﺘﻨﺃ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻥﻵﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺓﺭﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺎﻨﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ﺎـﻬﺒﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻡﺜ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﺒ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻥﻷ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺴﺤﺘ ﻲﻤﻫﻭ ﺝﻭﺯ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﹰ ﺎﺘﻨﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺕﺒﺠﻨﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ لﺍﺯـﻴ ﻻ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻤﻬﻨﺎﻋﺃ ،ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻀﻗ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺝﺭﻓﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻌﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﺔﻨﺒﻻﺍ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻑﻁﺎـﻌﺘﻤ ﺦﻴﺸ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﻲﻤﺴﺭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘ ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺀ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻻﻭ لﻌﺠ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ؛ﺎﻤ ﺩﺤ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻴﻠﻀﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﻷ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻋ ﺝﺭﻓﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﺭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ · ﻫﺫ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ،ﺏ ) ﺍﺩﻨﺭ لﻭﻘﺘ · ﺩﻘﻝ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺭﺒﻜ ( ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜ ﻥﻭﺩﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺃﺭ ﺕﺭ` ﻴﻏ ﺍﺩﻨﺭ ﻥﻜﻝ · ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻨﺎﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ · ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻻ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜ ﻪﺌﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻩ` ﺭﺴ ﺕﻅﻔﺤ ﻡﻴﺭﻜ ﺓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻤﺃ ﻲﻨﺘﺩﻨﺎﺴ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻱﺩﺒﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺎﻤﻬ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻅﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﻝ ﺙﺭﻭ ﺭﺼـﺘﺨﺍ ﻡـﺜ ﻥـﻤﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻜﻭﺫﻭﺜﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﻭﻨﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﺴ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺼﻨﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺎـﻨﻴﻝ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻁﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﺎﺤ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺤﺭﻤ ﺱﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺅﻁﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﺠﻴﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺍﺅﻤ ٢٠ لﻀﺎﻨﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ · ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﺴﺤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻀـﻨﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻱﺫ ﺱﻴﺭﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﺤﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻼﺌﺎﻫ ﹰ ﺎﻗﺭﻓ ﺱﻤﻠﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻔ ١٩٩٢ ، ﺕﺭﺭﻗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺌ ﺓ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ٢٩ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝ ﻥﺃ ،ﺕـﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺴ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻬﻓ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﺘ ٢٧ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻁ لﺍﺯﻴ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﻼﻁ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺸﺎﻨ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﺸﻋ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﻑﻁﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ · ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ لﺎـﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺕﺍﺭـﺘﻓ ﺕﺴ ﻰﻀﻤﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻑﻴﻀـﺘﻭ · ﺴﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺴ ﻪﻅﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻴﻜ ﺢﺘﻔﺘ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﺒﺍﻭﺒﺃ ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺭﺨ ﻥﻴﺤﻭ ،ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩـﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺼﻤ ،ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺎﻀﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻬﻓ ` ﺭﺨﺄﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ – ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ لﺎﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﻲﺘ ﹰ ﻼﻀﺎﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺨﺸ ﻓ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﺎﺸـﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﺍﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻘﻴﻘﺸﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨ ﻥﻤ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺙﻼﺜﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ١٩٩٥ ﻥﻼـﻋﺇﻭ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻡﺴﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻴﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ` ﻡﺘ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ،ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻊﻴﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻤ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ٢١ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝ` ﺭﺨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻊﺒﺭﺄﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻜﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﻲﻨﻭﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻋﺎﻨﻘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺜﻤﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺭﺩﺘﻘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﹰ ﻼﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﻜ ﺭﺎﺼ ،ﻪﺌﺎﻘﺸﺄﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﹰ ﻼﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭـﺴﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻘﺘﻋﻼﻝ ﺔﻀﺭﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻪﻌﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻪﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻗ ﺎﻬﻤ ل ﺎﻫﺭﺫـﺤ ﺩـﻗﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻝﺍﻭ · لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺝﺭﺨﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻴ ﺔﺒﻴﻘﺤ لﻤﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻨﺒ ﻱﺩﻨﻋ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻕﱢ ﺜ` ﻭ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﺭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ١٩٩٨ 'ﻱﺃ ، ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻭ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﺎـﺠﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻊﻤ ﻼﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ لﻭﻁﻝﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻔﻗﻭﻤﺒ ﻱﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯ ﺕﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔ ﹰ ﺎـﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺜﺄﺘ ،ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﺔـﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻱﺩﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻗ ﺵ` ﻤﻫ ﺎﻤﻤ ؛ﺢﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻨﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ـﻨﻝﺍ ﺴ ﺀﺎ ) Johnson and Kuttab 2001, 26 ( ﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻭﻀﻭ ﺩﺸﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻴ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ٩ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ لﻘﺘﻋﺍ ، ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻩﺅﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ،ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺊﻁﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩـﻌﺒ ﻡﺜ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ،ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﺝﺭﻓﺃ ٢٠٠٦ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ؛ ﺕـﺌﺠ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺃ ﻡﻝ ﻲﻨﻜﻝ ؛ﹰ ﺎﻤﺩﻘﻤ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻐﻠﺒﻤ ﺕﻌﻓﺩ ) ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ( ﻡﻬﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻌﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﺴﻘﻨﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻤﺃ ﺔﺒﻴﺨ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻡﺜ · ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻔﻗﻭﺘ ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺠﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻴﺯﺤ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻥﻴﺯﺤ ﻡﻌﻨ ﻥﻭﺩـﺒ ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ – ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ – ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻁﻠﺴ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﺘﻴ ﺍﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺫﻔﻨﺘ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ ٢١ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﻥﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﻁﻭ لﺍﺯﻴ ﻻ ، ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﻌﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ لﻤﺤﺘﺘ ﻲ ﺔﻤﺎﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺍﺩﺼ ﻲﻓ ،ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻓ ﻪﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻩﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻥﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯﻻﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﺱﻼﻓﺇ ﻊﻤ ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘﺘ ،ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﺩﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻓﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺴﻨﺍ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ لﻭﺤﺘ لﺠﺭﻠﻝ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻁﻘﻓ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ لﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻥ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻭ ﻰـﺘﺤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ،لﻭﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺘﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁ ،ﺓﻭﺭﻤ ﻭﻜﺸﺘ ،ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻡﺭﺘﺤﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺄﺴ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺤ ؛ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻀﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻻ ،ﻻ ﻥﻭﻝﻭﻘﻴ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ،ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﻴﺭﻴ ؟ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﺭﺘ لﻫ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺌﺠﻻ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﻭ ﺒ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺎﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺩﻬﺸﺘﺴﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ لﻜﺸ ﻭ ﻊﺒﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤ ﺌﺠﻼﻝ ﻴ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻋﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻥ ﻯﻭﺭﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻓ ، ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻔ ٢٠٠٦ ﻥـﻤ ﻯﻭﺭﺃ ﺕـﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺅﻝ ﻥ ﻲـﻓ ﺄﺸﻨ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻭﺼﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﻪﺘﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﺸ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺠ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝ ﺃ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﺘﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻤﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﻥﻭﺜﺒﺸﺘﻴ ﻥﻤﻝ ﻯﻭﺭ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻝﺎﻜ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ، ﺎـﻤﻬﻤ ﻕـﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﺎـﻤﻜ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺏﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺎﻤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺤ · ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺼ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻓ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻬﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﻴﻠـﻀﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎـﺴ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﻴ لﻴﺒـﺴ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺸـﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﻲﻓ لﻘﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺏﺎﻜﺭﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﻝ ﺩﺭﻭﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺌﺎﺴ لﻤﻌﻴﻭ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻬﺸ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﻥﺠ` ﺴﻭ ،ﺭﺎﺠﺤﻷﺍ ﻪﺌﺎﻘﻝﺇ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻪﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ` ﻋ ﺏﻴﺭ · ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺎـﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻰﻠﺨﺘ ﺩﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ` ﺏﺴﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻭ لﻭﻘﺘ ` ﻋ ﺏﻴﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ١٦ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻗﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ · ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻥﻤﻴﻬﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺏﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ – ﺀﺎﻗﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺼﻼﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﺴﺩﻌﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﻬﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ – ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻀ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻅﻫﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻋ لﻔﺤ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ٢٠٠٠ ﻡﺩـﻘﻤﻭ ﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴـﻤ ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻓﻭ ،ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﺩﻗ ﻕﺍﺩﺼ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺒﻘﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻬﺴﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻨﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ، ﺩـﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺭﺩﺼـﻤﻭ لـﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨ · ﻊﻴﺒﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ لﺎﻴﺘﻏﺍ ٢٠٠٤ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ لﻴﺠﺄﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﺠﺘ ﺭﻅﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺏ ﻥﻤ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ لﺒ ،ﻡﺤﻝ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺩﻓﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻴـﺸ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺎﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ؛ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﱠ ﻨِ ﺤﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ٢٢ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻌﻨﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﻡﺃ ﻁﻴﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭـﻌﺘ ﺩـﻘﻓ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺤﺘﻗﻻ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺏﻴﺭﻋ · ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺒﻴ ﺍﻭﺀﺎﺠ ﻩﻭﺫﺨﺃﻭ ﻪﺴﺭﻋ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻤﺠﻬﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ لﺨﺩ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﻓﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺨﺭﺼ ﺝﺭﺨﻤ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻋﺎﺴ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﺼﺎﺤﻤ ﺎﻨﺴﻠﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻋ ﻡﻭﻴ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻥﻠﻌﺘ ﺏﻴﺭﻋ ﺔﺴـﻴﺴﻤ ﺭـﻴﻏ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﻝ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺄﺠﻓ · ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎـﻨﻤﻼﻋﺃ ﻊﻓﺭﻨ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺱﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﺤﻨﻭ ﻡﻭﺎﻘﻨ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﹰ ﻻﺎﻁﺒﺃﻭ ﹰ ﻻﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺏﺠﻨﻨ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻴﻬﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺯﻬﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻨ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺱﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺎﻤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺯﺘﻤﺘ ،ﺍﺫﻜﻫ ﻋ ﺏﻴﺭ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻌﻝ ﺕﺎـﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻴﺤﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﺴﻨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺕﺭﻜﺫﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻭﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﺠﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺌﻴﻠﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺎﻤ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺕﺭﺩﺼ لﺒﻗ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭﻔﺘﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ لﺒ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤﻴﻬﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻻ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺇﻭ ﹰ ﺎـﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻱﺩﺎـﻴﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ لﺒ ؛ﺏﺴﺤﻓ لﺎﻘﺘﻋﻼﻝ ﺔﻀﺭﻋ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﻴﺘﻏﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﺓﺯﱠ ﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺤﻼﻤﻝﺎﺒ ، ﻥﺇﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺎﺒ لﺘﻗ ) Weizman 2007, 244 ( ﻭ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻪـﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻫﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻏ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ،ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻡﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺏﻌﺼﺃ ﻡﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻲﻫ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺽﻭﻌﻤ ﻡﺎـﻤﺘ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﻷ لﺎﻗ ﻡﺭﻜﻝﻭﻁ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ · ﺏﻭـﻠﻁﻤ ﻲـﻨﻨﻷ ﺽﻓﺭ ﺎﻫﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺭﺃ ) Issacharoff 2007 ( ﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﻥﺃ 'ﻱﺃ ﺕﺎ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻭ ﺘ ﻌﺠﺸ ﻲ ﺕ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻬﻨﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺎ ﻡﻝ ﺩﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺞﻴﻭﺯﺘﻝ ﻥﻴﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ · ﺩﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺸﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻡﺎـﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺩﻭـﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺍﻭﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﻥﻤﻤ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﻓﺯ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ لﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺯﺠﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ · ﺏﻫﺫ ﻻﻭ ﻡﺘﺎﺨ ﻼﺒ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺍﺫ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻤﻬﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺠﻨ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ، ﻕﺎﻓﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻤﻬﻓ ﻥﻜﺴﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺈﺒ ) ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﺴﻤ ( ﺔـﺒﻏﺭﻝ ﺕﻋﺎﺼﻨﺎﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﻡﻭﻴ ﺀﺍﺩﻐﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﺒ ﻪﺒﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﻠﺴﺭﺃﻭ ﻪﺘﻋﺯﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺜﺒﻝ ﺎﻤ ،ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﻑﺎﻓﺯ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻓ ﻱﺩﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺘﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻎﻝﺎـﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﻬﺸﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﺃ ﺢـﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺼ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻑﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ٢٣ ﻰﻘﺒﺘﺴ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ – ،لـﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻘﺒﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻎﻠﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻏ لﺜﻤ ﻕﻼﻏﻹﺍﻭ لﺍﻭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ - ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋﻭ ، ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻑﺎﻓﺯ ﺕﻼﻔﺤ ﻰـﻘﻠﺘﺘ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﺔـﻤﻬﻤ ﺙﺍﺩـﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤ ﺱﻭﺭـﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﻭ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺙﺎﺜﺃ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻫﺫ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﻭﺠﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺫﺌﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺫﺇ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﺸﻘﺘ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻉﺎﻁﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺍﻭﺠﺄﺒ ﻻ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝ ﺩﺤﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝ ﻥـﻋ ﻡﺎـﺠﺤﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺭﻌﺸ ﺩﻗﻭ ،لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺎﻓﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﺸﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﺠﻬﺒﻠﻝ ﻼﻌﻓ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﻘﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺯﺤ ﻊﻨﻤﺒ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺍﻭـﻗ ﻑـﻨﻌﻝ ﺎـﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻕﻁﺎـﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺨﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﺨﺫﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨﺒ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤﻜ ،لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻑﺸﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻊﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﻤﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥـﻋ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻠﻅ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ، ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ) Palestinianness ( ﺩﺠﻨ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﻡﺎـﻋ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻬﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺤﺴ ١٩٩٠ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺈﺒ ﻥﺎﺘﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﺠﺴـﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﺕﻭﺼ ﺽﻔﺨﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﻊﻤ ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺒ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﺒﺍ ﺩﻘﻔﻝ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻝﺎ ﺕﺭـﻜﺫ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﺎﻴﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﻪﺘﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﺽﺭﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺏﺨﺎﺼ لﻔﺤﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺤﺴ ﺏﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺘﺭﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻀﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﺩﺒ ﺎـﻤﺃ ، ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﻓﺎﻓﺯ ﺭﻭﺼ ﺕﺭﻀﺤﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺩﻭﺴ · ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺀﺍﺩﻭﺴ ﺓﺀﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺤﺴ ﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺭﻁ ﺎﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﺀﺎﻀ ١٠ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺘﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻭﻀﻭ ﺔـﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻤ ، ﺔـﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﺕﺎـﻋﺎﻗ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﻻﺎـﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻑﺎﻓﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﻤ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﺄـﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻊـﻤ ،ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﺴﺘﻤ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻘﺘﻝ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺘﻨﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﺎﺴـﻓ ﺔﻁﺎﺴـﺒ ﻊـﻤ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺎﻓﺯﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻝﺎﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ، ﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﻻﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺴ ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﻬﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﺒ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﺸـﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﻥﻜﺴﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ لﻭﺤ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻭﻋﺩﻴ ﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ لـﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻭﻀﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻠﻝ ﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻜﺴـﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴـﻤﺒ ﻕﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ، ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﻴﻤﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺯ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ لﺼﺎﻔﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﺘﻤﺎﺼﻝﺍ – ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻴﻌﻀ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ - ٍ ﻥﺎـﻏﺃ ﻥﻭـﻨﻐﻴﻓ ،ﻥﻴﻤﺜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺌﺍﺩﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺓﺄﺠﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺫﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺍﻭﺭﻬﻅ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻥﻭﻔﺘﺨﻴ ﻡﺜ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺜ ﻭ ﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻭ ﻲﻤﻬﻓ ﻑﺎﻓﺯ لﻔﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻯﺭـﻘﻝ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻬﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﻐﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺄﺠﻓ ﺭﻬﻅ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺏﺭﻗ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﺘﺃ ، ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﺏﺎﺒﺸـﻝﺍ ٢٤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻭ · ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﻠﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﻹﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻓ لـﻤﺤﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻓﻭﻔﺤﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻏ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺘ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﻡﻠﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻱﺫ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺏﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺩﻭﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﺜﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﹰ ﻻﻭﻠﺤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻘﺘﻔﺘ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺃ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻅﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﻝﻭ ﻓ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺭﻭ ﻑﺼـﺘ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺔﺒﺤﺼﺒﻭ ﻲﻤﻬﻓ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﺒﻫﺫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ · ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤ ﻥﻭﻨﺒﻴ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺩﺠﻭ ﻲﻤﺎﺴ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻡﻬﻝ لﺎﻗ · ﺞﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺩﻭﻋﺄﺴ ،ﻕﺌﺎﻗﺩ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺍﻭﺭﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻭ ﺦﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻭ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ لﺎﻗ · ؟ﺩﻭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺄﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺎﺒ ﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﻲﻤﺎﺴ ﺝﺭﺨ · ؟ﻲﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﻬﺸﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜﻨﻜﻤﻴ لﻫ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻤﺴﺘﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻱﺯـﻤﺭ ﻕﺍﺩﺼ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﺇ ) لـﺜﻤ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ( ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺼﻭ ﺕﺎﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻴﺜﻭﺘ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ،ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻬﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺭﺜ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻓﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﺘ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﺃ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻥﻼﻫﺎﺠﺘﻴ ﻥﺎﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ، ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻪﺤﺭﺸﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ · ﻥﺎﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺤ ﻱﺩﺘﺭﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻲﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺍﺭﻴﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﻲﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺍﺩﻴﻌﻴ ﻡﺜ ،ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻌﻝ ﺎﻨﻨﻴﺒ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﻼﻝ ﺀﺎـﺠ ﺎـﻤﻨﻴﺒﻓ ،ﺭﺨﺁ لﻭﻗ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺽﺎﻴﺭﻭ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ) ﺏﻫﺫ ﻻﻭ ﻡﺘﺎﺨ ﻼﺒ ( ﻻﺇ ،ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻱﺯﻤﺭ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻭﻁ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻴﺃ ﻲﻘﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻬﺴ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺔ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻫ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺤﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Moors 1995, 106ff; 2008 ( ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﻨ ﺽﻔﺨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺸﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﻡـﻝ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺎﺠﺤﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ـﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﻼﺒ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻫﺯ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﻥ ﹰ ﺎﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ لﻤﺤﺘ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺎﻬﺘﻜﺭﺤ ﺩﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﻫﺯ ﻥﺇ لﺒ ،ﺀﺍﺩﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻗﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ) town arrest ( ،ﺩـﻝﺎﺨ ،ﺎـﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻼﺨﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻓ ،ﻥﺠﺴـﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺒﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺎﺒ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻡﻠ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁﻓ ﺭﻴﻬﺴﻝ · ﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺎﺒ ﻱﺎﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻬﻌﻨﻗﺃ ﺔ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻏﺭﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻕﺍﺩـﺼ ﻡﺩـﻘﻤ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘ ﻡﺘ ،ﺭﻫﺯ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ٢٠٠٠ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ١٩٨٨ ﻝﻭ ،ﺏﻝﺎﻁ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻪﺘﻠﺌﺎﻌﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻫﺯ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡ ﻡﻬﺘﻨﺒﻻ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﺍﻭﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻤﺼ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻀﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ لﻅ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭـﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﻤﺘﻨﻼﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻨﺒﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ · ﻤ ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺩﻝﺎﺨﻭ ﺭﻫﺯ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﺕﺃﺩﺒﻭ ، ﻊﻴﺸﺘ ﺕﺫﺨﺃﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺼﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺽﺍﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﻑﻌﻀ ٢٥ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻭﻠﺘ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﺘﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤ ﺔـﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻊـﺒﺘﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻥﻴﺠﺴ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻭﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ١٩٩٥ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ، ﻊـﻴﻗﻭﺘ ﺩﻬﺸ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻓ ،ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﻊﺘﻤﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻡﺯﺘﻠﺘﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﻤ ﻑﺎﻓﺯ لﻔﺤ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺽﻴﻘﻨﻝﺍ ) ﻲﻴﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ ( ﻜ ﺎ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴـﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘ ﺔﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻝﻭ ،ﺓﻭﻀﺭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺒﹾﻠﱡ ﻁﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﺎـﺒ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺄﺒ ﻥﻴﺠﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ﺀ ﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ، ١١ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺘﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻭﻴﺩ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﺴﺘﻝ ﻁﻭﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﻭﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺔـﻴﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻓﻼﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺴـﻜﻋ ﺎـﻤﻬﻓﺎﻓﺯ لﻔﺤ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻴﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﻨ ﺎﻤﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﺘﻨﺜﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻜﺫﺘ ﺎﻬﻤ لﻅﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻬﻓﺎﺘ ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،لﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻕﻴﻀﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﺎـﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻼﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﱡ ﻁﻝﺍ ﹾﻠ ﺔﺒ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﺍﻭﺭﻀﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻌﻗﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺭﻭﻫﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻗﺎﺒ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﻥﻴﺩﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺼ ﺍﻭﺭﻀﺤ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻭ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻫﺫ ﻲﻠﺤ ﺔﻌﻁﻗ ١٠٠ ﺔﻜﻌﻜ ﺎﻬﻤ لﻭﻘﺘ · ﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻌﻀﻭ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﻤﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﻜ ﺔـﻨ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹶ ﻕﺭﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻔﺤﻝ ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ · ﺹﺎﺨ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻱﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺵﺭﻔﻤ ﻻﻭ ﺭﻭﻫﺯ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺎﻫﻭﻌﻀﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻠﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺘﺨﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﻲﻨﻨﻷ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻥﻭﻜﺃ ﻥﺃ ` ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﻲﻝ ﺕﺭﻌﺸ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻨﻨﺄﻜﻭ ﻥﺇ لﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ لﻠﺨﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ · ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺕﺭﻌﺸ ﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺞ ﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺏﻴﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻪﺘﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻭﻠﺴﻭﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺩﺎـﺘﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﹰ ﻼﻔﺤ ﻡﻅﻨﻴﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻪﺴﺭﻌﻝ ﺒ ﻥﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﺭﻌﺒ لﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ؛ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻼﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺎ ﺏﻭﺭﺸـﻤ ﻱﺯﺎـﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺍﺭﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺒ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺓﻭﻬﻘﻝﺎ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺠﺯ ﻲﻝﻭﺤﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻭﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺠ ﺩﺌﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻝ ﻪﺴﺭﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻭﻜﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﺸﺘ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻲـﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺒ ﺩﻨﺍﺭﺠ ﻕﺩﻨﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻠ` ﻀﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﻫﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔـﺒﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻓﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻴﻫﺎﻨ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻪﻜﻠﻤﺘ ،ﺔﻤﺎﺨﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺩﻨﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﷲﺍ ﻲﺒﺩ ﻭﺃ ) ﺩﺯﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴ لﻜ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻗ ﺩﺍ ( ﻕـﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺴﺭﻋ ل` ﺠﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻓ ﻩﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤ ´ﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ِ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻹﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤ – ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ – ﻙـﻝﺫ ﺱـﻜﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﻻﺍ ) ﺭﺼﻤ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﺒ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Singerman 2007, 14 ( ، ﹰ ﺎـﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺱـﻜﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ٢٦ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺃﺩﺒ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﻁ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻌﺒﺘ ،ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻪـﻨﺃ ﺢـﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺓﺭـﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺱﺄﺒ ﻻ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﺘ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ) Singerman and Ibrahim 2003; Singerman 2007 ( ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ؛ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺌﺒﻋﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺎﻓ ﻥﻭﺩﺠﻴ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ،ﺭﻜﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ،ﺭﺨﺄﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Bisan Center for Research and Development 2004, 44 ( ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻭ ﺢﻤـﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﻻﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﺒﺘﺒ ) Jad 1998 ( ، ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺠﺴﻨﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎـﻜ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺍﺫﺠﻨﻻﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﺠ ١٢ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺩﻗ ) ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺎﺒ ﻭﺃ ( ، ١٣ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻜﺤﻀﻤﻭ ﹰ ﻼﻤﻤ ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺩﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻴﻫﺩ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺤﻝ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ٢٠٠٧ ، ﻉﺭﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﻨﹸ ﺘ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻰﻀﻤ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﻼﻀﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺕﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ) ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻋﺍ ( ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻴﻫﺩ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴـﻴ ﺱﺭﻋ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻗ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ · ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻙﻴﻨﻴﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﹸ ﺸ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻰﻨﺒﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﻝﺍ ﻴﻫﺩ ﺔﺸ ،ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺎـﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸـﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺘﻌﻤﺠ لﺍﻭﻤﺄﺒ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺤﻝ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﺨﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻙﻴﻨﻴﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﻀﺭﻴ ، ﺍﺫﻜﻫ ،ﻡﺯـﺤﺒ ﺱﻭﺭـﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻜﺅﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻜﺴﻤﺘ ﹰ ﺔﻨﻠﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻫﺩﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻠﻁﺘ ﻲﺒﻠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﷲﺍ ، ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻤﺃ لﻗﺃﻭ ﹰ ﺓﻭﺴﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻕﺩﺎﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﻨﹸ ﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻜﺄﺒ ﺱﺭﻋ ﺕﻼﻔﺤﻭ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﺤ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻰﻘﻴﺴ ) ﻝﺍ ـ ﻲﺠ ﻱﺩ ( ﺉﺭﺎﻁ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺯﻴﺎـﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﺒـﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻭﻠـﺴﻭﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﺎﺼ ﻡﺜ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ` ﺩ ﻌﹸ ﺘ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﻴﺇﻭ ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻨ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ٢٠٠٥ ﻤﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﻠﺴﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜﻭ ، ﻥﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻥ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ، ﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ،ﻰﻝﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺭﻭﻤﺄـﺒ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﻐﺸﻨﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻁﺸﺎﻨﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺸ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻨ ﻕﻭﺫﻝﺍ ﻙﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺩﺎﻴﺈﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻑﺼﺘ ﻥﻴﺤﻭ · ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺤﻁﺴ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻭ ـﻨﻜﻝ ﺭﺩـﻗﺃ ﻲ ﻥﺎﻫﺫﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﻭ ﻭﺴﺎﻜﻴﺒ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻴﻔﻴﻨ ﺕﺜﺤﺒ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﻤﺨﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ﺕﻼﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻌﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﺘﺴﻔﻝ ،ﻕﻴﻨﺃ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻥﻋ ) ﻡﺯﺤﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻨ ﺩﻜﺅﺘ · ﻼﻴﺭﺩﻨﺴ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻔﻜ ﺱﻴﻝ ( ﺯـﻴﺭﻁﺘﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﻫﺎﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺯﺭﺘ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻡﺜ ، ﻡﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻲﺤﻼﻓ ﺔﻀﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻴﻗﺭ ﻁﻴﺨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺯﺎﻬﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﺃ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺭﻋﻭ ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻨ ﺕﻠ` ﻤﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻱ ﺍ ﺘﻭﻴﺒﻤﻭﻜﻝ ﺭ لﺎﱠ ﻘﻨﻝﺍ ) ﺏﻭﺘ ﺏﻼﻝﺍ ( ﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻘﻋﻭ ﻲﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﻔﻗ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻩﺅﺍﺩﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺘﺎﺨ ﺍﺩﺠﻭﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﺒ ﻲﻗﻭﺴ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻤﻻ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻴـﻀ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﺴﻤﺨ ﺕﻤﻀ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﻘﻴﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﺴﻼﺴﺒ ` ﺭﻤﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺒ ﻡﺨﻓ ﻕﺩﻨﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻨ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ ﺤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺒﻗ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻁﺨ لﻔ ﻓ ﻑـﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎـﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻔ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ،ﻕﻓﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻀﺎﺤ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺕﻘﻠﻏﺃ ،ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﺤ ﺽﺭﹸ ﻓﻭ ﺱ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺫﺄﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺠ ١٤ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭـﺴﻹﺍ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ لﺘﻘﻤ ﺓﺎﺴﺄﻤ ﺹﻘﻴﻝ ﻪﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻓﺍﺭﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺜ لﻭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﺤ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻜﺒﻤ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒ ﻑﺼﺘ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻨ لﻭﻘﺘﻓ · ٢٧ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﺎﻨﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴﺍ ﻨﻠﻠﺴﺘ ﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻅﻘﻴﺘﻤ ،ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎ ﺕﺎﻓﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ،ﹰ ﺎﺼﺨﺸ ﻥﻭﻌﺒﺴ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺓﺯﻭﻠﺒﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﻔﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﺒﻼﻤ ﻥﻴﺩﺘﺭﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻲﺘﺎﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺏﺒﺴـﺒ ﺔﻌﺸـﺒ ﺩﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻕﻼﻏﺇ ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤ ،لﻔﻨﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺯ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﺒﻠﻁ لﺍﺩﺴﺇ ﻰـﻘﺒﻨ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺭﺌﺎﺘﺴـﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺫﻓﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ لﺒﻗ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﻭﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻭ ﻭﻠﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻕﺩﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﺩﻭﻌﻴﻝ ﺭﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ` ﺭﺤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺭـﻬﻝﺍ لﻔـﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫ ﻥ ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻯﺭﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻠﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ – ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ – ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﺘﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻤﹸ ﺘ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺘﺭﻴﺴ ﻱﺩ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ) De Certeau 1977; ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻱ · Johnson 2007 ( ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭﻝ ﻭ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺏﻨﻴﺯ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻋ ، ﻲﻫﻭ ﺩـﻤﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺒﺍ ﺞﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺃﺩﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺭﺭﻗ ،لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﺘﺴ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻤﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻗﺎﻁﺒﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻭﻫ ،ﺡﻭﻀﻭﺒ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺕﺭﺒﻋ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻏ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺔ ﺍﻭﺭـﻨﻭﻷﺍ ) ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻭ ﺔﺜﺎﻏﻹ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ UNRWA ( ﻥﺃ ﻪـﻴﻓ ﺽﺭﹸ ﺘﻓﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻎﻠﺒ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺒﺤ` ﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﻋ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻌﺌﺎـﺸ ،ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺌﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰﺓﺭﺎﺸﺇ ﺔﺠﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁ` ﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﻭﺌﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﺘﻨﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻌﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﺙﻴﺤﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺎ ﺍﻭﺭﻨﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤ ﺔﻠﻴﺌﻀﻝﺍ ﺕـﻨﻜﻤﺘ ،ﺏﻨﻴﺯ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭـﺠﺇ ﺕـ` ﻤﺘﺃﻭ ،لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﺒﺎﺸ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺒﻻ ﺕﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺒﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﺩﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺸﻓ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻝ لﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﺁ ﺕﺒﺎﺨ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻩﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﻡ ﻭ ﺕﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺒﻘﻋ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯ ، ﺎﻬﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻓ ﺔـﻝﺎﺤ ﻲـﻔ ` ﻋ ﺏﻴﺭ ،ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺤﺘﻗﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ، ﻭ ﺩـﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻜ ﺔﺒﻭﻌـﺼ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻴﺤﻭ ﺕﺭﺎـﺼ ﺕﻻﺎـﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﺠﻭﺩﺯﻤ ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨﻭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺴ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﺒ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﺩـﻗﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺕـﻘﺘ ﻡﺭﻜﻝﻭﻁ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺭﻘﺒ ﺎـﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ لﺨﺍﺩ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻘﻔﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻀﺭﻓ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻥﻜﻝ ؛ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺜﻻﺍ ﺭﺭﻗ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﻋ ﺍﺩﻘﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ · ﺴﺭﻋ ﺎﻨﺩﻘﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻴﺭﺼﺘ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻡﺭﻜﻝﻭـﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺒﻫﺫ ﻡﺜ – ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﺃ ﻥﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻌﺼ ﻥﺎﻜ – ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻷ ؛ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺭﻋ ﻡﻅﻨﻨ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻠﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﻴﺘﺠﺍ ﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﻼﻔﺤ ﺎﻨﻤﻅﻨ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻘﻴﺴ ٢٨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ لﻴﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻨﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ لﻔﺤ ﻥﻋ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ١٩٨٢ ﻥـﻤ ﺩﻭﻤـﺼ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﺕﺩﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻨﺘﺜﺩﺤ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻓﺭ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺭﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺡﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻑﻐﺸ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻋﺎﺠﺸﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻗ · ﻭ ﻔﻠﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺴ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﺕﻔﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺯﺤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺎﻬ ﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﺕﹶ ﻝ'ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺼﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻁﻌﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﺔﺼﻘﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﺨﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻫ ﺎـﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ٢٠٠٥ ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ لﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻪﺘﻌ` ﺠﺸ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ – ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻰﻠﺨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ – ﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﺘﺍ ﺎ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺒﺭﻜ ﺔﺨﺴﻨ ﺔﻴﻨ لﻭـﺤﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻠﻗ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻫ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺎ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺏﻴﺫﻌﺘﻭ ﻥﺠﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﺤ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺭﻜﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻡﻫﺩﺤﻭ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺎﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺜﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻫ ﻊﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻨﻠﺒﺎﻘﺘ ﺎ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﹰ ﻼﻔﻁ لﻤﺤﺘﻭ ﺙﻬﻠﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺕﺍﺩﺎـﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺩﺌﺎﻗ ﺭﺒﻗ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻔﻁ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻋﺍﺭﺫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻡﻬﺘﻝﺎﺘﻏﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻫ ﺔﺼﻗ ﺕﺩﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺒﺭﻜ ﺔﺨﺴﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻭـﻫﻭ ،ﻲـﻤﺯﻋ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺕﺒﺫﺠﻨﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻫﺄﺒﻋ ﺩﻗ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻀﺎﻨﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺏ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭﻜﻭ ﻫ ﺩﻜﺅﺘ ﺎ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻻ ﺩﺒ ﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻴﻓﺭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﹰ ﻼﻀﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪـﻨﺃ ﻯﺭـﺘ ﺫﺇ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻙﻴﺭﺸ ﺏﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻤﻸﻝ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝﻭ ﻪﺒﺤﺃ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﻤﻬﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭ ﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻲﻤﺯﻋ لﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﺎ ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺯﺘ ﺔﻴﻨ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺒﻁﺨﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﺭﺩﺼﺃ ﻑﻁﺎﻌﺘﻤ ﺱﻘﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎ ﻲﻤﺯﻋ ﺔﺒﻴﻁﺨ ﺔﻴﻨ ﺎـﻬﺒﺤﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩ ﻲﻤﺯﻌﻝ ١٧ لﻴﺭﺒﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻁﺨ لﻔﺤ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻝ ، ﺀﺍﺩﺄـﺒ ﻲـﻤﺯﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺱﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ،لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺍﻭﺴﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻘﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺒﻝﺄﻓ ﻲﻤﺯﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺼﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻪﺒ ﻁﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ،لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺫﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻊﻤ ﻪﺘﺩﻫﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻤﺯﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺓﺭﻴﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻨﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻻﺇ ﻪﺼﻘﻨﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻫ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺎ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻴ ﹰ ﻼﻌﻓ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﹰ ﻼﻌﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻁﺨ لﻔﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺸـﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﺒﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺯـﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻲـﻓ ﻡـﻅﹸ ﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺨﻀﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ،ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻴﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﺎﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺌﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺎﺒ ) ﺩﻭـﺠﻭﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ' ﻱﺭ ﺴُ ﺃ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺩﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﺔ ﺭـﻴﻏ ﺕﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ، ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻌﻨﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺎ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺝﺯﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﺒ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻀﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺯـ` ﻴﻤ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻌﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻼﻬﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ،ﻩﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﺘﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺠﺍﻭﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﻴﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﻕﻼﻏﺇﻭ لﻭﺠﺘ ﺭﻅﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻭ ﺯ ﻓ ﻉﻭﺒـﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻔ ﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٨ ﻊﻠﺴـﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ؛ﺭﺼﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺢﻓﺭ ﺭﺒﻌﻤ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻻﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ، ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻕﻼﻏﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻤﺭ` ﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ – ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻥﺠﺍﻭﺩـﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻴﻝﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻭﻭ ﺩﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻊﻠﺴـﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﻨ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻠﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺸ` ﺭﹸ ﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﹰ ﻻﺎﺠﺭ ﺩﻫﺎﺸﻨ ،ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ،ﺎﻨﻜ ﻥﻴﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﺅﺭ ﻕﻭﻓﻭ ﻡـﺜ ٢٩ ﺱﺎﻫ ﺓﺭﻴﻤﺃ ﺕﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ) Amira Hass 2008 ( ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘـﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ، ،ﹰ ﺎﺸﺭﻓ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻷ ؛ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ · ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ لﻴﺠﺄﺘ ﻩﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻁﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺵﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﻥـﻋ ﻑﺸـﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺤﻴـﻀﻭﺘ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻬ ﻡـﻏﺭ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻹ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺭﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻓ ﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﻝ ﺓﺫﻓﺎﻨ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺎﺘﻠﻜ ﻲﻔ ﺝﺍﻭﺯـﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﺴـﻜﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺵﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﻜﺸ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﺭﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺭﻜﺸ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺼـﺼﻗ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻭﺤﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩـﻨ ﺎـﻤﻜ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻴﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﺤﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺅﺎﻤﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥ ، ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﺤﺭﻁﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻨﻝﺯ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻨ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ١ ﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻕﻴﻠﻁﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻓﺩ` ﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺅﻤ ﻲﻨﺩﺭ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻭ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺎﻨﻅﺤﻻ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ٢٥٠٠ – ٢٦٠٠ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺵﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻱ ١٢ ( ﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﺇ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻤ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ٢ ﺏﺤﺎﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﺘ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺘﺭﺘ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺼﻘﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺇ ،ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ،لﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻴ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﻴﻔﻜﻨﺍﺭﻏ ) Granqvist 1931-35 ( ﺎﻴﻨﻴﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺕ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻔﺼ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ ) ﻱﺩﻔﺼ ١٩٩٣ ( ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻼﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺠ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘ لﻭﺤ ٣ ﺒ ﺔﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺱﻴﻤﻝﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻲﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺎ ٢٠٠٧ - ٢٠٠٨ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻊﺴﺘ لﻤﻌﺒ ،لﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒﻭ – ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻡﺭﻜﻝﻭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﻭﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﺎﻨﺃ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ) ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ( ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ٢٠٠٣ ﹰ ﺎﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻬﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺘﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺔ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻁﺘﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﺎﻜ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ٤ ﻪﻠﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻕﻠﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺃﺯﺠﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻪﺘﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎﺘ ﻲﺴﻨﺎﻨ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ) Tapper 1991, 279 ( ﻭﻴﺩﺭﻭﺒ ﺭﻴﻴﺒ ﺎﻨﺭﻜﺫﻴ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ) Bourdieu 2001 ( ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻠﺴ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻱ · Johnson 2006, 68 ( ٥ ﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺢﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ٢٠٠٤ ﻥﺈﻓ ، ٢٧.٥ ° ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ) ﻥﻤ ١٥ – ٤٩ ﻤﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎ ( ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ٢٤.٧ ° ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ٣٢.٢ ° ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ) PCBS 2006, 68 ( ٦ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ١٩٤٨ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻴﻌﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﹰ ﻻﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺭﻜﺘﺒﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﻭﺍﺭﺘ ،ﻥﻜﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﺼﻔﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻘﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻅﻨ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﻭﺒﻋ ﻥﻤ ) ﺭﻭﺒﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﺃ ( ﺔﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ – ﺕﻨﻭﻜ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺇ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ) Conte 2005 ( ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺴﺇ ﻪﺘﻀﺭﻓ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﺎﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻥﻭﺠﻭﺯﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹﺍ ﺏﺠﺤﻝ لﻴﺌﺍﺭ ٣٠ ٧ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻴﺸ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻨ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﺠ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﺴﺇ ﻱ ٨ ﹰ ﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ` ﻱﺯ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺎﻜﺸﺄﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤﻭﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ٍ ﻕﺎﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ؛ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻁﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﺭ ﺕﺴﺒﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝ ﺕﺨﻀﺭ ﻥﻭﺯﻼﺠ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻨﻋﺎﻨﻜ ﻑﻴﺭﺸ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨﻷﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ ﻪﻌﻤﺠ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺴ ،ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺏﻴﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺒﺎﻗ ،ﻡﺍﺩﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ لﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺨﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ · ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﻗ ﻥﺇ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯ ﺕﻌﻨﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻜﻨ ﺔﻓﺯ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺤﻨﻤﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﺏﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﻭﺴﻠﺠﺃ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﺯﻼﺠ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸ ) Kanaana 1998, 133 ( ٩ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﹾﻠﱡ ﻁﻝﺍ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺓﻭﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺎﻀﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺎﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻬﻓ ) ﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ( ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨﺒﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻪﻴﺨﻷ ﻪﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﺏﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺨﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺵﻘﻨﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﻏ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺔﱠ ﻨﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻔﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻴﺸﺒﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﺨﺩ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒ ﺏﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺭﻀﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﺠﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﺯﻤﺘ ،ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﺼﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺔﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﺀﺎﺸﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺍﺩﻏ ﺔﺒﺠﻭ ﻭﻫ ) لﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﺸ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ( ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻀﺭﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘﻭ ، ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ١٠ ﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨﻭ ﻕﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﺘﻭ لﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻕﺍﺩﺼ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺩﻜﺅﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻏ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻼﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻥﻭﺩﺼﺭﻴ ) ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ لﺩﺠﻠﻝ ( ﻕﺤﻻ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻊﻓﺩ لﻴﺠﺄﺘﻝ ) Mohanna and Qleibo 2008 ( ﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴ لﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺤﺃ ،ﻥﻴﺩﻘﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﺘﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻔﻓ ،ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻊﻓﺩ لﻴﺠﺄﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻊﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ ﻲﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻤﻝ ﻨﻼﻴﺇﻭ ﺎﻨﻬﻤ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﻭﺒﻴﻠﻗ ﺎ ) Mohanna and Qleibo ( ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻎﻠﺒﻤﺒ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻠﻝ ٢٥٠٠ ﻥﻴﺩﻘﻋ ﻊﻴﻗﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓﻭ ) ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻔﺜﻜﻤ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻲﻓ ٢٠٠٨ ﺕﺜﺩﺤﺘ ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻴﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺸﺎﻨﺘ ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺸﻴﻫﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻻﺄﺒ ١٥٠٠ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻉﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻝ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭ ١١ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ،ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﱠ ﻨﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻔﺤ ﻡﺎﻘﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ؛ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻔﺤ ﻡﺎﻘﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ – ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺇ ﻭﺃ - ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﻝ ﻻ ١٢ ﻻﺁ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺅﻤﻭ 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London: Verso. ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤ : ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ،ﻱﺩﻔﺼ ١٩٩٣ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ لﺎﻤﺸ ﻑﻴﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍﺭﻤ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ · ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸ ٣٣ ﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍ : ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ * ﺩﺎﺠ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺴ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﻋ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺕﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺯﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ؛ﻩﺭﺎـﻘﻓﺇﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴـﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻬﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺩﻝﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﺎﻬﺤﻨﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻉﺍﺭﺼ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ · ﺢﺘـﻓﻭ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺘﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ؛ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔـﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﺴـﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺼ لـﻜ ﺎـﻫﺭﻜﺘﺒﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻠﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎـﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﺔـﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﻝ ﻊﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﺏﺴﻜ ﻲﻓ لﻋﺎﻓ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ لﺒ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻫﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﺎ ،ﺀﺎﺴـﻨﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎـﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺠﻴﺯﻤ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘ ﺱﻭـﻘﻁﻭ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴ` ﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤ ﻥﻋ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻴﺘﻜﺭﺤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻔﺨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘ ﺘ ﺩﻭﺴ - ﺔﻠﺌﺍﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍ - ﺢﺘﻓﻭ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ،ﻕﻼﻏﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﻬﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﺇ ﺭﺴﻜ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔـﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻫﺫﺃﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ [ ﺎﻬﻨﻀـﻓﺭﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻝﺩﺒﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺕﺎـﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻊﺠﺸﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ،ﻥﺤﺒﺼﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺹـﻠﺨﺃﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﻭﻁ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺩﻘﻤﻭ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺒﻨﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺱﺎﻤﺤﻓ ؛ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﺃ ﻥﻤ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤ ،ﻭﻠﺨﺘ - ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ - ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩـﻴﺃ ﺯﺯﻌﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﻕﻤﻌﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴ ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ [ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﺴﻷ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ * Islah Jad, “The Politics of Group Weddings in Palestine: Political and Gender Tensions”, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 36-53. ٣٤ لـﻜ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻠﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ،ﺯﻴﻤﺃ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻬﻴﺩﺒ ﹰﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﹰ ﻼﻤﺎﻋ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇ ﻡﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﺘ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴـﻤ ﻯﺭـﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨ ﺓﺯﻏﻭ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ لﺒ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻤﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻁﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﻜ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﻝ ، ،ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴـﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺱﺴﺅﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﻀﻋ ،ﻱﻭﺎﻁﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤ ﺦﻴﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺎﻔﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ · ﻋﻷﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺤﻨ ﻕﻁﺎـﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺜﺩﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺠ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭ ١٩٤٨ ) لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ لﺨﺍﺩ ( ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ١٩٩٥ ( ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨ`ﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ) ﺱﻨﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ( ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺒـﻠﻁﻭ ﺎـﻨﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﺌـﺠ ﺕﺎـﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ ﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﻬﺘﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺩﻋﺎﺴﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﻡ ﻥﻤﺎﻀـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺭﺭﻗ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺭـﻴﻏ لﺎـﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎـﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻑﺎﻔﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺠﻝ ﺱﺴﺅﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻙﻴﺭﺸﻝ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺒ ﺍﻭﻤﺩﻘﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ) ﻱﻭﺎﻁﻴﺒﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﻌﺒﺴ ﻥﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﱠ ﺜﻌﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻁـﻘﻓ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻊﺒﺭﺃﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻥﻭ لﻭـﻘﻴ ﺦﻴﺸـﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺎـﻁﻴﺒﻝﺍ ) ﻱﻭﺎﻁﻴﺒﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ·( ﺝﺎـﻴﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨ ﻡﻝ لﺒ ،ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ لﺸﻔﻨ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻨﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﺄﺠﻝ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ لﺸﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺡﺭﻁ ﺩﻗﻭ · ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯـﻝ ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ لﻼﺨ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﺭﺒ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺯـﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﻴﺒﺸ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﺠﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻭﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﺴـﺴﺄﺘ ﺩـﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٩٩ ﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸ ﺔﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﺸﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﺩ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﻡﺎﺘﻴﺃ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ لﻤﻋ ﻕﻴﺭﻓ ﻑ` ﺭﻌﺘ ﻡﺎﺘﻴﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﺘﻴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﻡﻴﺘﻴﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻩﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ( ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺭﻗﻭ ، ﻥﻬﻠﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻁﻠـﺴ ﺭﻤﺎـﻋ لﻭﻘﻴ ) ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٧ ( ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ · ﻡﻋﺩـﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺠﺘﺤﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺸﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﻌﺸ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ٢٠٠٧ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﻤﺴﺃ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒﻏﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺀ ﻡﻬـﺴﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻡﻋﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻏ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺩﻋ لﺒﻗﺃ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ) ٣٠٠ لـﺒﺎﻘﻤ لـﺠﺭ ٣٠ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ( ﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ لﺎﺠ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﻻ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﺓﺯﻏ ﺏﺎﺒﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍﻭ ٣٥ ﺘﺍﻭﺭﻠﻝ ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ لﻜﻴﺸ ﻑﻝﺃ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ) ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ٣٠٠ ﻲـﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺭﻤﺎـﻋ لﻭـﻘﻴﻭ ﻥﺎﻁﻠـﺴ ﻥﺇ ﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺴﻔﻴ ﺩﻗ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ، ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺩ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻪﻝ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ’ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺜﺤﺒﻴ ‘ ) ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٧ ( لﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ : ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺭﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ لﺤﻝ ﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ،لﻤﺍﺭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﻨﺎﻋ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭ ﺭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﺒ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻯ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ لﻭﻘﻴﻭ · ﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻌﻔﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ لـﺒﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻨﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻠﻝ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ لﺠﺭ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻥﻬﻨﻓﺩ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺵﻴﻤﻬﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ﻻ ،ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻨﺴ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ،ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﻨﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺓﺃﺭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺸﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻥـﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ،ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻌﻴﺠﺸﺘﻝ لﺎﺠﺭﻠﻝ ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ · ﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻡﻭﻨ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻤ ) ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ٣٠٠ – ٤٠٠ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﹰ ﺍﺩـﻘﻨ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻑـﻝﺃ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻝﺫﺒﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ لﻭﻘﻴ ) ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٧ ·( ﻓﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯ ﻲـﺴﺭﺍﺩ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯـﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻌﻓﺩ ﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻡ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺎﺒ ﻻﺇﻭ ؛ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻼﻓ لﻴﺩﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﻀـﺘﻝﺍ ﻕـﻁﻨﻤﺒ ﻥﻌﻨﺘﻘﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﹰ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﹰ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻪﺠﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺔﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻪﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻋﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻥﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ لﻭﻘﻴ · ﻌﻨ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻀﻓﺭﻴﻭ ﻥﻀﺭﺘﻌﻴ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻠ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﻻ ` ﻥ` ﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻥﺸﻴﺎﻌﺘﻴﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺸـﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺭﻷ ﺢﻤﺴﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻨ ﻻ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻼﺒ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﺠﻴﺭﺨﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ لﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻤﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺄـﺒ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻊﻓﺭ لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﺭﺠ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ لﺤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻻ ) ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٧ ( ﻥﺃ ﻙـﻝﺫ ؛ﺔـﻠﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ﻕﻴﻠﻌﺘ لﻠﻘﻴ ،ﻪﻨﻤ ﺩﺤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻊﻨﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻕ` ﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻰـﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﺇ ﻁﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴـﻤ ﻲﻋﺭﺸ ٍ ﺽﺎﻗ لﻴﻤﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﺘ ،ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻜﺍﺭﺩﺇﻭ لﺜﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﺇ · ﺔـﺠﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺔـﻠﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔـﻝﺎﻋﻹﺍ ﻁﺭﺸ ﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺒ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝ لﺯﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﻌﻀﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﺒﺴـﻨ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺓﺯﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻌﻤ W ﻰﻝﺇ ٣.٦ ° ) ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ٣.٢ ° ﺔـﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ٤.٤ ° ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ( ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻴ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻭ ﻓ ﺔـﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌ ﺔﻴﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ٤٥ - ٤٩ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ٥.٣ ° ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ٦.٦ ° ﺔـﻴﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ٥٥ - ٥٩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺘ ٦.١ ° ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ٨.٨ ° ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ) PCBS 1996, 128 ( ٣٦ ﻥﻬﺘﻘﻓﺍﻭـﻤﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺱﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝ لﺤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﻌﺴ ﻥﺇ ﻥﺄـﺒ ،ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺦﺴﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻩﺩﻨﺴﻴ ،ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼـﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺴ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ · لﺨﺩـﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻥﻭﻅﻔﺘﺤﻴ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻨﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺄﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻜﺒﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ـﻴﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺘﺄﻴ ﻡﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺸ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺎـﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻱﻷ ﻥﺩﻘﺘﻔﺘﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺄﺒ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻥﻫﺩﺎﻔﺤﺃﻭ ﻥﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺄﺒ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘ ) ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺴ ٢٠٠٧ ( ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ " ﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎ " ﻭ " ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ " ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺯﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺎـﻓ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﺇ ،ﺔـﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﻜﻝﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇ لﻭﺼﺃ ﻋﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻅﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻠﻜﻝﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭ ﺔﺒﹾﻠﱡ ﻁﻠﻝ ) ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﺒ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ( ﺔﱠ ﻨِ ﺤﻝﺍﻭ ) ﱠ ﻨﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺩﻗﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴ ﻎﺒﺼ ﺀﺎ ( ﻭ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫـﺘ ، ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺭﻭﻜﺫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﺒﻜ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻀﺘﻭ ،ﻩﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﻫﺃﻭ ﺔـﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼـﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﺭ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﻴ ﻥﻭﺒﻠﻁﻴﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﻫﺎﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﺒ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﻀﺘ ﻲﻓ ،ﺱﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻋﺩ ﻡﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ﺏﻠﻁﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻊﻤ ﺦﻴﺸ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺱ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ` ﻡﺘ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺔﺒﻠﱡ ﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺢﺒﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﺩﺒﻭ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺌﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻥﻴﻁ ﻥﺎﻴﻋﻷﺍ لﺜﻤ · ﺔـﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻭ ،ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻙﻼﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﻜ ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺩﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴـﻝﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ · ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨ ﺩﺼﻗﺃ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻡﻬﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺎﺨﺸﺃ - ﻬﻓ ﻥﻭـﻅﺤﻴﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﻡ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﻻﺎﺒ ) ﺩﺎﻤﺤ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﺒﻠﱡ ﻁﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﺃﺩﺒﻴ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺽﻔﺨﹸ ﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ،ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ٥٠٠ ﻰﻝﺇ ١٠٠٠ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ٣٠٠٠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ٢٠٠٠ - ٢٥٠٠ ﺭﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻲﻨﺩﺭﺃ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺔﺒﻠﱡ ﻁﻝﺍ ﻯﻭـﻠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻔﻴﻔﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸـﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻱﻷ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻡﺜ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜ ، ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻱﺃ ﻤﻭ ﱠ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﻥ ﹾﻠ ﺴﻴﺒ ﺔ ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻡﺘ ) ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﺩـﻘﺘ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ( ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫﻴ ﻡﺜ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘﻝ ،ﺎﻤﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺹﺎﺨ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺠﺅﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺀﺎﺴـﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ لﺎ ) ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ لﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ( ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺴﻨ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ،ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﺴﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺯﺘﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔ ﻡـﺜ ،ﺓﺯـﻴﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ٣٧ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻰﻘﺒﻴﻭ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ،ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻼﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺏﺎـﻌﺘﺃﻭ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻓ ﺭﻴﺠﺄﺘ ﻥﻤﺜ ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻠﻜﺘ لﻤﺤﺘﻴﻓ ﻯﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺯﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻔﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﱠ ﻨﺤﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ،ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻱ لﺎﺠﺭﻠﻝ ﻭ ﺎـﻘ` ﻴ ﺔـﱠ ﻨﺤﻝﺍ لـﻔﺤ ﻡ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻼﺼ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺭـﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﺘ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻀـﻌﺒ ﻊﻀﻴﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻋ لﻜ لﺨﺩﻴﻭ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺩﻗﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴ ﻎﺒﺼﻝ ﺝﺭﺨﻴ ﻡﺜ ﻪﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﻱﺩﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﱠ ﻨﺤﻝﺍ ﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﺎـﺠﺭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ﻡﻫﺅﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺀﺎﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻼﺼ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻘﻴﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔـﻠﻴﻝ ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻭﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴﻭ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﻡﻴﺩـﻘﺘﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻅﻨ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺒﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻴﻔﺨ ﺀﺎﺸﻋ ﻥﻤ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) ١ ( · ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ) ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻻﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ( ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻅﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﻋ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﻕﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ل ) ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺤﻝﺍ ( ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺠﻭ ) ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻝﺍ ( ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻫ ) ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺒﻤ ( ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻫ ) ١٣٠ ﺱﻴﺭﻋ لﻜﻝ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺱﺭﻋ ﺔﻠﻔﺤ لﻜ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ · ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺜ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺕﺎﺒﻁﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻴﺩﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯﻭ ﻭ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺯ ﻥﻴﺯﻭﻤﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﺇ ٦ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﻋ لﻜ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻴﻁﻐﺘﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﻋ لﻜ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ١٧٥٠ ٢٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠ ٧٥٠ ٢٠٠٠ ٧٥٠ ٥٠٠ - ٦٠٠ ٧٨٠ ١٨٦٣٠ ٣١٠٥ ١٢٠ - ١٥٠ ٣٥٠٠ - ٤٠٠٠ ٢٥ ٣٠٠ ٣٥٠ - ٤٠٠ ٨٠٠ - ٩٠٠ ٣٠٠ - ٣٥٠ ٣٠ - ٤٠ ٦٥٠ ٦٧٩٠ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ · ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒ ) ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ [ ﺏﺁ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻭ ﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﺘ ﺩﺍﻭﻠ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) ١ ( ﺱﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺒ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﺔﺘﺴﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ٢٠٠٦ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍ لﻔﺤ ﺭﻀﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ١٠٠ ﻭﻋﺩـﻤ ٣٨ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ) ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﺴﻠﺠ ( ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﺔـﻔﻠﻜﺘﺒ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻯﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﱠ ﻓﻭﻭ ، ﺎﻫﺭﺩﻗ ١٧٥٠ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻪﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﺏﻭﺜﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﻋ لﻜ لﻔﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻪﻨﻤﺜ ﻎﻠﺒﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ١٢٠ - ١٥٠ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻩﺭﻀﺤﻴﻓ ﻲﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻔﺤﻝ ٣٠٠٠ ﻡـﻬﻝ ﺭﻓﻭـﻴ ،ﺭﻭﻜﺫـﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻴﻀ ﺔﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺠﺄﺘﺒ ﻥﻭﻠﻔﻜﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﻭـﺤ ﺎﻫﺭﻀﺤ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺠﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ ٢٥٠ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ - ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﺴﻠﺠ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ - ﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ ل ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ٧٠٠ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺓﺎﻬﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻡﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺍﺭﺠ ﻭﻠﻴﻜ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﺕﻤﻀ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍ ١٠٠٠ ﻝ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻠ ﻴﺩﺸﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻌﺸـﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺔـﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﺎـﻤﺃ لﻔﻜﺘﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻀﺤﻹ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﻎﻠﺒﺘﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ٢٥ ﻭﻴﺩـﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﺼـﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻔﺤﻠﻝ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ٧٥٠ ﺩﻭـﻬﺠ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒ ﻲﻔﻅﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻡﺩﻗﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻫ ﻥﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺒﻤ ( ،ﺱﻴﺭﻋﻭ ﺱﻭﺭﻋ لﻜﻝ ﺏﻴﺼﻨﺎﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻫﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻓ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﺕﻨﻤﻀﺘﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺎﻤﺃ ) ٣٠٠ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺕﺎـﻨﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸـﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ) ٣٥ - ٤٠٠ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺭﻴﻭﺼـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻴﺩـﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﺼـﺘﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺴﻨﻤﻭ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﺘﻭﻔﻝﺍ ) ﻱﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺠ ( ﺩﻭﺭﻭﻝﺍﻭ ) ٣٠٠ – ٣٥٠ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺱﻭﺭـﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺒﻠﺘﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻔﺼﺘ ﺕﻔﻠﻜﺘ ) ٣٠٠ - ٣٥٠ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺯﻭﻤﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ، ) ٣٠ - ٤٠ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﺴﺭ ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﺎﻫﺭﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ٦٥٠ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘ ﺭﺼﺘﺨﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻫﺎﻨﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﻜﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻑﺼﻨﻝﺍ ١٥ ﻥﺎـﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺎـﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻓ ﺯﻓﺍﻭﺤ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺘﻔﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻡـﻘﻁ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﺇ ،ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻑﻝﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ لﺼﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻫ ﻪﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻭﺃ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻋﺩﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻋ ﺎﻴﺍﺩﻫﻭ ﻡﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﺤ ﻡﻀ ﺱﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻁﺴﻭ ﺩﺠﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭ ﻪﺘﻤﻅﻨ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺱﺭﻋ ﺔﻤﺜ ١٥٠ ﻑـﻠﻜﺘﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﺴﻴﺭﻋﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻭﺭﻋ ﺓﺯـﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻀـﻴﺃ ﺍﻭﻤﺩﻗ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠ ` ﻡﺘ ،ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻘﺜﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ١٦ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺞﻬﺘﻨﺘﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﺃﺭ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻨﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﺭ : ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ، ﻊﻓﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻘﻘﺤ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﺢﺘـﻓ - ﺏﺯـﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ - ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴﻭ ﺔـﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻭ [ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﻠﱡ ﻁﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ 'ﻲﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﱠ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻘﻁ ﺩﺎﻜﺘﻭ ، ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺁ ﺓﻭﻼﺘﺒ ﺃﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﺀﺎـﻘﻝﻹ ﺏﻁﺨ ﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺱﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺔﻴﻨﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺼ ﺕﻼﺼـﻔﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﺘ ﻥﻴﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻼﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺒﻗﺍﺭﻴ لﺒ ،ﺀﺎﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻻﻭ ،لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﺼﺒﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﺭﻝﺍ ` ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺯﻴﻤﻴﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﺍ ﺭﻀﺨﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﻡﻠ ﻋ ﺯﺭﺒﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝ ، ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻡﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺢﻔﻠﺘ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺩـﺠﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻊﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ لﻴﺼﻔﻠﻝ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺸ ﺎﻬﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﻓﻭ ) ١٠ ٣٩ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ [ ﺏﺁ ٢٠٠٨ ( ﺃﻭ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻅﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺏﺘﹸ ﻜ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺘﻓﻻ ﺕﻘﻠ` ﻋ ،ﹰ ﺎﺴﻭﺭﻋﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻴﺭﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺡﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺡﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺱﻜﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ، ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺯﻏ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴـﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﺯﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﺢﺘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻩﻼﺘ ﻥﻤ لﻠﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺏﺎﺼﺃ ﺭﺎﺼﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎـﻨﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ´ﺭـﻴﺒﻜ ´ﻊﻤﺠ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤ ،ﺱ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺯﺭﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻝﺎﻴﺘﻏﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻑﺼﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﺩﻝﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻌﺸﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺎﻤ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻩﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ [ ﺯﻤﺭ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﺒ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴ` ﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺍﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺍ ﻠﻴﻓ لﻭﺤ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻔ ﺯﺭﺒﺘﻭ ،ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻌ` ﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺘﺒﻗﺭ ﺔ ﻁﺤﻝﺍ ً ﹶ ﺎﻀـﻴﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺯﺭﺎـﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺯـﻤﺭ ﺎﻬﻔـﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻐﻴﺼـﻝﺍ ﺃﺩـﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ [ ٍ ﻥﺎﻏﺃﻭ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺂﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻨﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺎﺤﻷﺍ ﺓﻭﻼﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩ ﺔﻴﻭﺒ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﻴﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ 'ﻲﻠﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤﻴﺃ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﺠ ) ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﺠ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺸﺎﻨ ﻭﻫﻭ ، · ﺩـﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎـﺠﺘ لﺒﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻨﺘﻴﺭﻗ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺘﺤﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻡﻬﻨﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺒﺴﺘﺘ ،ﺯﻭﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ﻡـﻀ ﺱﻠﺒﺎـﻨ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺤﺠﺎﻨﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺨﻀ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺭﻋ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺕﻤﻅﻨ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ٢٢٦ ﻡﻭـﻴ ﹰ ﺎﺴـﻴﺭﻋﻭ ﹰ ﺎـﺴﻭﺭﻋ ٢٩ ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ [ ﺯﻭﻤﺘ ٢٠٠٥ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻩﺭﻀﺤ ، ٧٠ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻝﺃ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻭﺴﻴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﺱﺎﻤﺤﻭ ﺢﺘﻓ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﻥﻴﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻋ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﻭﻘﺒﺎـﺴ ﻥﻭﻴـﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻭـﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻡﻬﻠﻜ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺩﻌﻝ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻝ ﻥﻴﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺢﺘﻔ ١٥ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ [ ﺏﺁ ﹰ ﺎﺤﺠﺎﻨ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﺘﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻡﻬﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻭﻌﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭ ) ﺵﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﺭﻴﺩﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺭﺸـﻋ ﺔﺘﺴﻝ ﺭﺨﺁ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺭﻋ ﺍﻭﻤﻅﻨ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺢﺘﻓ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻴﺭﻋ ﺎﺴﻭﺭﻋﻭ ﻡﻭﻴ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ٢٢ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ [ ﺏﺁ ﻥﻜﻝ ، ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﻋ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺱﺭﻋ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻊﻓﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ ٢٢ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ ﺕﺎـﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﻲﺤﺸﺭﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺩ لﻤﻋ ﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩ ) ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﺠ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﻉﺎـﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﺃ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﻤﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭـﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻀـﺤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺠﺤ لﻗﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻅﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺱﺍﺭـﻋﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺭـﻜﺘ ﺕﻻﻭﺎـﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘ ﺩـﻴﻤﺤ لـﺌﺎﻨ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻯﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ) ﺩـﻴﻤﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ﺝ ( ، ﺓﺩﻤﻋﻭ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﺤﻻ ،ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺀﻼﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥـﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩـﻴﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴـﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﻤﻋﺍﺩـﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺩﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺱﺎـﻤﺤ ﺔـﻜﺭﺤﻝ ﻥ ) PICCR 2007 ( ﺓﺩﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ لﺌﺎﻨ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻜﻜﺸﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﻤﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝ ﺢﺠﺎﻨ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻭﻴﻨﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎ [ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺯﺤ ٢٠٠٨ لﻭﻘﻴ · ﺭـﺨﺁ ﺱﺭـﻋ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﺎـﻤ لﻌﻔﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻡﻬﻨﺇ ) ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻜﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻌﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ) ﺩﻴﻤﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ﺏ ( ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻭ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﻰﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻡﻴﻋﺯ ،لﻌﺸﻤ ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ﺓﺩﻠﺒ ﻲﻫ ٤٠ ﻜ ﺔﻜﺭﻌﻤﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻌﻝﻭ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺎﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺕﺎـﻋﺎﻘﻴﺈﺒ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻻ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺏﻭﺒﻝﺍ لـﺒ ،ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﺎـﺴ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻔﺼﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻜ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﻨﻏﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺹﻗﺭ ﻥﺩﻫﺎﺸﻴﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻌﻤﺘﺠﻴ ﻭﻨﺎـﻜ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻡﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﻝﻭ ﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺘﺸﻴ · ،ﻑﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻗﺭ ﺹﻗﺭﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﻥﻴﻔـﺼ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﻭـﻔﻘﻴﻭ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻭﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻙﺴﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﺼﻗﺭﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﺒﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻏ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤ ،ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ) ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ﺓﺯﻴﺯﻋ ١٩٩٢ ( ﻥﻤﻭ ،لﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻭـﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺎـﺒ ﺔـﻗﻼﻋ ﻪـﻝ لﻭﻷﺍ ؛ﻥﻴﺒﺒﺴﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،لﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺎﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ · لـﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﻜﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﻷﺍﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺞﻋﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻥﺇ ﹰ ﻼﻴﻝ ﺉﺩﺎﻫ ﻡﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﺤ ﻙﻬﺘﻨﻴ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ٍ لﺎﻋ ﺞﻴﺠﻀ ﻭﺃ ﺝﺎﻋﺯﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺴﻗ لﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴﻭ ) ﺩﻴﻤﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ﺃ ( ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ · ﷲﺍ ﺏﻀﻐﻴ ﺭﻤﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺨﺄﺘﻤ ﺕﻗﻭﻝ ﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﷲﺍ ﺏﻀـﻐﻨ ﻻﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﻻ ﺝﺍﻭﺯـﻝﺍ ﺔـﻜﺭﺎﺒﻤﻝ ﻪﺘﻭﻋﺩﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﺒ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺃﺩﺒﻨ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﺎﻀﻏﺇ ) ﺩﻤﺎﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ( ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ لﺎﻗ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ · ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺎﻨﻨﻴﺩ ) ﺵﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﻭ ﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﻑﺩﻫ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺭﻴ ،ﻡـﺜ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘ ﺩﻀ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﻜﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﺽﻓﺭ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﻴﻁﺒ ﺔﺼﻗﺭ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﻗﺭﺘ ﻥﺄﻜ ؛ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﻐﻴﺼ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻻﺩﺎﺒﺘﻴ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻤﺸﻝﺍ ) ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻴﻔﺨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻔﺸﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ ، لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﺼﻗﺭﻴ ﺎﺼﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺭ ﺽﻓﺭﻴ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﺍﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻌﺠﺸﺘ ﻰ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻘﻴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺕﻓﻼﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻤ ﻥ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺜﻴﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺏﺭﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻬﺒﺸﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺼﻗﺍﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻠﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺎﻬﻝﺍ ٤١ ﺔﻴﺌﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴـﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ) ﻁﻘﻓ ( ﺎﻬﺴـﻴﺭﻋ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺫـﺨﺄﻴﻭ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻨﻐﺘﻭ ﻥﺼﻗﺭﺘ ﻥﻭﻨﻐﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﺼﻗﺭﻴ ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺭﻋ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺡﺭﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺼﻨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺱﻠﺠﺘ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺹﺎﺨ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﻠﺠﻴ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻓ ،ﻥﻴﻠﺼـﻔﻨﻤ ﻥﻭﺴﻠﺠﻴ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﺼﻗﺭﻴﻝ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺘ ،ﺔﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺱﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻠﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺦﻴﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﻁﻴﺒ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ · ﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺡﺭﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺱ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺍﻭﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻡﻬﻨﺄﻜﻭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺩﺒ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﺓﺩـﻴﺠ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺩﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ﻥﻬﻌﻀﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﺭﻗ ) ﻱﺃ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺱﻭﺭـﻋ لﻜ ﺱﻭﻠﺠ ﺏـﻨﺎﺠ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺍ لﺒﻗ ) ﻱﻭﺎﻁﻴﺒﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ( لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ ) ﹰ ﺎﺒﺎﺸ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷ ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ١٩٩٦ ﻩﻼﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺩ` ﻬﻤ ﺩﻗﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ لﻅ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﻠﺠﺘ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺭﻔﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺔﻓﺯ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺫﺨﺄﻴﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ) ﺡﻼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ( ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﺘ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻸﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﻡﻤ` ﺼ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺽﻴﺒﻷﺍ ﺱﻨﺭﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻐﻤ ،ﺡﺭﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻬﻨﺒﺤﻁﺼﻴﻝ ﻥﺎﺴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴﻭ ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺜﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺴﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺓﺭ` ﺠﺅﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﻝ ،ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺯﺠ ﹰ ﺍﺀ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻻﻭ ،ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﻻﺇ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺎﻓ ﻥﺫﺇ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺏﺠﺤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻬﻠﻌﺠﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺭﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﹸ ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻎﻴﺼ لﻜ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺽﻴﺒﻷﺍ ﻑﺎﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﺘﺭﻴ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﻼﻓ ؛ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻑﺸﺎﻜﻝﺍ ) ﻥﻴﺤ ﻪﻗﻭﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺘﺭﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻗ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻥﻜﺭﺤﺘﻴ ( ﻝﺫﻜ ﻕﺴﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻌﻜﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) ﻲﺠ ﻱﺩﻝﺍ ( ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﻨﻴﻴﻌﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﻸﻝ ﻰﺘﺤ ( ،ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﻴﺯﻭﻤﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺯﻭﻤﺭ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ،ﺎﻨﻅﺤﻻ ﺩﻘﻝ [ ﺏﺁ ٢٠٠٨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﺩﻨﻤ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻠﺜﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﺼﻗﺭ ﺭﺎﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﺃ ،ﺓﺯﻏ ﺱﺃﺭﻠﻝ ﺀﺎﻁﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺠﻴﺘ ﻥﻬﺴﻭﺅﺭ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ،ﻑﺎﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺜﺄﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺍﻭﺜﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﺘﺭﻴ ` ﻥ` ﻫﻭ ﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﻴ ،ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇ ﺩﻴﺸﺎﻨﺃ ﻪﻨﻭ` ﺩ` ﻌ ﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﺴﺭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻻ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺽﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺱﻴﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺤﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻥﻭﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﻷﺎﺒ ﻗ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺩ ٤٢ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﺭﻋ ﺔﻠﻔﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ ﻭﻀﻋ ﺩﺠﻤﺘﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺎﻨﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻲﻔﺘﺤﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻬﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻀﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﺎﺴﺭﻋ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻭﻘﻴ · ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺎﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺭﻋ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﺃ ﻻ ، لﻔﺘﺤﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻌﺒﻘﻴ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﺤﻀﻴ ﻥﻭﻜﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺀﺎﻴﻓﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻤﺭﻜﻨ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺎﻨﻝﺎﻁﺒﻷ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻡﻬﻘﺤ ﺍﺫﻫ ١٧ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺜﺎﻜﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﹰ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ · ﺔﻗﺭﻓ لﺜﻤ ،ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺥﻭﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻭ ،ﺭﺎﺼﻨﻷﺍ ﻴ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻘﻠﻗﻭ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺠ ﻲﻓ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ( ﺎﻤﻜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ١٩٤٨ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘ : ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺌﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺘﺤﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﻭﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍ ،ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺓﺩﻤﻋ ﺩﻴﻤﺤ لﺌﺎﻨ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ · ﻁﻘﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻠﻝ ﹰ ﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻪﻨﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﻷ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺒﻘﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ لﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺒﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﺒ ﺭﺨﺎﻔﺘﺘﻭ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻫﺎﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻤﻤ ﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻗﻭ ﻙﺭﺘﻴ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺎ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻔﺤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﺒﻫﺫﻴ ﻲﻜﻝ ﻥﻴﻭﻋﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻬﺒ ﺎﻫﻭﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴﻝ ﺍﻭﺀﺎﺠ ﻥﻴﻭﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻰﻫﺎﺒﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺩﻴﻤﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ﺏ ( لﺜﻤﺘﻭ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻘﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺫﺇ ، ﺩﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻴﺠﻨ لﻭﻘﺘ · ﺭﻋ ﺔﻠﻔﺤ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﺴ ﺔﺸﺒﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻔﺘﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﺎﻜ ـ ﻥﺃ ﻲﺠ ﻱﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﺃ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﺒﻠﻁﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺒﻏﺭﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺸ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﻭﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﻝ ، ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ، ﻥﻬﺘﻗﻭﺒ ﻉﺎﺘﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺭﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﻷ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺃ ﻲﺠﻭﺯ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﺸﺎﻨﻷﺍ ﻑﺯﻌﹸ ﺘ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻴ ! ﻰﻀﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺩﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻴﺠﻨ ٢٠٠٨ ( ﻭ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ١٨ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ [ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺭﻋ ﻡﻅﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺢﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻁﺸﻨ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻭﻘﻴ ٢٠٠٦ ﺜﻻ ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﻡﻬﻨﻋ ﺝﺭﻓﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﹰ ﻼﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋﻭ ﻥﻴﻨ · ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻜﻨ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻨﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻭ ﺎﻨﺘﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻲﻴﺤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺩﺭﺃ ،ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻌﺒﺎﻁ ، ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺼﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﻷﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻨﺎﻏﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻡﻬﺴﺍﺭﻋﺃﻭ ﺎﻨﺴﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻙﻝﺫ ) ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﺠ ٢٠٠٦ ( ٤٣ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻓ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻀﺇ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻠﻜﻝﻭﻓ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻠﻝ ﺱﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ لﻭﺤ ﻥﻴﺴﻓﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ لﻭﺤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻀﺤﻴ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸ ، ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻊﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺩﻜﺍﺭ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻠﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﻌﻤ ﺫﺇ ، ﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺤﺎﺼﻴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻭ لﺎﺠﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺩﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋ · ﺕﺎﻴﺴﻜﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻘﺌﺎﺴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ،ﺙﺎﺜﻷﺍ ﺕﻼﺤﻤﻭ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺤﻤﻭ ﺓﺎﻬﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺨﻀﻝﺍ ﺯﻓﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺔﻤﺜﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﻴﻭ ﺭﻜﺫ` ﻴ ﺎﻤ ، ﺩﺒ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﺢﺠﺭﻷﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺽﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ﺱﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭ ﻕﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﻨﻜﻤﺘﻴﻝ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻁﺴﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﻬﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻻﺫﻹﺍﻭ ﻥﺯﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﻡﺎﻴﺄﺒ ﺀﻲﻠﻤ ،ﺏﻴﺌﻜ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺫﺠﻴ ﺫﺇ ﻥﻴﺫﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴﻭ ﺍﻭﺼﻗﺭﻴﻭ ﺍﻭﻠﻔﺘﺤﻴﻝ ﻥﻭﻘﺘﻠﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻋﺩ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﺼﺤﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻘﺜ ﹰ ﺎﺤﺎﺠﻨ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻪﻴﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻓﺎ ، ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺘ ﻪﻝ ﻥﺈﻓ لﺼﻓ لﺜﻤ ؛ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﻴ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺴﺠﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺀﺎﺴ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ،ﻥﻭﻋﻭﻨﻤﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ) ﻲﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ( ﺱﻠﺠﻴ ،ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻏ ،ﺓﻭﻬﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﺘﺤﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﺜﺩﺤﺘﻴ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻠﺨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻬﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺭﻴ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻻ ،ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ · ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ [ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﹸ ﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﺔﺴﻭﺭﺩﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﺃ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ · ﺩﺩﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﺁﺩﺒﻴ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ) ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ( ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻓﺩﻫ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﺴﻓﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻋﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺍﺅﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺴﺘﻤ ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺫﻨﻤﻭ ﻴﺎﻤﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺒﺸﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﺴﻨ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﺱﺩﻘﻤ ﺹﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻊﺒﻨﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨ ﻲﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺱﺎﻤﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻻ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻤﺄﺘﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒ ﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻫﺯﻔﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝ ﺔﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻼﻝ ٤٤ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ [ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔ` ﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻻ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻭﻘﻔﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻼﻜﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ – ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤ لﺩﻌﻤﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ - ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻨﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺘ ﻤﺘ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘ ﺯﻴ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻌﻝﺍ [ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﻴﺼ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻻ ،لﻘﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻬﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﺩﻀ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻓﺭﻭ ﺩﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﺒ ﻥﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴ لﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻥﻬﺘﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ، ،ﻥﻤﻵﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﺯﺎﺤﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻭﻫ ﺭﻜﺸ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻴﻘﻝ ،ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﺒ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁ ،ﻁﺎﻴﺨ ﻥﺎﻨﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﺃ ﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺒ ،ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺸﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻗﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﻯﺩﺤﻹ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺕﻤﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ٢٠٠٦ ﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻭﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻴ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻤﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ١ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﺭﺎﺸ ﻱﺩﻤﺤ ﺩﻤﺎﺤ ) ﺩﻤﺎﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ( ، ﺢﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺱﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺒ ٢ ـﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺭﻋ ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺩﺠﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭ ١٥٠ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻴﺭﻋ ، ﺔﻔﻴﺤﺼ ﻡﺎﻴﻷﺍ ) ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ( ، ،ﺩﺤﻷﺍ ١٠ ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ [ ﺯﻭﻤﺘ ٢٠٠٥ ٣ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ) ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ( ٤ ﺩﺎﻘﻌﻨﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻉﺍﺭﺼ ﺭﺠﻔﻨﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻗﺭﻠﻝ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺠﺭﻬﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻲﻓ ١٧ لﻴﺭﺒﺃ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ٦ ﻭﻴﺎﻤ [ ﺭﺎﻴﺃ ٢٠٠٨ ﺔﻴﻭﺌﻤﺒ ﹰ ﻻﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺠﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻯﺃﺭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻲﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺯﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺘﻗ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ،ﺔﺘﻠﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﺠﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻌﻝﺍ ) ﺏﻗﺭﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٨ ( ﺎﻤﺃ ﺍ ﺏﺤﻭ لﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﺠﻫ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﺠﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺃﺭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝ ) ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﺭﺴ ٢٠٠٨ ( ٤٥ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤ : ﺓﺯﻴﺯﻋ ،ﻥﻴﻤﺃ ١٩٩٢ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ٢٠ ﻭﻴﻨﻭﻴ [ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺯﺤ ﺩﻤﺤ ﺦﻴﺸﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﺎﻁﻴﺒﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ٢٠ ﺱﺭﺎﻤ [ ﺭﺍﺫﺁ ﻥﻤﻴﺃ ،ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﺠ ٢٠٠٦ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ١٠ لﻴﺭﺒﺇ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ ﻱﺩﻤﺤ ،ﺩﻤﺎﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ،ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ٩ لﻴﺭﺒﺇ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ لﺌﺍﻭ ،ﺵﺎﺸﺤﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٨ ﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ،ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ،ﺔ ٢١ ﺱﺭﺎﻤ [ ﺭﺍﺫﺁ ﺔﻴﺠﻨ ،ﺩﺎﻤﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ،ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ٦ لﻴﺭﺒﺇ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ لﺌﺎﻨ ،ﺩﻴﻤﺤ ٢٠٠٨ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ،ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺃ ٩ لﻴﺭﺒﺇ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ ٢٠٠٨ ،ﺔﻴﻔﺘﺎﻫ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺏ ١٧ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ [ ﺏﺁ ٢٠٠٨ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ،ﺩﺍﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺝ ٤ ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ [ لﻭﻠﻴﺃ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ،ﺏﻗﺭﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٨ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠﻭ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺹﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ، ٢٤ لﻴﺭﺒﺇ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ · / info . info - palestine . www :// http ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯ ٢٤ لﻴﺭﺒﺇ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ ٢٠٠٨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﺔﻴﺭﺴ ٢٠٠٨ ﺭﻬﻤ ،ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ،ﻥﺎﺠﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻗﺭﻠﻝ ﷲﺍ ﻡﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺠ ٢١ لﻴﺭﺒﺇ [ ﻥﺎﺴﻴﻨ ﺀﺎﻨﺴ ،ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ٢٠٠٧ ،ﺔﻴﻔﺘﺎﻫ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ١١ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ [ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﺘ ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ،ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ٢٠٠٧ ،ﺔﻴﻔﺘﺎﻫ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ١١ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ [ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﺘ ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ، ٢ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ [ ﺏﺁ · / info . info - palestine . www :// http ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯ ١٢ ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ [ لﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻜ ٢٠٠٧ ٤٦ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤ : Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) 1996 Demographic Survey in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: Preliminary Report, Ramallah, Palestine. Palestinian Independent commission for Citizens' Rights (PICCR) 2007 Violations of Human Rights in the Palestinian Authority's Territories. Special Reports Series. Report No. 25. Ramallah, Palestine: http://www.piccr.org/ Accessed April 30, 2007. ٤٧ ﺓﺭ ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ : ﺕﺍﻭﺼﺃ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ * ﻭﺨﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ ل ﻡﻨﺎﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ،ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺭﺭﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺁﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻊﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺭ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﺜﺂﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺜﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﺸﻌﻴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻫ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻀﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ لﻘﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﻘﺘ ﻻ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ،ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ لﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﻔﻨﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﺎﻬﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺭﺎﺴﻜﻨﺍ ﻊﻤﻓ ﻋﺎﺼﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﺨﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺓﻼﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﺌﺩﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺎﻌﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺇ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻲﻫ ﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜ ﺕﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ١٩٧٥ ﻭ ١٩٩٠ ﺔـﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻭ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻁﺴﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻠﻤﺸﻭ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ · ﻲﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺩﺎﺘﺴﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﺇﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺴﻭﺘﻭ ،ﻊﻴﺭﺴ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻕﺸ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻲﻤﻭـﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺒﻭﻗﻭ ﻋﺇ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻫﻹ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ؛ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﻹﺍ ﺓﺩﺎ ) Shammas 1996 ( ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻠﻝ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ، ﺏﺭـﺤﻝﺍ لﻼـﺨ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ،ﺕﻌﺴﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺎـﻴﻏ ﻁﺒـﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﺘﻓﺎﺒ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﺞﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭـﻘﻔﻠﻝ ﹰ ﻼﺤ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭ ) Fawaz and Peillen 2003 ( ﻥـﻤ ﺍﻭﻨﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﻯﺭﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ * Jihad Makhoul and Mary Ghanem, “Displaced Arab Families: Mothers’ Voices on Living and Coping in Postwar Beirut, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 54-73. ٤٨ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻻﺩﻨﺍ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩـﻗﻭ ﺭـﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺩـﻋ ﻥﻴﺭـ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺕﺭ ﻭﺤﻨﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﺕﻗﻭ ،ﺓﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ٩٠ ﺏﻭـﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﺒﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ؛ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻑﻝﺃ ﻥﺇ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭـﻝﺍ لﻭـﻘﺘﻭ ﻥﻜﺴﻠﻝ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ٍ ﻭﺂﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﻥﻜﺎﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺴﻴ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻨ ﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺜﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻝﺩﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒﻭ ﺓﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻑﺭﻌ` ﻴ ﻻ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺩﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﺕﺭ` ﺠ` ﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﺩﺎﻋﺃﻭ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺕﺭ` ﺠ` ﻫ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ﻭ ،ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻫ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ لﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺸﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻌﺴﻝﺍ ﻰ ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﺸﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻭ لﻅﺘ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘﻭ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ١٥ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻠﻝ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﺒﺘﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻘﻔﺘﺘﻭ ﺼﺎﺨ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺜﻼﺜ ﺀﺏﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﻋ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝ ﹰ ﺎ · لﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ لﻤﺤﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﹸ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺕﻀﺭﻋ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺫﺨﻵﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺠﻬ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ) Ferguson 1997; Malkki 1997; Peteet 2005 ( ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺭﻴﺸﻴﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ) IDPs: Internally Displaced Persons ( ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺎﻬﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻫ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﺭﺒﺠﺃ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍ ﺙﺭﺍﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺕﺎﻜﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝ ) Martin 2000 ( ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻅﺤﻴ ﻻﻭ ،ﺹﺎﺨ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻱﺄﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻻ ،ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﺘ ،ﺢﻠﺴﻤ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻉﺍﺭﺼ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﻴﺤﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻠﻤﺸﺘ ﻡﻫﺩﻼﺒ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭ ﺔﻤﺯﻠﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻜﺘ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺭﻁﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻀﺭﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻠﻤﺸﺘ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﺄﺸ ،ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻻﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻓﺭﻌ` ﻴ ﻼﻓ ﻡﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺫﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻡﻫ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍﻭ ﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺭﻀ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻤﻭﺯﺄﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻁﻀﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻤﺃ ) Leus, Wallace and Loretti 2001 ( ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻴﻤﺘﻭ ﻁﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻥﻴﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻓﺎﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺭ`ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻠﺴ ) Harrel-Bond and Voutira 1992; Malkki 1997 ( ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻭﺃ ، ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﻤﻼﻜﺒ ﺩﺘﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﻐﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﻡﻬﻝﺍﻭﻗﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﺀﺎﻨﻤﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﻡﻫ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﺍﻭﻤ ﻱﻭﺫ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﺩﻤ ) Malkki 1997 ( ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺕﺒﺜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﻌﺸ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻡﻬﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺏﺎﻌﺼﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻰﻔﻨﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺘﻭﻬﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺒﻗ ﻲﺌﺠﻻ ﻊﻤ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ) Malkki 1997, 228 ( ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺕﻼﺼ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺠﻻ ﻊﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘﻴﻭ ) Malkki ٤٩ 1997 ( ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫ ﺩﺴﺠﻴﻭ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻼﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻊﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺭﻓﻭﻴﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻠﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺘﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﺒ ﺭﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ) Peteet 2005; 2007 ( ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻠﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺴ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﻊﺠﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﻘﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﺎﻏﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺘﻜﺴﺃ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ) Ferguson 1997 ( ﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﻉﺯﻨﺘﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻠﺼﺄ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻌﺒﺘﻭ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻝﺩﻨﺍ ١٩٧٥ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺃﻭ ، ) Assaf and El-Fil 2000 ( ﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺴﻘﻓ ،ﻲﻔﺌﺎﻁ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺠﻭ ﻲﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﻡﺴﻗﻭ ﻡﻠﺴﻤ ﻡﺴﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻨﻴ ) Fawaz and Peillin 2003 ( ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ لﺎﺘﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﺩﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﻭﻋ ١٩٧٨ ﻭ ١٩٨٢ ﻭ ٢٠٠٦ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨﻭ ) ١٩٧٥ - ١٩٩٠ ( ﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺵﺎﻤﻜﻨﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ، ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻐﻤﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﹶ ﻘﹶ ﻓ ،ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺠﺭﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﻠﺤﺘ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﻠﺨﺩ ﻥﻭﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻊ` ﻤﺠﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀ لﻤﺸﺘﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻊﺴﺘﺍﻭ ﺕﻠﻜﺸﻭ ﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﺠﻭﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴ ) ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ( لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤ لﻭﺼﻭﺒ ﺕﻤﻗﺎﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻨﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻴﺴﻨ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺍﺩﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ،لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻲ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﺒﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺩﻜﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻤﺴﺘﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﺒ ﺕﻤﺴﺘﺍﻭ ،ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺘﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ) Fawaz and Peillin 2003 ( ﻻ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﹸ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻭ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﺒ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺅﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺯﺤ ، ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺄﺘ ﻱﻭﻀﻭﻓ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﺇ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﺘﻓ ﻡﺩﻬﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺍﺯﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻋ ﻪﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﺝﺎﻋﺯﺇ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ´ﺭﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺼ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ) Fawaz and Peillin 2003 ( ﻨﺠﻷﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﺘﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﺼﻴﺨﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁﻭ ٥٥ ﻭ ٦٠ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ ، ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻋ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻫ ﺴﺒ ؛ﺭﻘﻔﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻀﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺏﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻭ ﻥﺍﻭﻁﻨﺃ ﺩﺍﺩﺤ ) Haddad 2006 ( ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻬﻨ ﺸ ﺎ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﺒ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺘ ،ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁﻭ ﻁﻨﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺍﺩﺤ ٢٨ ° ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ) ﺔﻤﺴﻨ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ ( ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻁﺨ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ٧ ° ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ) ٢٥٠ ﻑﻝﺃ ﺔﻤﺴﻨ ( ﺭﻘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻊﻗﺩﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴﻓ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ،لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ،ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍﻭ لﺜﻤ · ﺍ لﻫﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻉﺎﻘﺒﻝ ) Fawaz and Peillin 2003 ( ﺍﻭﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ، ﺵﻴﻤﻬﺘﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ ﷲﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻭ لﻤﺃ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ) Deeb 2005 ( ٥٠ ﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨ ﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﺘﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﺕ ﻲﻔﻴﻜ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺔﻁﺨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺘﻘﻴ ﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﻠﻤﺸﻭ ﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺙﺤ ﺔ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ، ﺩﻘﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ لﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺘﻭﺼ ﻼﻴﺠﺴﺘ ، ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﻭﺘﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ [ لﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﺘ ٢٠٠٥ ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ [ ﺯﻭﻤﺘ ٢٠٠٦ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺜ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻀ ﻲﻓ ،ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺘﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﺘﻨﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ) ١٩٧٥ - ١٩٩٠ ( ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺭﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺒ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﺎﺘﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺕﺭﺴﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺒﺴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﻝ ﻥﺎﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﻥﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻥﺎﺒﺘﻜﻤﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﻠﻫﺃ ﺠ ﻥ ﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﺭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻓ ﻯﺭﺠﺃﻭ ٤٣ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ،ﹰ ﻻﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ٢٥ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ١٨ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻯﺭﺠﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃﻭ ﺕﻌﻀﺨﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﺠﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﺭﺠﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﺩﺼﺭﻝ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﺜﻤ ،ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻫ ﻯﻭﻗ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ · ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﻘﺘ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ؛لﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ،لﻤﺎﻜ ﻡﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﻘﻋﺃ ﻡﺜ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ لﻗﺃ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺏﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﻥﻫﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﻓ ،ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻱﺃ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ٍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘ ﻥﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﺭ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺠ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻫ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ لﻭﻷ ﺕﻨﻜﺴﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻤ ١٩٥٨ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻡﺜ ، ﻲﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻨﺴﻝﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃﻭ ١٩٨٢ ` ﺭﻓ ، ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ لﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗﺃﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻝ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺄﺠﻠﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻬﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻡﻀﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ١٠٠ ﻭ ﻑﻝﺃ ١٥٠ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺴﻨ ﻑﻝﺃ ، ،لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺩﻌﻤ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺭﺩﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺹﺨﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﻥﻜﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻜﺘ ﻻﻭ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﻏﻭ ﻊﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺍﺩﻤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﻲﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻤ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺽﻴﻭﻌﺘﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ ،لﻴﻭﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻘﺘﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ؛لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫ` ﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻭﺭﻭﺯﻴ ﻥﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﺼ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﺸﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺠﻼﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻤ لﻴﻝﺎﺤﺘ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﷲﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻭ ٥١ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺘﻷ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺫﺇ ،لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺘﻴﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﺎﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ لﻤﺃ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ َ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻋﺩ ﻰﻘﻠﺘﺘ ﻱﺃ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻪﺒﺸ ﻲﻫﻭ ،لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﱠ ﻅﹸ ﻨ لﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺼﺼﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻔﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﺠﺭﻴﻭ ،ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻱﺃ ﻕﻠﺘﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ) Makhoul, Shyboub and Jamal 2004 ( ﻡﻬﻘﻘﺸ ﻥﻭﺭﺠﺅﻴ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻜﻠﻤ ﺕﺒﺜﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﻻ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺭﺴﻷ ﺙﺎﺜﺃ ﺭﻘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺔﻴﺩ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ ﻑﻘﺴﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺎﻴﺯﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺄﻓ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻁﻗﺎﺴﺘﻴ ﺔﻘﻘﺸﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻬﻔﺸ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻙﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺭﺒﻴ ،ﺔﻤﺯﻠﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ لﻅ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻬﺸﻴ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺄﺘ ﻙﺭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻗ ﻲﻨﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ؛ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﻜﻠﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻡﺴﺭﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺍﻭﺴﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻰﻨﺒﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻜﺫﺘ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﻓ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﺦﺒﻁﻤﻭ ﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﺙﺎﺜﺄﺒ ﺔﺸﻭﺭﻔﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺠﺤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺠﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺭﺯ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻜﻭ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴﻤ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺭﺎﻤﻗﺃ ﺔﻠﺼﻭﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻠﺘ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺸﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻕﺭﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﻷﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﺇﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﻴﺼ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻼﺼﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ لﻁﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜ ﺕ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺴﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻁﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺯﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺩﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺯﻨﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺸﻷ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ، ﺎﻬﻨﻜﺴﻴ - لﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ - ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺍﻭﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﻌﺴﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻎﻠﺒﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻤﻭﻠﻴﻜ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘﻭ ١٢ ﻑﻝﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻊﻘﺘ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﺸ ﻲﻓ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺠﺤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ،ﺩﻭﻤﺤ ﺝﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻀ ﻡﺎﻤﺯ ﻥﻤﻀ ) Makhoul 2003 ( ﺩﻭﺩﺤﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﻨﺴﻝﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﻌﺴﻭﺘ ،لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸ ،ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻲ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﺒﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ لﻼﺨﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻷﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻓﺍﻭﺘ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘ ) ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ( ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ، ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺃﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﺁ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﻴ ﻡﺴﺘ ﻲﺤ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﺒ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﻭ ﻲﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺒ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺩﻜﺘ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺼﻼﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺎﻤﻋ ﺕﻴﻨﺒ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻻ ` ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﹶ ﻕﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺭ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺕﻼﻜﺸ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﻘﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻕﺎﻀ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻭ ﺭﻐﺼﺃ ﻕﻘﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ لﻜ ﻊﻤ لﻔﻁ ﺩﻝﻭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻭ – ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ - لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺘﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﻗﺃ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺠﺤ ﺭﻐﺼﺃ ﻥﻜﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺩ ﺩﺯﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺃﻭﺴﺃ ﻥﻜﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ،ﺓ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﺎﻁ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻁﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺎﺤﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﺴﺭ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﻻ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ لﻘﺘ ،لﻭﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺤﺩﺯﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﻭﺠ لﻴﻤﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ٥٢ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﻝ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻴﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻕﻴﺴﻨﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻭ ﺏ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺢﻠﻔﺘ ﻻ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺝﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﺭﺴﺃ ،ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻤﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﺭﺩﻨﻴﻭ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﺭﻜﺫ ﺙﻴﺤ ؛لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴ ﺃ ﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﻥﻬﻨ ﻥﻬﺘﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺠ لﺜﻤ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻩﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﻋ ﻭﻫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻷﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺸﺎﻘﻨﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﺃ ﺕﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻭﻘﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﺌﺎﺒﺭﻬﻜﻭ ،لﺯﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻗﻭ ﺭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺎﺠﻨ ﻡﻬﻨﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺏﺼﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻭﻠﻐﺸﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ،ﻥﻭﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺎﻘﺒ ﺭﺠﺎﺘﻤ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃﻭ لﻘﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺠﺃ ﻥﻭﻀﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﻡﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻴﺭﻜ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﻷﻭ ﻡﻬﻝ لﻔﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺩﺒ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻜﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ لﺎﻤﻜﺘﺴﺍ لﺒﻗ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻜﺒﻤ ﻥﺠﻭﺯﺘ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﻡﻬﺴﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﺩﺠﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﻬﻘﻠﻗ ﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻲﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺱﺭﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻡﻬﺴﻭﺭﺩ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻝ ﺭ ﺎﻤﻬﺴﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻨﻭﺒﻌﺘﻴ ﻡﺃﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻪﻨﺍﺭﻜﺫﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﺴﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﺎﻨﺃﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﻫﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﺎﻤﻜﺘﺴﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻊﻓﺩ ) ﻡﺃ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ( ﻓﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻭﻝ ﻰﻨﻤﺘﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ لﻀ ﻡﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺄﺴ ﺕﻨﻜ ) ﻡﺃ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ١٧ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ﺎﻬﻝ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻝﺎﻋﻹ ﻭﺃ ،ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺩﻌﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ لﻤﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻌﻝ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻴ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻝﺎﻁﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘﻭ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻓ ﺔ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ) ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ( لﻤﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﻴ لﺎﻐﺸﺃ ﺯﺭﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﺠﻭﺯ لﻤﻋ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﻻ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﺼﺎﺤﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻭﻫ ﻪﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﻴ ﺎﻨﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ) ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺃ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ٣٤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ٥٣ ﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﻁﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻔﻜ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺸﺘ ،ﻡﻅﺘﻨﻤ لﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻓﺩﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺜﻤ ،ﻥﻬﻝﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺒﺸﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺩﻴﻝﺍ لﺎﻐﺸﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ل ﺭﺠﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﺒﻝﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ لﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻻ لﻤﻋ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺠﺭﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺠﺄﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺠﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻙﻠﻤﺘ ﻪﺘﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺫﺤﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻔﻨﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻠﻝﻭ ﻌﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﺎ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺠﺎﺘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻴﻓ ، ﺍﺭﺒﺼﻭ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﻭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﺭﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺭﺎﻌﺴﺄﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻅﻨﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺩﺤﻴﻭ ﺯﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﺭﻀﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃﻭ · ﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺁ ﻭ ﺭ ﻏ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻤﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺤﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺦﺒﻁﺃ ﺏﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺍﺫﻬﻓ ) لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﻷ ﻥﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺌﺍﺭﺁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻠﺌﺴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﻻ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺩﺠﻴ ،ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﺘ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻫﺭﻭﺼﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﺴﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻭ ﻥ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﺒﺸﻴﻭ ﺕ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﻤﺤ ﺝﺭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻁ ﺏﻤﺎﻜ ﺔﹼ ﻠﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺘﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤﻷ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍﻭ ) Joseph 1993 ( ﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺌﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ،ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺎﺒ ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻬﺘﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻌﺒ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ لﻜﺎﻴﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ) diomatic kinship ( ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﻴ ﺔﻴﻫﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻪﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻱﺭﺠﺘﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻬﻨﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺩﻜﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﻔﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺴﺎ · لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻕﺎﻓﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﻙﺴﺎﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﻷ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺃﺭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻫﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺼﺘ ﺎﻬﺴﻜﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺀﺎﺒﻵﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺃﺭ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﻥﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﻴ ﻻ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻘﺘﻔﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ،ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻌﻨﺴ ﺤﺘ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻡﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﺘﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻨﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻙﺘﻨﺒﻻ ﻲﻝﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ،ﺔﺌﻴﺴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺤﻭﺭ ﻥﻴﺌﺎﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻨ ﻻ ﻥﺤﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻑﻭ ﻲﺘﺎﺒﻠﻁ ﻰﺒﻠﹸ ﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺃ ،ﻱﺩﻻﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﺱﺭﻜﺃ ﻲﻜﻝ ،ﻲﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒﻓ ﻲﻗﻭﻘﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺃ ﻻ ﺎﻨﺃ ) ﺍ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤ ( ٥٤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺕﻤﺴ` ﺭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻭ ) ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺒﻠﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻜﺄﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ لﺜﻤ ،ﻡﺌﺍﺩ لﺨﺩ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻘﺘﻴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻭ ﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻜﻠﻤ ﺎﻫﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺃ ﻻ ﻲﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒﻓ ﻲﻨﺒﻻ ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺭﻜﻓﺃ ،ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺃ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻨﺒﺍ ) ﺃ ﻡ ﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ل ( ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺌﻴﻠﻤ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻭﺩﺒﺘﻭ لﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺨﻭ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﻤﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﺭﻭﺼﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻫﺩﻌﺒﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﻜﺸﺘﻭ ﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﻤﺘﻴﻭ ،لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻥﻬﻗﺎﻫﺭﺇ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﺭﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻘﺘﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻬﻠﻫﺍﻭﻜ لﻘﺜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻠﻤﺤﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﺼﻭ ٣٠ ﺀﺩﺒ ،ﺕﻀﻤ ﺔﻨﺴ ﹰ ﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ لﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻭﺄﺠﻠﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩ ﺭﺠﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻌﻓﺩ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ ﺏﻌﺼﺃ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﻌﺸ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺴ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ · ﺕﻭﻤﺘ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﺘﻭﻤ ﻉﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﻁﺒ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺩﻴ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺓﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ - ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ - ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘ ،ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﻊﺒﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻤ ،ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻘﻋ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺩﺩﻤ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺴ ﻥﻤ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﺍﺭﻤ ،لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﻊﺒﺴﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻭ ،ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ٣.٤ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺏﺒﺴﺘﻴ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺓﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺭﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﺘﻋﺍ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﻘﺘﻔﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﻤ ﺎﻨﻨﻷ لﻘﺘﻨﻨﻓ ﹰ ﻼﻁﺎﻋ ﻲﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺎﻌﻁﻝﺎﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨﻝ لﻗﺃ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻡ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻻ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺠﺘﺤﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﻴﺒﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻠﻝ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ) لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ( ٥٥ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺭﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻑﺼﻨﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁ` ﻴ ،ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﺒﺸﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺎﻬﻝ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ( ﺔﻤﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﻡﻝﻭ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻤﻴﺴ ﺩﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ) Sims 2003 ( ﺭﺸﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻀﺭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻬﻋﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺎ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﻤﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﻠﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﺔﻴﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓﻭﺭﻅ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺌﺍﻭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﻥ'ﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻭﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻘﺘﻔﻴ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻬﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺎﺼ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺴﻝ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ · ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻝ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﺎﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻬﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻨﻁﻭ ﻥﻋ ( ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭﻝ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﻫﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ · ﺍﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤ ﻡﺎﻴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻴﺨﻤ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺭﺎﻁ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻰﺸﺨﻨ ﺎﻨﺒﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻴﺨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻫﻭﺠﻭ ﻯﺭﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﻐﺘﺴﻤﺒ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺘ ﺢﻀﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻴﺘﻴﺒ ﻲﻝﻭﺠ ) Peteet 2007 ( ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﺎﺒﺭﻏ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺨﻵﺍ ﺭ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻭ لﺎﺼﺨ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺨ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺯ ﻥﻭﺩﺘﺭﻴ ﻥﻤﻤ ﻥﻭﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻭﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻡﻫ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ٍ ﻡﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻁﺨ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ، ﺏﻴﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺨ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀ ﺩﻀ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻁﺭﻭﺘﻤ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻌﻤﺴﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻥﻬﺒﺭﺎﺠ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ` ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻅﻭﺤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻅﺤ لﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭ` ﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﺕﺩﺍﺩﺯﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴ ﻭ ﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ لﻅ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺢﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺕﺩﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘﻝ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻹﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻋﺇ ﺀﻭﺴ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻬﻜ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻝ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ لﺨﺩﻭ ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺭ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ لﺨﺩ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻭ ،لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺴﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴ ` ﻡﺃ ﹶ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻔﺼﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ · لﺩﺎﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻝﺎﻜ ﺵﻴﻋﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ،ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ١٠٠ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻤﺃ ) ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ( ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﺴﻜﻨﻓ ، ﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺴﻠﻔﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻨ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘ ﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ) ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ( ﺕﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺃ ﻻﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ لﺨﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺽﺭﻤ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ،ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤﻭ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻓ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻌ ٥٦ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ · ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻙﺴﺃﺭ ﻥﺇ ﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘ ﻪﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺎﻓ - لﺜﻤ ﻭﺒﺭﻝﺍ - ﻕﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻠﺘﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻁﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺤ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ،ﺭﺴﺃ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻵﺍ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺇ ` ﺀﻭﺴ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻑﻌﻀﻭ ،ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺼ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤ ﻑﺯﻨﺘﺴﻴ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﻲﻨﺒﺍ ﺽﺭﻤ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﻭﻁ ﺦﻠﺴﺘﻴ ﻩﺩﻠﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺱﻭﺭﻴﻔﺒ ﺏﻴﺼﺃ ﺱﻭﺭﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻁﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥ ﻤ لﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻜﺴﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﻻ ﺱﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺽﺭﻤ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻲﻝ ﺍﻭﻝﺎﻗ ) لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷ ﻡﺃ ( ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﻥﻜﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﻲﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺘ لﻫ ﻥﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻭﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺏﻁﺭ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ؟ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ( ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﻡﻗﺎﻔﺘﺘ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﺘ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ لﻤﺤﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﻭ ﻴﺯﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﺩ ﺔﻨﻴﻜﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﻭﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻔﻴﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻨﻜﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺩﺠﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ · لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻫ ،ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻀﻔﺘ ﻙﻨﺇ ﺕﻠﻗ لﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻀﻔﺘ ؟ﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ) ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ( ﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺠﺘ · ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺤ ﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﺒﻜﺭﻤ ﻭ ، ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ لﻜ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻙﻨﻜﻝ ، ﺔﺤﺍﺭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﺤﺯ ﻻ ﺀﻭﺩﻫ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻙﻝ ﺡﺭﺸ ) ﺎﻨﻫ ( ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻙﺴﺃﺭ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﻭﻁ ﺕﻨﺃ ، ﻲﺒﺼﻋ ﻁﻐﻀ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﻏ ﺎﻨﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﻫﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺒﻭﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺸﺄﺒ ﺔﺌﻴﻠﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻴﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺭﺘﻤ ﺔﺌﺎﻤ ﺭ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻑﻴﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﺔﻠﻁﻋ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻲﻀﻘﻨﻭ ﻥﻭﺩﻴﻘﻤ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺎﻨﻫ ) ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ٢٨ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘ لﺜﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺎﺘﺭﻤ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻻ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﻓﺭﻘﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ، ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻬﺌﺎﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺩﺍﺯ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﺒ ،ﹰﺍﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺒﺭ ،ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺕﻁﺒﺭﻭ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﺜﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺨﺒﻁ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻁﻭﻐﻀﻤ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺭﻌﺸﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺃ لﻗﺃ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺃ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ) ﺔﻴﺠﺍﺯﻤ ( ﺓﺩﻴﺠ ) ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ٣٠ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ٥٧ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠ ﻻ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻏ · ﻥﻴﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻴﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻬﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﺠﻴ ﻻ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺘﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﺩﺎﻬﺠﻹﺍﻭ ﻁﻐﻀﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝ ) Berkman and Glass 2000; Israel and Heanrey 2002 ( ﻓ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻬﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻻ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄ ﻡﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﻨﻔﺼﺘﻭ ،ﻥﻬﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠ ﻥﻭﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﻻ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻬﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﻥﻬﺒﺭﺎﻗﺄﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﻁ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﻡﺘﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﺨﻵﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺨ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻸﻝ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻷﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻫﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﻴ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻥﻬﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﻑﻌﻀ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻥﻬﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺘﻘﺜ ﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹ ﻲﻓﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻴﻁﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ؛ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎ ﺀﻲﺸ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺭﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻌﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻝﺯﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﻕﻠﻘﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ) لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷ ﻡﺃ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ( ﹼ ﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﻌﺸ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺤ ﻪﻨﻁﻘﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻋﺩﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻌﻓ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻙﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﺠ ﺩﺠﺘ ﺏﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻉﻭﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻩﺍﺭﻨ ﻻ ) ﺎﻨﻫ ( لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) ﻥﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝ ﻡﺃ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ( ﻭ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ،ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺍ لﻼﺘﻋﻻ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝ ) Saab et al. 2005 ( ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻀﺭ ﻊﻤ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ) Bryce et al. 1989 ( ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺌﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﺘﺴﻝ · ﺔﻓﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺒﻫﺍﺫ ﻲﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺃ ﻻ ،ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻴﻭ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻼﻁﻹﺍ ،ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻬﻀ` ﺭﻌﻴ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻱﺃﺭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﻥﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻻ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺼﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭ لﻭ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ` ﺩ ﻌﹸ ﺘ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﺫﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺫﻔﻨﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﺸﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺴﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﻕﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻭﻠﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﺠﺘﻝ ﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ،لﻤﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺸﻝ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻻ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻥﻤﺨﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻨﺘﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻜ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻗ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻗﺎﺘﺸﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﻷ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺸﻝﺍ ٥٨ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﻷﻭ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﻷ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻼﻝ ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻥﻴﺒﺒﺴ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺭﻭﺃﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻓ ﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺽﻀﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻠ` ﺒﹶ ﻘﹶ ﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ؛لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺭﻓ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻗ ﺕﻁﺒﺭ · ،ﺔﻴﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﺭﻓ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﻨﻏﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﺴﻭﻭ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﻗﻷﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺠﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ، لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺘﻤﺃ ﺔﻌﻀﺒ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻑﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻜﺴ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻴ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﻭ ﻥﺎ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ ﺱﺩﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﻨﻭﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺍﺭﺤﺃ ﺍﻭﺴﻴﻝ ﻡﻬﻓ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ) UNRWA ( ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭﻝ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻭ ﺙﻭﻏ ؛ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﻥ'ﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺃﻭﺴﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻠﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻡﻬﻨﺈﻓ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ١٩٤٨ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒﻭ ﻴﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻁﻭﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻁﻭ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻭﻤﻨ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻊﺘﻤﺘ ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﺽﻴﻭﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴﻭ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﻴِ ﻌ` ﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﺜﻤﺘ ) Makhoul, Ghanem and Ghanem 2003 ( ﺌﺩﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ - ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ - ﻡﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺄﺠﻠﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻜﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺴﻔﻨﻷ ﻥﻬﻠﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻴﻘﺒ` ﻴ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻤ ` ﻥﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻪﺒ ﻥﻘﺜﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﻴﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺭﻀ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﺌﺩﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺎﻌﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺜﻜﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﹸ ﺘ ﺏﺎﺌﺘﻜﻼﻝ ﺓﺩﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻭﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺏﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻱﺃﺭ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺩﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝ ﺏﻴﺒﻁ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺕﺎﺌﺩﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺎﻨﺃ ﺵﻴﻌﻨ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻨﺒ ﺭﻤﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺏﻫﺫﻴ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺠﻴﺴ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﻥﻤﺜ ﻙﻠﻤﻨ ﻻ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﺎ ﻀﺤﻹ ﻭﻫ ﻪﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺎﺠﺴ ﺭﺎ ﻩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀلﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﺘﺄﻴﻝ ﻲﺠﻭﺯ ﺭﻅﺘﻨﻨ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺭﻜﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺌﺎﺠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺸﻭ ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺩﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﺄﻜ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺎﺒﺤﺈﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻻ ) ﹰ ﻻﺯﻨﻤ ( ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺹﺨﺭﺃ ) لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ( ﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﺘﻭ لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻜﺴ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺁ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ لﻼﺨ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻨ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺤﺭﺘ ﻰﻘﻠﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺴﻭﺎﺴﻗﻭ ﻥﺎﺒﻫﺭ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅ ﺓﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﻪﻨﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﻻ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ٥٩ ﺎﻨﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﺭﺯﺘ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺱﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﺎﻌﻁ ﺹﺼﺤ ﹰ ﻼﻤﺎﺤ ﺱﻴﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻀﺤﹸ ﺘ ﻥﻫﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﺒﻝﺎﻁﻴ ﺱﻴﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻨﻨﺎﻤﻴﺇ ﻱﻭﻘﻨ ﻅﻌﻴﻭ ﻲﻠﺼﻴﻭ ﺎﻨﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺭﻭﺯﻴ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ) ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ٣٣ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺕﺒﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻏﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻨﻗ ﺩﻫﺎﺸﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻌﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﻲﺘﺎﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﺘ ) ﺔﺴﻤﺨﻝ ﻡﺃ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻊﺒﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ( ﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ،ﷲﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻴ ،ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻹﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻰ ) ﺽﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻋﺃ ( ﻲﻓ ` ﻱﺩﻴ ﺩﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻪﻠﻜ ﻲﻤﺴﺠﻭ ﺩﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﻱﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺘﺤﺍﺭﺠ ﻲﻝ ﺕﻴﺭﺠُ ﺃ ﹰ ﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤﺘ ﷲ ﺩﻤﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺩﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺎﻋﺭﻴ ﷲﺍ لﻌﻔﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ) لﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ( ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺎﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﺘ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻥ'ﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺸﻓ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻫﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺎﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻫ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ لﺼﺍﻭﻴ ،ﺔﻔﺼﻨﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ لﻅ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺃﻭﺴﺃ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺍﻭﺩﺠﻴﻝ ،ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺠﻴﻹﺍ ِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺒﻗﻭ ﻥﺸﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜ ﺕﻌﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻬﺼﺭﻓﻭ ﻥﻬﺘﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ لﱠ ﻠﹶ ﻗ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻨﺼ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﻭﺍﺩﺠ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺏﻐﺘ ﻡﻝ 'ﻥﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺘﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺀﻭﺠﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝ ﻡﻅ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺭﺭﺤﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﺈﻓ ،لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻕﺎﻔﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ` ﺀﺏﻋ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻘﹶ ﺜ ،ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺒ ﺭﻴﺠﻬﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻑﻔﺨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻊﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺩﱠ ﻨﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻨﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ - ﻊﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺩﺼﻤ - لﺤﻤ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ؛ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺭﺤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻘﻨ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺄﻓ ؛ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﻊﺒﺘﺘﺴﻴ ﺭﻘﻔﻠﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻻ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺨﺩ لﻤﺘﺤﺘ ﻻ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺴ ﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ لﻅﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻴﺤ ﻲ ٦٠ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻋﻹ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻴﻔﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﻭﺘ لﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ، ﻥﺃ ، ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻔﺨﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﺁ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻤﺤﺘ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ Assaf, Georges, and Rana El-Fil 2000 Resolving the Issue of War Displacement in Lebanon. 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Makhoul, Jihad 2003 Physical and Social Contexts of the Three Urban Communities of Naba’a, Borj al-Barajneh Palestinian Camp, and Hay al-Sullum. Unpublished memo, Community Research on Population Health, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. Makhoul, Jihad, Dana Abi Ghanem, and Mary Ghanem 2003 An Ethnographic Study of the Consequences of Social and Structural Forces on Children: The Case of Two Low-Income Beirut Suburbs. Environment and Urbanization 15 (2): 249-59. Makhoul, Jihad, Rawan Shayboub, and Jinan Jamal 2004 Violence: The Silent Determinant of Child Labor. Journal of Children and Poverty 10 (2): 131- 47. ٦١ Malkki, Lisa H. 1997 Speechless Emissaries. In Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object, ed. Karen Fog Olwig and Kirsten Hastrup. London: Routledge. Martin, Susan Forbes 2000 Handbook for Applying the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. 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Accessed March 19, 2009. ٦٢ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﻅ ﻲﻓ : ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ * ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻭﺠ ﻱﺍﺭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺴﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺴ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺼﺭﺘ ﹰ ﺎﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺕﻀﻤ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﺌﺎﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﻭﺘﻜﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﺒﻠﺠ` ﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﺌﻼﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻜﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺔ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ لﺠﻷﺍ لﻴﻭﻁ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ، ﻡﺴﺘﻴ لﻤﺤﺒ ﺀﺏﻋ ﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﺔﻀﺭﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺫﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻘﺒ` ﻴ ﻥﻬﺴﻔﻨﻷ ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﻷ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ، ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺒ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺎ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻻﺩﻨﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ١٩٧٥ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﺫﺠ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺤﺘ لﱠ ﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺎﻨﻫ ) ﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔ ( ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻗﺭﻔﺘﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﹸ ﺘ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ، ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﺒﺸ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻔﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺃﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﺁ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ،ﻲﻝﺯﻨ ﺕﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﻥﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻓ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Ehrenriech and Hochschild 2003; Zimmerman, Litt, and Bose 2006 ( ﻥﻫﺩﻼﺒ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻻ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻌ` ﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺏﺫﺘﺠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻭ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﻋ لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ لﻗﺃ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻡﻬﻔ` ﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻑﺭ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﻥﻵﺍﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ) Cheng 2006, 129 ( * Ray Jureidini, “In the Shadows of Family Life: Toward a History of Domestic Service in Lebanon”, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 74-101. ٦٣ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻬﻅﻴﻭ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺒ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﻻﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺤﺇ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻌﻴﻀﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺇ ) ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ﻭﺃ ( ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻷﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻤﻗﺎﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Khalaf 2002; Traboulsi 2007 ( ﻭ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﺍﺯﻝﻹﺍ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻻﺍ ١٩٩٨ ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋﻭ لﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﺒ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻡﻝ ٢٠٠٠ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ) ﻲﻓﻭ ﺏﻴﺭ ﻼﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ( ، ﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻱﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻤﻌﻝﺎ ﺎ ﻝ ﺔ ﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﻜﺘ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻠﻝ لﻤﻌ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ( ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ لﻗﺃ ﻥﻝﻭﺤﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ) Romero 1992, 131 ( ،ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻭﻁﺨﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻌﻓ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻤ ، ﺎﻤﻨﺈﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻀﻨﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﺹﺨﺸ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ١٩ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻓﻭﻝﺄﻤ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻏ ) Simmel 1950 ( ﻪﻔﺼﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﻐﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻭ لﻴﻤﻴﺴ ﺝﺭﻭﺠ ) Simmel ( ﺡﻼﺼﻺﻝ لﺒﺎﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﺭﻓﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ – ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ لﺎﻴﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﻜﻴ ﻭﺃ – ﻥﻤ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻘﺒﻁ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩﺒ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻕﺭﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﻭﺃ ﹰﺎﺤﺎﻴﺘﺭﺍ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ﻝ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼ ﺩﻗ ﺔﺒﺎﺸ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻻﻭ لﻭﺤ ﻼﺒ ﻡﺜ ، لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﻭ ﻯﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻔﻀ ،ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺓﻭﻗ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Ghoussoub 1998; Jureidini 2006 ( ﻡﻝﻭ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺼﺭ ، ٢٠ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﺼ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ لﺎﻴﺠﻷﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ؛ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ لﻼﻅ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺵﻴﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻔﺨ ﻥﻠﻠﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﻜﻭ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻓ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺜﺅﻤ ) Joseph 1999, 2 ( ﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻭ ،ﻥﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺩﺨﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻌﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﻥﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻁﺭﺨﻨﻤ ﺔﻀﺭﺘﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻗ لﻫﺃ ) fictive kin ( ، ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺀﺯﺠﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﺭﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ) ﹰ ﺍﺭﺨﺅﻤ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ( ﻭ ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﺭﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﹰﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺠ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻝﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺘﻓ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺭﺒﻜﻴ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﻥﻠﺴﺭ` ﻴ ،ﺭﺎﻜﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ لﺎﻤﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺠ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘﺒ ﻡﺎﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﻷﺍ ﻅﻓﺎﺤ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻗﻭﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ٢١ ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺫﻨﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٤٨ ﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴ لﺌﺍﻭﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ٦٤ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻭ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Traboulsi 2007 ( ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﻠﺨﺩ ، ﺝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻀﻌﺒ لﻤﻋ ﻡﺜ ،ﺕﻻﻭﺠﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻌﺌﺎﺒ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ) ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭ ( ﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻘﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﺒﺫﺘﺠﺘ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﺭ` ﻴﻏ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ) ١٩٧٥ - ١٩٩٠ ( ﺕﺸﻼﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ؛ - ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ - ﻔﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺒﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺀﻲﺠﺎ ﻡﺎﺠﺤﺇ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ لﺫﺎﺨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺃﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺎﺒ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ لﻭﺒﻗ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻵﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻴﺴ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻊﻀﺒ ﺩﻌﺒﻓ ﺠ ﻲﻓ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻠ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٩٠ ﻰﻝﺇ ٢٠٠٦ ﻡﺜ ،ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺘ ،ﺎﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ، ﺇ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜ ) 2005a Jureidin 2004b; ( ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ،ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺌﺸ ﺭﻴﻴﺴﺘﻝ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻴ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻋ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﻼﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ،ﻡﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﻤﺒ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻗ ﻩﺎﻋﺭﻴ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻜﺸ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻬﺘﻠﺴﺭﺃ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ،ﺭﻅﻨﻨ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺒﻌﻝﺍ ) ﻥﻫﺭﺴﻷ ﻊﻓﺩﹸ ﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﺠﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ( ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ، - ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ - ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻅﺤﻴﻓ ،ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﺎﻌ` ﻴ ﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺠﻭﺯﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻠﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﺃ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺠﻭﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺎﺼﺒ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ - ﻥﻤﻤ ﻝ ﻥﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﺒﻴﺼﻋ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ - ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﻥﻬﺒﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻠﺨﺩﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﻴﻅﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ لﺒ ،ﺏﺘﺍﺭ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻠﺼﺤﻴ لﺒ ،ﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﺘ ﻥﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻨﺄﻜ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻘﻔﻨﺒ لﻔﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ، ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﻥﻬ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﺀﺎﺒﺭﻗﺃ ﺩﺤﻷ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺏﻷﺍ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ٨٣ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺭﺎﺼ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ لﻭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﻙﻴﺴﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻲﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ؛ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻨ ﺓ ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﻭﺃ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺠﻨﺈﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻝﻭﻐﺸﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻨ لﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻫﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ لﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ٢٢ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻘﻠﺨ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﺒﻭ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﻏ ﺕﻓﺎﻀﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﻬﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﻡﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﺒﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺭﺠُ ﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻱﻭ` ﺭ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﻭ ﺏﺘﻜ` ﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﻤﻌﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻔﻨﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻤﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ؛ﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺉﺭﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺡﺎﻤﺴﻠﻝ ﻥﻬﺴ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺕﺄﻴﻬﺘ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﻭﻔﻨﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺴﻨ ﻥﺃ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ،ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴﻭ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻭﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻘﻓ ٦٥ ﺓﺭﻜﺍﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﹰ ﺎﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺃ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒﻓ ﺭﻜ ﺞﻠﺜﻝﺍ ﺓ ﻭﻫ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻝ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ) لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ ( ﻥﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﺭﻜﺫﺘﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ٢٣ ﻥﺴ ﺭﺒﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺎﺒ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺀﺎﺒﺁ ﻡﺩﺨ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﻥﻬﻨﻤﺩﺨ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ لﺄﺴﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻫﺩﺍﺩﺠﺃﻭ - ﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﻱﻭﺭﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻴﻌﺴ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻲﻨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺕﻴﺭﺠُ ﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ لﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺭﺠُ ﺃ ﻥ ﻤ ﺏﻠﻏﺃﻭ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ لﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎ - ﻥﻫﺩﺩﻋﻭ ٣٠ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ - ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ) ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ( ، ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ،لﻜﻜ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻝ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ - ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻝﺯ - ﻥﻫ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﻻﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻥﻋ ،ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻤﻷ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻻﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ` ﻥ` ﻫ ،ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻭﻌﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻻﻭﻷﺎﺒ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻠﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔ` ﻴﻭ ،ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ · ﺕﺒﺒﺤﺃ ﺎﺠﻨﺎﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻲﻜﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ؛ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﻠﻁﺒ ﻲﻫ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﻴ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻓﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻭﻝ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﻜ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﻷﻭ ، ٢٤ ﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺩﺠ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻀﺭﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﺸ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺦﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺩﻻﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻋﺭﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﺴ ﻋ ﻥﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺴﻝﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﻬﻨﻴﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻬﺌﺎﻤﺴﺄﺒ ﻻ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺴﻨﺠﺒ ﻥﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻰﺘﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺭﻜﺫﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ؛ﻥﻬﺌﺎﻤﺴﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﻜِﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ` ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺭﻜﺫﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻥﻬﺘﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﺓﺩﻤ ﻭﺃ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﺩﺒ ﻥﻬﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺃ ﺕﺭ` ﻴﻏ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ لﻴﻝﺩﺘ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺄﺒ ﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،لﺎﻔﻁ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻬﺘﺒﻝﻭﻘﻝﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺩﺭﻔﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﺕﻠﺌﺴ · ؟ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﻠﻴﻤﺠ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻴﻤﺴﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻝ لﺎﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﺒ ﺎﻨﺃ ﺕﻤﻗﻭ ﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺕﻤﺎﻗﺃ ﺎﻬﺴﺒﻠﹸ ﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﻤﺤﹸ ﺘ ﻲﻤﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﹸ ﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﻜﺭﺎﺒﻤ ﺱﻴﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ؟ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝﺃ ﻻ ، ﺔﻴﻭﻠﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﻠﺼﻴ ﻻ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻲﻤﺃ ﻥﻜﻝ ٦٦ ﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ` ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻊﺒﺎﺘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺒﻠﺠ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻬﻨﺭﻜﺫﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻬﻝ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻤ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻥﺭﻜﺫﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ · ﺩﺭﻓ لﺜﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺄﻓ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﺎﻗﺃ ﻥ ﻤ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻔﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﺭﻜﺫﺘﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﻲﻜﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ لﻜ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ) لﺍﺯﺘ ﻻﻭ ( ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ﻥﺼﺼﺨﺘ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ،ﻲﻬﻁﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺠﻝ ﻡﺩﺨ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺙﺎﺜﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﺴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺩﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ) ﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎ ( ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗﻭ ، ) ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﺤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻤﻭﻘﻴ ﻁﻘﻓ لﺎﺠﺭ ( ٢٥ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘﻭ ) ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻷ ﻭ ﺩﻤﻋ ﻥﻋ ( ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻬﻅﻴﻭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) ١ ( ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻭ ﻥﻬﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻴﺩﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺤﻨ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻠﺜ ﻭ ﻥﻫﺩﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ٣٠ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒ ،ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺴ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻭ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﺒ ﺔﺘﺴﻭ ﺭﻔﺼ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻼﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻋﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺩﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺴ` ﺭ ﺩ` ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻫ ﺕﺍﺩ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ لﻀﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻱﺭﺼﺤ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻜﺸﺒ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﻤ` ﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺯﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ) ﺯﻭﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺒﺠ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ( ﺒﺴﺒ ﺢﺠﺭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻴﺸ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ، ﺏ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﺔﻔﺌﺎﻁ لﻀﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻓ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ،ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻘﻓ ﺭﺴﺃ ) ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺘﻴﻭ ( ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﺸﻭ ﺎﻬﻗﺭﺸﻭ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻲﻓﻭ لﺎﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻏ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻤﻘ` ﻴﻭ ﻥﻤﺩﺨﻴ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﻡﺎ ١٩٧٥ ،ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﻥﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﹰ ﻼﻤﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻓ ١٥٠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ، ٢٦ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ٧٧ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ) ﻰﺘﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٩٠ ( ﻥﻬﻨﻴﺒﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ٢٤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴ ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ١٩٦٢ ( ﻭ ٢٢ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ١٨ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤ ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ١٩٧٥ ( ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﻜ ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ١٩٨٧ ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ١٩٩٠ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﻨﻤﻴﻫ ، ﺇ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) ١ ·( ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ٢٠٠٦ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺠ ﺡﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺴﺃ ﺏﻴﺒﻁ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﻜﻴﺭﺎﻜ ﻡﺎﺴﺭ ﻲﻔﺤﺼ ﻲﻔﺤﺼ ﻲﻤﺎﺤﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺠﺭ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺠﺭ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ ﻰﻔﺸﺴﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺔﻔﻅﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻤ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻬﻨﺃ ﺱﻭﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺱﻭﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻝﻭﺜﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﻭﺫﻭﺜﺭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩ ٥٦ ٦١ ٦٢ ٧١ ٨١ ٦٣ ٨٢ ٦٨ ٥٩ ٦٧ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺠﺭ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﺭﻴﺯﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﺠﺎﺘ لﻭﺎﻘﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺠﺭ ﺭﻴﻔﺴ ) ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤ ( ﻲﻨﺩﻤ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺠﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻋ ﺭﺠﺅﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺠﺭ ﻲﻌﻴﺸ ﻥﺎﻤﻝﺭﺒ ﻭﻀﻋ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ [ ﺏﻴﺒﻁ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺠﺭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﺏﻴﺒﻁ ﻤ ﺝﺭﺨ ﻲﺌﺎﻤﻨﻴﺴ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺃ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﺒ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﻕﺩﻨﻓ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺔﻴﻔﺤﺼ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﺴﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺱﻭﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺱﻭﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺒ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺔﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺱﻭﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺒ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺱﻭﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺒ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﺃ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﺃ ﺘﻭﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﺘﻨﺎﺘﺴ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ٥٧ ٥٨ ٩٣ ٥٨ ٦٨ ٨٤ ٦١ ٥٨ ٧٩ ٥٠ ٥٧ ٨٣ ٧٣ ٧٥ ٦٠ ٦٢ ٧٦ ٧٩ ٤٦ ٤٤ ٥٢ ﺔﻝﻭﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ،ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ لﺒﻗ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺇ ،ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻓ ٦٦ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ - ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﺩﺒ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﺭﻭ - ﻎﻠﺒﻴ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻨ ﻥﺎﻜ ١٥ لﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ١١ ° ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ٧ ﻭ ٩ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ) ٢٩ (° ﻕﻭﻓ ﻥﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻓ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜﻓ ٣٠ ﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻡﺩﻗﺃﻭ ١٩٠٥ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺇ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜ ١٢ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺘﻴﺘ ) ﺓﺩﺠ ( ﻭﺃ ﺔﻜﻭﺭﺒﻤ ﻲﺘﺴ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻫﺍﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﺎﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ` ﺩﺠ ﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻀﺭﻋﻭ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻜﻭﺭﺒﻤ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﹸ ﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ لﻭﻁ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻴﻘﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﺠﺃ ﻰﻀﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﻓﻭﺘ ١٩٣٩ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﻓﺩﻭ ، ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻓﺍﺩﻤ ) ٨١ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓﻭ ١٩٥٠ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻤﺩﻘﺘﺴﺍ ، ً ﹰ ﺔﺤﻀﻭﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ · ٦٨ ﻁﺴﻠﻓ ،ﻡﺎﻴﻫ ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻴ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ) ﺍﺩﻴﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ( ﺭﺸﻋ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻴﻫ ﺕﺸﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻲﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﹰ ﻻﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺏﺠﻨﻷ لﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺠﺘﺤﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺩﻋﺎ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﺭ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﺼﻘﺘ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﺭ ؟ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ١٢ ﻝﺇ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ` ﻲ ؟ﻙﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﻜﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ٢١ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ٢٢ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﺼﻘﺘ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﺭ ؟ ﻨﺃ ﺩﺼﻗﺃ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻐﺸﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻠﻋ ﻲ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﻲﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺜﻤ - ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ - ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ،ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻤﺸﻴﻭ ﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺕﻤﺯﺠ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻗﻼﺨﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲ · ﺕﻴﺃﺭ ﻲﺘﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻜ ﻰﺒﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻼﺨﻷﺎﺒ ﻙﺴﻤﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻠﺜﻤ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ،ﻲﻠﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺎﻬﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺠﺴﻨﺘﻭ ﻲﺘﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻓ ﺽﺭﻔﹸ ﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻴﻁ ﻭ ،ﻥﺄﺸ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻠﺼﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ لﻭﺤ ١٩٤٦ · ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺎﻨﺒﺎﺒ ﻕﺭﻁ لﺠﺭ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﻤﻷ لﺎﻗ · ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﻡﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻡﻜﻨﺃ ﺕﻌﻤﺴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﻻﻭ ﻲﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘﺃ ﻘﺒﺃ ،ﺎﻫﻭﺫﺨ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﻻﻭ ﻡﻜﻌﻤ ﺎﻫﻭ ٣٠٠ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻨﺴ ﺓﺭﻴﻝ ﻪﻝ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ · لﻌﻓﺃ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ﻱﺩﻝ ؟ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﻭﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻲﻴﺤﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻻ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺩﺒﻋ ؟ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﻜ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻊﺒﺴ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻤﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ · ﻲﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﺭﺘﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻌﺴﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻴﺒﺭ ؟ﺎﻬﺒ لﻌﻓﺃ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ؟ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻠﻔﻁ ﻊﻤ ﺓ` ﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺒﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺇ ﹰ ﻼﺌﺎﻗ ﺀﺎﻜﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺃﺩ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻘﺒﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻪﻨﺇﻭ ﻲﻤﻷ لﺎﻗﻭ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺸ لﺼﻭ · ﻙﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻘﺒﺃ ،ﺭﻴﺨ لﻤﻋ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻲﻤﺃ ﻙﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺩﺒﻋ ﻙﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﺘ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺫﺨ ٣٠٠ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻝ ﺘ ﻪﻓﺎ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺀﺏﻋ لﻤﺤﺘ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺎﻬﻅﺤ ﻲﻤﺃ ﺕﻨﻌﻝ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﻁﻋﺃ ٣٠٠ ﺎﻫﺎﻁﻋﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻝ لﺤﺭﻭ ﹰ ﻼﺼﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﺘﻴﻓﺎﺼ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ٦٩ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺭﺸﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻪﻨﺇ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻭﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ، ﺩﺨﺘﺴﹸ ﺘ ،لﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻜﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺭﻜﺫﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ٧٣ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﺤﻴﺼ ﻊﻤﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻠﻔﻁ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ،ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺔﺴ` ﺭﺩﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ · ﻥﻭ` ﻴﻭﹶ ﻠﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭ` ﻴﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺄﺒ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺎﻗ ﺏﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻱﻭﹶ ﻠ ﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻨﺒ ﻭﺃ ،ﻪﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﻝ ﺽﻭﺎﻔﺘﻴ ﻥﻫﺭﻭﺠﺃ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻨﺴ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺠﻭﺯﺘﻴﻝ ﻥﻫﺫﺨﺄﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺭﺸﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺀﻲﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺍﻭﻔﻜ ١٩٦١ ،ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﻷﺍ ﻅﻓﺎﺤ ﻰﻝﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ، ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻬ` ﺠ` ﻭﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻠﻠﻅ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﻭﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ١٩٨٨ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ١٢ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍ ٩٣ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ) ﻡﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ( ﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﻴﻘﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ، ﺎ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺕﺭﻀﺤﺃ ﺔ` ﻴﻭﹶ ﻠ ﻋ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻜﺫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ؟ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻰﺘﻤ ؛ﻲﻠﻫﺃ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ لﺍﺯﺃ ﻻ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻋﺃ لﻔﺴﻷﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ ﺕﻝﺯ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻨﻜ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ١٢ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ ﺕﻤﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﻤﺠ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻜﺫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﻻ ،لﻴﻠﻗ ﺏﺘﻜﺘﻭ ﺃﺭﻘﺘ ﺕﺃﺩﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺘﺒ ﺕﻨﺃ ﺕﻤﻗ لﻫ ؟ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌ ﻡﻠﻋﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻑﺭﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﺫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ،ﺕﻠﻌﻓ ،ﻡﻌﻨ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺎﻬﻴﻁﻋﺃ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ،ﺕﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ ﺕﻤﻠﻌﺘﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﺘﻝ ﻩﺃﺭﻘﺘﻝ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺃﺭﻘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺹﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺕﻠﺨﺩ ،ﻡﻭﻴ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻉﺭﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﺦﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻔﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﺒ ﺔﻜﺴﻤﻤ ،ل ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﻝﺇ ﻙﺸﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ١٣ ﻉﺭﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋ ﻊﻤ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺃﺩﺒﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺏﺘﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻠﻗﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﺴﻠﺠ ﺎﻤ ﻙﺭﻤﻋ لﺍﺯ ١٣ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻤﻠﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﺎﻨﺃﻭ ،ﻙﻤﺎﻤﺃ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻌﺸﺘ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻓ ﻻ لﺠﺨ ﻱﺄﺒ ﺭ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻠﻗ · ﺍﺫﺇ ﻙﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻎﻠﺒﺄﺴ ﺕﻠﺼﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻐﺸﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﺎﻨﺃ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ لﻤﺤﺘ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﻻ ﺎﻨﺃﻭ ،ﻙﻴﺫﺅﻴ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻀﺤ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺃﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻤﺎﺼ ﺕﻠﻅﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺕﻗﺭﻁﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻠﻗ ،لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺄﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ · لﻌﻔﺘ ﻙﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ ﻜ ﺍﺫ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﺩﻋﺃ ﻡﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻤﺘﺤﺃ ﺩﻋﺃ ﻡﻝ ﻓ ، ﺎﻬﻤﻷ ﺕﻠﻘ · ِ ﺘﺫﺨﺃ ﻼﻫ ﻡﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺭﺒﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺎﻬ ﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺕ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤ ﻅﻔﺤﻝ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺓﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻋ ﺽﺭﻓ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺓﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻋ ﺭﻐﺼ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻭ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺭﺤ ﺩﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺩﻭﻴﻗ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺕﺤﻭﺍﺭﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ١٢ ﻭ ٣٠ ﻡﺎﻋ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ١٩٤٥ ﺕﺴ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻊﺴﺘﻭ ﺓﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻻ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﺘ ٧٠ ﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻫﺩﺭﻁ ﺩﻌﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻥﻫﺩﻼﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ لﻭﺤ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺒﻠﺠ` ﻴ ، ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ) ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﻤﺴ ﻥﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻓﺭﻌ` ﻴ ( ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻥﺒﻠﺠﻴ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﻥﺒﻠﺠﻴ ﺓﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻋ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻗﺃ ﺩﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃﻭ ﻥﻐﻠﺒﻴ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ١٥ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻬﻤﻅﻌﻤﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻘﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻓ ﺏﻠﺠ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻥﻬﻴﻨﺒﺘ ﻯﺭﺠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻱﺎﺒﺯﻭﺃ ) Özbay 1999 ( ﺭﻭﺩ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻨﻴﻝﺇ لﻴﻗ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤ · ﻡﻴﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺩﺼ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺒﻫﺫ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ ) ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻫﻭﻁﻋﺃ ،ﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻠﻔﻁ ﻲﺘﻘﻴﺩﺼﻝ ﺍﻭﻝﺎﻗ · ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﻴﺴ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻻ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺫﺨ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﻀﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺫﺨﺃ ﻲﺘﻘﻴﺩﺼ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻨﺒﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺝﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺏﺭﻗ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﺩِ ﺠ` ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤ ﻥﺇ لﻴﻗ ) ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭ ( ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻥﻬﻨﻭﺫﺨﺄﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻻﺩﻨﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷ ﺕﺎﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻯﺭﺠ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺒﻠ` ﺠ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﺕﺍﺫ لﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﻤ ﺩﻴﻌﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺕﺒﻠ` ﺠ ١٩٦٩ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ١٣ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺕﺴ ﺕﻴﻘﺒﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﺜ ،ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺔﻌﻀﺒﻝ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺘﺄﻴ ،ﻥﻬﻀﻌﺒ لﺤﻤ ﻥﻠﻠﺤﻴ ﺔﻴﻨﺴﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺭﺼﻤ ﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﻭﻀﻋ ﻲﻨﺒ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻀﺭﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ) fictive kin ( ﻡﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺜﻜﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ، ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺯﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺓﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺄﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﺒﺭﻘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﻨﻤ ﺎﻬ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺏﻴﻁﺨ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﻴ ﺏﻠﻁﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﻰﻘﺒﺘﻭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺔﻠﻔﻁ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﺓﺎﻨﺒﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﻜ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻰﻨﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﹸ ﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﻀﺭﺘﻔﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺎﻤﻴﺩ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ٦١ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ،ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﻭﻤﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻘﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ١٩٣٩ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ١٣ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ١٩٤٠ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ١٥ ﺕﺒﺠﻨﺃﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ١٢ ﹰ ﻼﻔﻁ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ، ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺠﻨﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻴﺩ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﻡﻬﺘﻜﺭﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﻥﻴﺤ ٢٥ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﺘﻝ ﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺱﺴﺅﺘ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺤ ﺎﻤﻴﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ، ﺕﻤﺎﻗﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ؛ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﻑﺎﻓﺯ لﻔﺤ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺙﺎﺜﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺠﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺭﺘﺸﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﺝﻭﺯﻝ ﹰ ﻼﻤﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﺭﺒﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﻥﻴﻘﺌﺎﺴ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﱠ ﻐﹶ ﺸ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﻻﻭﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﻭﺯﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ٧١ ﻭﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﺎﻤﻴﺩﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻭﺨﺇﻭ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺯﺘ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﻻﻭ ٧٤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﻔﺼﻭﻭ ﺎﻤﻴﺩ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺸﻋ · ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺒﺤﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﻘﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﺕﺩﺎﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ لﺎﻗ ﻕﺌﺎﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻜﺤﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺼﺼﻗ ﻲﻝ ﻲﻜﺤﺘﻭ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺒﺤﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺘﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻌ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻔﻤﺒ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻻﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻋﺭﺘ ﻲﻤﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻔﻤﺒ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘﺘ ٢٧ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻑﺎﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ : ﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﺔ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻥﺸﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻐﺼﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ،لﻤﺎﻜ لﻜﺸﺒ ،ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻡ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ،ﻥﻴﻨﺴﻝﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﱠ ﻐﹶ ﺸ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻋ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﻔﻁ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺜﺃ ﺕﻜﺭﺘ ﻥ ﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻬﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻤﺍﻭ ﻭﻨﺤﻭ ،ﻕﻴﻤﻋ ﺏﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﺘ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩﻝ لﺒﻘﹸ ﺘﺴ ﻥ ﻤ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ،ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺴ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻓ ُ ﺃ ِ ﻘﻨ ﻥﺫ ﻲﻓ ، ﺓﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﺔﺼﻗ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﻭﺭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺠﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻗ ﻯﻭﻋﺩ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻡﺜ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻭﺼ ﻭﻠﻌﻝ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻁﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﻀﻴ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺯﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻋﺭﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﻅﻭ ﻥﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺕﻤﺎﻗﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺝﺍﺭﻓﻹﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻻﻭ ﺕﺭﻀﺤﻭ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻠﺘﺘﻭ ،ﻡﻫﺭﻭﺯﺘ · ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﺎﻤﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺒﺃ ﻕﻠﻐﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻨﺒﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻠﻤﻋ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻫﺎﻨﺒﺒﺤﺃ ﻥ ﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﻥ ﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ - ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ - ﺔﻤﻴﻤﺤ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺄﺸﻨﺘ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻗﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒﻓ ، ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﻔﻁ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ لﻼﺨ · ﺎﻫﺭﺍﻭﺠﺒ ﻡﺎﻨﻷ ﻲﻨﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﺴﺤﺘﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺃ ﻥﻜﺃ ﻡﻝ ،ﺕﻀﺭﻤ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻜﺫﺃ ) ﻡﺎﻨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺠ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻁﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻓﺭﻏ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔ ( ﻥﻬﻨﻷ ﻲﻜﺒﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ،ﻲﻨﻨﻤﻤﺤ` ﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻜﺫﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﻨﻤﻝﺅﻴ ﺀﺎﻜﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻲﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﺒ ﻲﺴﺃﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﻴ ﺔﻴﺤﺒﺼ ﻊﻀﺘ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻑﺭﻋﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻬﻌ` ﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ ) ﻥﻬﻴﻓ ﻕﺜﻭﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Chang 2000; Hondagneu-Sotelo 2001; Ehrenreich and Hochschild 2003; Agrawal 2006 ( ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﻔﻁﻸﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺍﺭﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻔﻓ ﺕﺎﻐﻝ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺍﻭﺘﺎﺒ ﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻜ ﻍﻭﻝﺎﻐﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻬﻨﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺎﻋﺭﺒ ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﺕﺎﻐﻝ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﻤﻷﺍﻭ ٧٢ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Jureidini 2004a; 2004c; 2005b ( لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺒﻵﺍ ﺭﺼ` ﻴ ،ﺍﺫﻝ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻗﻼﺨﺃﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﺱﺭﻏ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺒ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﺄﻴ ﻥﻬﻠﻜﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ · ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﻴﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻲﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺓﺄﻁﻭ ﻑﺨﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻪﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ) ٩٣ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ﺦﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﻥﺇ ﺓﺭﺩﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ) ﺱﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﺭﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻕﺒﻁ ( ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﻬﻨﺇﻭ ، ﺎﻬﺘﺫﺨﺃ ،ﻡﻭﻴ ﺕﺍﺫﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﺴ ﺦﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﻀﻜﺭ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﺼﻏ ﺓﺭﺩﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻌﻁﺘﻝ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﺍﻭﺘﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﺎﺒ · ﻲﻠﻌﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻥﻴ ) ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻬﻴﺒﺭﻀﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ! ِ ﺕﻠﻌﻓ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻭ ؟ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺭﻀ ! ،ﻱﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﻜ ﺕﺭﻭﺼﺘﻭ ﻲﺒﻀﻏ ﻥﻋ ﺱﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻤﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﺴ ؟ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﺴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﻠﺒﻘﺘ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻬﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﻱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﺃ ﺕﹶ ﻘﻓﺍﻭ ٢٨ ﺒﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻥﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ َ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ لﻴﻬﺴﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ٢٩ ﻓ ﻑﻔﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻔ - ﺏﻴﺭ ﻼﺒ - ﺀﺏﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺤﺎﺼﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒﻭ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺄﺒ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺔﻤﺜﻓ ،لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒﻭ · ﺦﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﺒ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻠﺌﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺦﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ،ﺓﺭ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺒﺎﺠﺄﻓ · ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﺤﻀﺘﺴ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻏ ﻭﺩﺒﺃ ﻥﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،لﻤﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻨﻨﺇ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﻤﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻨﺼﻨﻝ ﻻ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﻊﻨﺼﹸ ﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻯﺭﻨﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ؛ﺦﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻨ ﻑﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ﻨ ﻻﻭ ﻪﺒﺸﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻜﻌﻜ ﻊﻨﺼﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ،ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻨ ﺎﻨﺃﺩﺒ ﻲﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺦﺒﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘ ﻭ ﻼﻌﻓ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﻤﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ · ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻭ ﺔﺒﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﹸ ﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ،ﻙﻨﻭﻤﺩﺨﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻏ ﻱﺩﺒﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﻨﺨﻴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﻥﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺤﻠﻝﺍ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺏﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻭ ﻫ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌﺌﺍﺭﺫ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺎﻨ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ً ﹶ ﺎﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺦﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﺕﻼﻫﺅﻤ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺴ ﻲﻫ ﻔﻴﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺘ ﻴ ﻭ ﺏ ،ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﻔﻴﻜ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ لﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ٧٣ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺒﺼ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ * ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ١٩٧٣ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻝﺩﻨﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺭﺩﺎﻏ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ، ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤ لﻤﻋ ﻱﺄﺒ ﻁﻗ ﻡﻘﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ؛ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺡﺎﺒﺼ · ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﻑﺭﻋﺃ ﻥﻜﺃ ﻡﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻱﺩﻨﻋ ١٨ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺕﻓﺎﻀﺃﻭ · ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﻥﻬﺒﻠﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻨﻔﻗﻭﺘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ؛ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﻨﻜ ؛ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺎﺸﺨﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺎﻨﻨﻷ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻓﻭﺭﻅ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺭﻜﺫﻭ · ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﺒ ﻥﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﻀﻐ` ﻴ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ · لﺼﺘﺄﺴ ﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺭﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺔ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ﻑﺎﺨﻨ ﺎﻨﺃﺩﺒﻭ ﻉﺯﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﺜ` ﻴ ﻥﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻤﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﺼﻠﺨﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻅﻨ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺘﺒﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻀﻘﻴ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻝﺯ ﺎﻤ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻊﻤ ،ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﻑﻗﻭﺘ ) ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹲﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﻠﱠ ﻐﹶ ﺸ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻲﻓ ٍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٧٢ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ، ( ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺍﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻔﻓ ١٩٧٦ ، ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻋ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﺭﻤ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ٥٦ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻡﻴﺭﻤ ﺕﺩﻝﻭ ١٩٤٣ ﹸ ﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻜﺭﺘﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺎﻬ ١٩٥١ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ، ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﻻ ) ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﺼﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻑﻻ ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ، · ﻭﺃ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ( ﻲﻤﻭﻴ ﻥﻴﻀﻤﻴ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺨﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺫﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻗﺎﺒﻁﺃ ﺦﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻤ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺒﺴﻝﺍ ) ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﺔﻠﻁﻋ ( ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﺭﻤ ﺕﻴﻘﺒ ٢٩ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﺘ لﺍﺯﺘ ﻻ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﹰﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) ﻥﻵﺍ ﻡﻴﺭﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ٦٣ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺞﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻌﻓﺩ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺏﻘﻠﺒ ﺔ` ﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺒﺤﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻴﺴ ﺕﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﻘﻴﻓﺭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺩﺎﻨﻴ ﻥﻵﺍﻭ ﺔﺘﻴﺘ ) ﻱﺃ · ﺓﺩﺠﻝﺍ ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ١٩٧٥ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﻤ ١٢ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ١٩٧٦ ﻋ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺘﻋﺯﻝﺍ لﺘﻝ ﺏﻴﻫﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﻓ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻑﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻰﻠ ) ﻯﺭﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻊﺒﺴ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺴﻝ - ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺕﺸﺎﻋﻭ ﺕﺒﺭﺘ - ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ،ﹰ ﺎﻘﺤﻻﻭ ١٩٨٣ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ، ٣١ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﱠ ﻐﹶ ﺸ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻭﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋﻭ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ٨٣ ﺔﻴﻨﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﻗ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻠﻜﺄﻴ ﻥﻬﻓ ﻥﻤﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻥﻭ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺓﺭﺨﺎﺴ ﺓﺭﺒﻨﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﻗ ، ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﻜﻭ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﻯﺭﺠﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻷ ﺀﻲﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻗﻭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ لﺌﺍﺩﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻏﺍﺭ ﻥﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﺃ ﻥﻗﺭ ﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ، ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺩﺭﹸ ﻁﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﻭﺠﻤ ﻕﺭﺴﺘ ﻥﻫﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻁﺒ` ﻀﻭ * ﻱﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺴﻻﺍ Sabat ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻤﺴﺍ ﺩﺠﺃ ﻡﻝ ﻲﻨﻷ ﺡﺎﺒﺼ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺒﺭﻋ ﻡﺴﺍ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺭﻭﺼﺘﻭ ﻕﻁﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻴ ) ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( ٧٤ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٧٢ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﱠ لﺤ ﺎﻤ ﻑﺭﻌ` ﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻁﺭﺸﻠﻝ ﺕﻤﻠ` ﺴﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺭﻓﻭ ) ﻡﻨﺎﻫ ( ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﻨﻋ ﻑﺼﻗ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٧٧ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﻔﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﻜﻤﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ، ﺭﺴ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻑﺸﹸ ﺘﻜﺍ ﺕﺭﺩﺎﻏ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﺕﻗ ﻰﻠﻏ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻪﻨﺯﻭ ﻑﺨﻭ ﻪﻨﻤﺜ ٣٠ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ) ١٩٧٥ - ١٩٩٠ ( ﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻜ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﺎ ١٩٧٥ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜﻷﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﺃﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﹸ ﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Jureidini 2004b ( ﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺤﺇ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻊﻤ ﻥ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻔﺌﺎﻁ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺎﻬﺘﻭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ` ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻬﺘﻭﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻅﺤﻭﻝﻭ ١٩٧٥ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺌﻤﻁﻻﺍ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺕﺘﺎﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺴﻤ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻘﺒ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ لﻭﻠﺤﺒ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺯﺯﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺍﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﻐﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﺒ ،ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻴ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﺃ لﻼﺨ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ١٥ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺒﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻭﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻏ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭ ، ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺭﺴﻔﹸ ﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ( ﻥﻤ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Anderson 2003 ( ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺫﻼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻨﺃ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻡﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ،ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻤﻵﺍ ﻵﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺏﻠﺠ ﺔﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻴﺴ ﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ﺩﺍﺯ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ٥٠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ ١٩٧٥ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ٢٠ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ ٢٠٠٥ ﺎﻫ` ﺩﻋﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃﻭ ﻲﻤﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺘﺎﻜ ٢٠٠٥ ﻭ ٢٠٠٦ ﻥﺃ ٢٩ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ ، ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤ ﻥﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﻭﻴﺒ ، ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ) ٥١٤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ( ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺭﺨﺁ لﻭﻗ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻴﺤﺼ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﻝﻭﺼﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺌﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ لﻭﻠﺤﺒﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﻤﺎﻗﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻊﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜﺃ ﻡﺜ ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،ﺎﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﺎ ﹰ ﺓﺭﺨﺎﺴ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ · ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺭﻀﺤ` ﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﻭ ﺢﻀﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻊﻤ ﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻷ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﻤﻏﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺘ ﻡﺎﻗﺭ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻼﺨﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ١٢٠ ﻭ ﻑﻝﺃ ١٥٠ ﻭﺤﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﻑﻝﺃ ٣٠ ﻭﺤﻨﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻓ ﻑﻝﺃ ٣٠ ﺇ ﻑﻝﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﻨﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃﻭ ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ٢٠٠٦ ﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﺕﻨﻠﻋﺃ ، ﻲﻓ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴ ٧٥ ﺭﻴﺎﻨﻴ ٢٠٠٧ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﻠﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺩﺩﺸﺘﺴ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ، ٢٠٠٦ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﺠﻸﻝ ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻋﺎﻀ ٤٠٠ ﻲﺠﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ لﻭﺩﻭ ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﺒﻁﹸ ﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ٢٠٠٦ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ١٨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻓ` ﺭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ٢٥ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ) ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻀﻨ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ` ﻥﻜﺘﻝ ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ( ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻌﺒ ﻯﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻤ ﺕﺩﺩ` ﺤﻭ ، ٣١ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﻹ ﺕﻀﺭﻓ ﺩﻗ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺢﺠﺭ` ﻴﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ٣٢ ﻲﻓ لﻴﻐﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ لﻭﺒﻘﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ِ ﺩ'ﺒﹸ ﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺴﺁ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺩﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ) ﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﻜﻭ ﺎﻴﺩﻭﺒﻤﻜﻭ ﻡﺎﻨﺘﻴﻓ ﺇ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻨﻭﺩﻨ ( ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻁﺎﻨ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ، ﺝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺤﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻭﺒﺎﺠﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻐﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺃ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻅﺤﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺇ ﻨﺒﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻨﻭﺩﻨ ﻐ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻥﻭﻴﻝﺍﺭﻴﺴﻭ ﺵﺩﻼ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻭﻴﺜﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻭ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺱﻁﺴﻏﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ٢٠٠٦ لﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻑﺭﻌ` ﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﻐﺸﺘ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺍ ،ﺎﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺒﻭﻴﺜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺢﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺹﺭﺤﺘ ﻻﻭ ،ﺎﻴ ﻥﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﻪﺠﻭ لﻤﻜﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﺇ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺠﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ لﻜ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ،ﺏﻴﺭ ﻼﺒﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻓ ﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻴﻫﺎﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،لﺎﺜﻤ ١٩٩٤ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻠﺼﹸ ﻓﻭ ، ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻭﺩﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺤﺴ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺩﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻭﺩﺨﻤ ﺭﻌﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺼﺨ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ،ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋ ! ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ؛ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺃﺩﺒ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻑﻗﻭﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻪﺘﻀﻔﺨ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﻋ ) 'ﻱﺃ · ﹰ ﻼﺠﺨﻤ ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺃﺭﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻁﻗ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﺘ ﻥﻝ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻥﻵﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺩﺒ ﻊﻤﻓ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ﺭﺎﺼ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺽﺎﻌﺘﺴ` ﻴ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ) Jureidini and Moukarbel 2004 ( ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﺼ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻲﻓ ﹲﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺼﺨﻝﻭ ﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺤﺇ ،ﺎﻫﺭ · ُ ل` ﻀﻓﺃ ) ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻌﻀﻴﺴﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﺒﻘﻴ ﻥﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ٢٠ ،ﻥﻠﺒﻗ 'ﻥﺇ ﻙﻴﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺭﺸ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻠﻁﻋ ﺩﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻴ ﺩﻴﺭﺃ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺩﺨﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﺎﻨﻨﺄﻜ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻓ ، ﺨﺃ ﺕﺭﺒﻋﻭ ﹰ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻥﻋ ﻯﺭ · ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺃ ﻥﻝ ،ﺭﺎﺘﺨﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ؟ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ٧٦ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻐﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺭﻴﻘﻓ ﺩﻠﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ،لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﺒ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺭﻘﻔ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺤﺎﺘﻔﻨﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﺒ ﺕﺌﺠ ﻭﻝ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘﻔﻨﺍ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﻝ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ لﺒﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺓﺎﺘﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻬ ؟ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﺎﺼ ﻙﻌﻤ ﺭﻤﺎﺴﺘﺘﻭ ﺱﻠﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﻴﺴﻭ ﺓﻭﻬﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻝ ﺱﻠﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺢﻴﺭﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ لﻭﻁ لﻤﻌﺘﻓ ،ﺩﻴﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ،ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺴﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺏﺴﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻫﺫﺘﻭ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﺘ ﺔﻨﺎﻬﻤ ﺙﻌﺒﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ،ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻨﺎﻫﻹﺎﺒ ﻥﺭﻌﺸﻴ ` ﻥ` ﻬﻓ ﺏﻘﻝ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁُ ﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﺃ ﺕﺒﻠﻁ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﻲﻓﻭ - ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺕﺒﻠﻁ ﺏﻘﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁ` ﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻤ ﻑﻴﻅﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ،لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﻀﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ،لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﺭﺩﺎﻏﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻤﺘﺤﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺀﺎﻘﻝ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻁﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ، · ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺍﺭﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ُ ل` ﻀﻓﺃ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺤﺃ ﻻ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﻝ لﻤﻌﺘﻝ ﻱﺩﻠﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ` ﻲﻝﺇ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺤﺃ ،ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻭﻗﺃ ﻲﻨﻜﻝ ﻲﻨﻤﺩﺨﺘﻝ ﻻ ﻲﻨﺭﻭﺯﺘﻝ ﻱﺩﻠﺒ ﺕﻨﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺤﺃ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺍﺭﻜ ﺡﺭﺠﺃ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻲﺘﺄﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻜﺭﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋﺃ ﻻ ﺎﻨﺄﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻨﺩﻨﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﺴ ﻲﻨﺤﻴﺭﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﺇ ﻲﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻗﻭﻤﺭﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝ ﻤﻫﺩﻨﻋ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺘﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﺎﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎ ﻥﻭﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻡﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ١٢ ﻥﻬﻀﻌﺒ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻀﺭ` ﻤ لﺌﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﺭﺃ ﻡﻫﺎﺒﺠﻨﺃ ﹰ ﻼﻔﻁ ﺎﻤ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺒﻠﻁﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺭﺯﻴ ﻥﻝﺯ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻅﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻥﻫﺩﺤﻭ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻬﻝ ﺢﻤﺴ` ﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻲﻤ ﺓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﺒ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ) ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻭﺸ ﺕﻴﻭﻗ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﻫﺎﺸﺨﻨ ﺎﻨﺤﺒﺼﺄﻓ ( ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ،ﺏﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ) ﻀﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻝ ﻥﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺌﺠ ﻥﻠﻤﻋﻭ ،ﺭﺼﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨ'ﺒﹶ ﻠ ﺠ ﻊﺌﺎ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺒﻝ ﻊﺌﺎﻀﺒ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ` ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ( ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺍﺩﻭﺴﻭ ، ) ﺍﻭﺭﻬﻅﻭ ﺓﺎﻬﻁ ﺍﻭﻠﻤﻋ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ( ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴﻭ ، ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﻠﱠ ﻐﹶ ﺸ ﻲﻤ ١٩٨١ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﻨ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜﻭ ؛ ( ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻲﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻱﺭﺘﺸﺘ ﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻬﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﺘﻭ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺴ ﻊﻀﺒﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺎﻴﺘ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺔﻴﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻵﺍ لﻀﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﺇ ٧٧ ﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺭﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻤﺩﺎ · ﻙﻨﻤ ﺏﺭﻬﺘ ﻥﻝ ﻙﺘﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻵﺍ · ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﺸﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻫﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻫﺫﺘ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻜﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺕﺒﺭﻫ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻔﺴ ﺯﺍﻭﺠ ﻙﻌﻤﻓ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ لﻀﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺎﻴﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﺠﺃ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻠﺌ` ﺴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﹰ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺒ · ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻥﻫﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺹﻼﺨﺇﻭ ﺀﻻﻭ ﻥﻬﻴﺩﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻠﺜﻤ ﺔﺒﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻨ ﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﻻ ﻓ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺍﺫﺈ ﻙﺩﻨﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺭﺘﻴﺴ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺕﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻥﺴﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺫﺎﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﺒﺫﻜﻴ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ لﻤﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﻁﺎﺒﺤﺇ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ،ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺕﻜﺤ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﺴﻤ ) ٧٥ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ( ﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻋ ﺍ ﻥﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻼﻝ ﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻠﻋ ﻲﺘﻨﺒﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻨﺒﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺎﻌﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺃﻭ ﻴ ﻁﻭﻴﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﻨﻜ ﻊﻨﺼﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ،ﺔﻜﺎ ﻲﻝ لﻭﻘﺘﻝ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻡﻭﻴ ﺕﺍﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻜﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻜﺎﻤ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﻑﻭﺼﻝﺍ · ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺏﻫﺫﺄﺴﻭ ﻊﻨﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻼﻤﻋ ﺔﻔﻅﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻲﻨﻨﻷ ﺔﻔﻅﻭﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﻙﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻥﺎﻜ لﺎﻴﺤ ؟ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻠﻗ · ﻙﺒﻠﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺘﺤﺼ ﻲﺒﻫﺫﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺕﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﺕﻴﻀﻤﺃﻭ ﻙﺎﻨﻴﻤﺤ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺭﺭﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺔﻔﻅﻭﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﺎﻌﻨ ﺎﻨﻜ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻓ` ﺭﺸﻤ ﺱﻴﻠﻓ ﺔﻨﺒﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﻤ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻌﻴﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺭﻌﺸ لﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ؟ ﺔﻌﻴﺩﺨ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻠﻗ · ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋ ﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻘﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻴﺫﺅﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ؟ﻲﺠﻭﺯﺘﺘ ﺕﻝﺎﻘﻓ · ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺔﻤﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،لﻀﻓﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﻨﺴﺤ ﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻪ` ﺒﹶ ﺸ` ﻴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻉﻭﻨﺒ ل ﺔﻴﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻑﺼﻭ ﺯﻠﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﻔﻴﻜ ) Bales 1999 ( ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺹﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ لﺩﺒﺘﺴﹸ ﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ،ﺕﻔﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ) ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ( ﻥﻤﻤ ﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﻥﻤﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺔ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕ` ﺩﺭﻭ ٣٣ ﹰ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻋ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻠﺌ` ﺴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ · ﻥﻬﻨﺈﻓ ،ﻱﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻌﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﻥﻴﻘﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻋﺃ ﻥﺠﻤﺩﻨﻴ ﺭﻤﺃ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ،ﺩﺩﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﺩﻘﻔ` ﻴ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ،ﻊﺌﺎﺸ · ﺱﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻑﻅﻨﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ٧٨ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ · ﻙﺘﻝﺎﺴﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﺒﹸ ﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ - ﺩﻴﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﺒﻼﻤﻝﺍ لﺴﻐﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ - ﻑﻅﻨﺘ ﻥ ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﺒﹸ ﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﺴﻐﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﻥﻴﻘﺒ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻙﻬﺘﻨﹸ ﺘ ﻪﺘﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨﻭ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺭﺤﻓ ﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ،لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝ ) ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ( ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻁﻗﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ` ﺩ ﻌﹸ ﺘ ٣٤ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﺘ ﺕﻌﺴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺕﻴﻐﻝُ ﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭ لﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺭﻴﺍﺭﺒﻓ ﻲﻓ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ٢٠٠٩ ` ﻥﺴ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﺓﻭﻁﺨ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ،ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ لﻤﻋ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺕﻌﱠ ﻗﻭ ، ﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻓﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ لﻤﻋ ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺕﺴﺴﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻴﻭﺘﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺀﺎﺠﻭ ٢٠٠٥ ﺩﻋ ﺕ` ﻤﻀ ، لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩ · ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻭﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺓﺭ` ﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻔﺴﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﺃ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · ILO 2008; OHCHR 2009 ( ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺸﻜﻴ ﺯﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻅﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﻕ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ؛ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺴﻴﹸ ﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺠ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ،لﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ لﻤﻋ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻕﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ - ﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﺠﻼ - ،لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻤﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺘ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﺼﺤ` ﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨ ﻴ ،ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝ ﺍ ﻕﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ، ﻭ ﺔﺒﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﻭ ﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨﻝﻭ ،ﻥﺯﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﺍﺩﻌ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺭ` ﻴﻏ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺜﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﹸ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻝﺍ ١٥ ﺕﻌﺒﺘﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ - ﺎﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ - ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﻻﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﺕﺍﺫ ` ﻴﻐﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﻗﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻫ ﺕﺭ ﺍ ﻵﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺭﺜﻜﻷ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﺕﺭﱠ ﺸﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺴ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﺃﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺃﺯﺠﺘﻴ ﻻ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻥﺤﺒﺼ` ﻴﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﺨﺩﻴ ﺔﻝﻭﻔ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺩﺨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺎﻔﻁﻷ ﺏﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺩﻘ` ﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴﻝ لﺒ ،ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ؛ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻥﺃ ،لﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻡﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻔﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ - ﻙﻝﺫﻜ - لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺎﺒﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒ` ﺭﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﺎ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻝﻭﺘﻝ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﺨﺩﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻫ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﻐﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ،ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ) لﺍﺯﻴ ﻻﻭ ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ لﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩ ﻭﻫ لﺎﻴﺠﻷﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺭﺍﻭﺘﻤﻭ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺭﺴﺃ لﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻅﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺒ ﺔﻤﺭﺘﺤﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﻝ ،ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﻁﻀﻤ ﻻﺇ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺢﻀﻭﺘﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ؛ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ` ﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝ ،ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺏﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ لﺠﺃ ٧٩ ﻡﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﻻﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻭ ﻡﻭﺩﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻯﺩﺃ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﻌﻨﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ - لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ - ﻥﻴﻠﻴﺠﻝ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺘ لﺎﻴﺠﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻭﺃ ﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻬﻜﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ - ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ - ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺩﻬﺸﻨ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Jureidini 2004b; 2006 ( ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﺒﺒﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺡﻭﻀﻭﺒ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﻬﻅﹸ ﺘﻭ ﻲﺴﻨ` ﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻕﱠ ﺜﻭ` ﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻥﻤﺩﺨ ﺕﺎﻴﺘﻓﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺤ ﹰ ﻼﻫﺫﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﺩﺨ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺠﺘﺤﻴﺴ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺄﺒ ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺩﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃ لﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻜﺭﺘﻴﻭ ﻥﺠﻭﺯﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﺒ ،ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺄﻴﻭ ﺀﺎﻀﺭﺇ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ – ﺔﻴﺩﻫ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻪﻨﺄﻜﻭ - ﺔﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﻅﺤﻠﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ لﺒ ،ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺎﺘﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻼﻓ ﻡﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻘﺸ ﻡﻤﺼﻴ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺱﺩﻨﻬﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ لﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ، لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﻴ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺸ ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻤﻻﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺤﺌﺎﺼﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﻔﻨﻜ ﺭﻤﺴﻝ ﺕﻼﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻎﻴﺭﻔﺘﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﺤ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﺯﺠﺒ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺼﺭﻝ ﺔﺒﻭﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺵﺘﻴﻓﻭﻜﻨﺍﺭﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﻤﺴﺎﺠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻕﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺭﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﻴ ﺓﺩ` ﻭﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺎﻘﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘﺃ ﻲﻨﺈﻓ ﺎﻤﺎﺘﺨﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ١ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﺴﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻴﺴﻵﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﺭﻏ لﻜﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻱﺃ ؛ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ) Jureidini 2006 ( ٢ ﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ لﺯﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ٣ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻠﺠﻨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺎﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﺒﺸﻴ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Anderson 2000 ( ٤ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻨ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻼﻌﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻁﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ؛ ،ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻕﺤﺘﺴﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺔﻗ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺼﻭﻭ ﻡﺩﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻴﺒﻋ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺯﻨﻤ ﺔﻗﺎﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ لﻜﻓ ٥ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﺀﺎﻔﺨﺇ ﻲﻋﻭﺭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﻷﺍﻭ ٨٠ ٦ ﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻊﻀﺒﻝ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻤﺩﺨ ﻥﻴﺩﺅﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﻼﻤﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕ ﺕﻴﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺩﻌﻴﻭ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴ ﻥﺤﺒﺼﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ لﻗﺃ ﻥﻬﺼﺭﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴ ﻊﻀﺒﻝ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺎﻓ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻥﻬﻨﻤﺩﺨﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻥﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻲ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Jureidini and Moukarbel 2004 ( ٧ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺼﻨﻴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺫﺨﺅﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ٨ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻘﻤ ﻥﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﻥﻫﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘﻭ ﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻬﻠﻜ ﻥﻬﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻥﻬﻠﻜ ﻥﺭﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ١٥٠ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺸﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺒﻠ` ﺠ ﻥﻬﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﺫ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻝ ،لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ٩ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻋﺭ ﺔﻴﺎ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻔﹸ ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻩﺭﻜﺫ ﺭﺩﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﺵﻗﺎﻨﺘﺴ ﺔﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻜﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ١٠ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺯﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻘﻴﺩﺼ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﻁ ﺕﻠﻜﺃ ﻲ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻁﻋﺃ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﺴ ﺎﻫﺭﻬﻅ ١١ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﺤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ؛ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺴ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Tzannatos and Kour 2003 ( ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻹﺎﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻔﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻷﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ١٢ ﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻌﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩ ١٣ ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ لﺼﻨﻗ ﻊﻤ ﻲﺼﺨﺸ ﺀﺎﻘﻝ ﻥﻤ ٢٠٠٧ ١٤ ﺭﺠﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻭ ٤٠٠ ﺃ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﻊﻓﺩﻝ ﻡﺭﺒﹸ ﺘ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ لﻗﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﻭﺍﺭﻤﻝ ﹰ ﻼﻴﺒﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﺒ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺴﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ` ﻴ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺼﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻐﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﱢﻜﻤﻴ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻌﺒ ﺭﺩﻘﹸ ﺘ لﻭﻁﺃ لﻤﻋ ﺓﺭﺘﻓﻭ لﻗﺃ ﺭﺠﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻴ ﺭﺨﺂﺒ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺩﺒﺘﺴ ﻡﺍﻭﻋﺃ ١٥ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺩﺒﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﻷ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺤﻨﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﻷﻭ ﺔﺼﻠﺨﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﺒﺎﻗﺃ ﻡﻝ ١٦ ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻤﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺃ ﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻥﻤﻝ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ 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Stanford,CA: Stanford Social Sciences. ٨٣ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ لﺤﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃ * ﻑﻠﺨ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺸ ﻰﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺯﺠ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺤﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﻭ ،ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ١٠٧ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ١٨٢٤٣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻤﺸ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺱﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺠﺃ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ، · ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﻪﺒﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﺘﻓﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ﺕﺃﺭﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻠﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺓﺎﻘﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺸﻜﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻼﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻤ ﻥﺇ ـﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺭﻭﻤﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺏﺤﺎﺼ ﺒﺒﺴﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻪ ،ﻩﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠِ ﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﻘ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﻊﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺭﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺱﺭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﹶ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ` ﺽ` ﺭ ﻌﹸ ﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺯﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲ ) Jolly and Reeves 2005, 1 ( ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺕﻌﻀﺨ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺼﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﺒ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﺌﺎﻁ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺤﺎﺼ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻭﻗ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤ ﺕﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﻠﻅ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ) ٤٦.٢ (° ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ - ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺱﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ٢٠٠١ - ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺍﻭﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﺩﻗﻭ ١٩٧٥ ﻰﻝﺇ ٢٠٠١ * Mona Chemali Khalaf, “Male Migration and the Lebanese Family: The Impact on the Wife Left Behind”, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 102-119. ٨٤ ﻬﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩ ﺭﺍﺩﻤ ١٥ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﻘ` ﻴﻭ ﻭﺤﻨﺒ ﻡﻫﺩﺩﻋ ٦٠٠ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﻹﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻘ` ﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻡﻬﻝ لﺍﺯﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ،لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻑﻝﺃ ﻭﺤﻨﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺩﺒﻤ ٩٠٠ ﻑﻝﺃ ) Kasparian 2003 ( ﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺘﻭ ﺕﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﻭ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ،ﺓﺭ ١٩٩٦ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺏﺭﺤﺒ ﺕﻤﻋﺩﺘﻭ ، ٢٠٠٦ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻫﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻗﺎﻓﻹﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻫﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ، ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺠﻬﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺩﺒﺘ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺭ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻥﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻗﻭﺘ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻗ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻠﺜﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻴﻀﻭﺘ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻘﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺩﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﺸ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﺃﻭ ،ﺱﺄﻴﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺩﻭﺴﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ لﺸﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻭ ﺩﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ لﺍﺯﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺭﻀﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻵﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻬﺸﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻯﺭﻨﻝ ﺭﺎﻅﺘﻨﻻﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﺠﺎﻬﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ لﺌﻻﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝ ﺫﻫ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺭ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺯﺠ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻫﺎﻓﺭﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ - ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ - لﺤﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻌﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺴﺃ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﺒ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺄﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺭﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓﻭ · لﻫ ﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻫ ؟ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﺍﺯ لﻫ ؟ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺙﻴﻨﺄﺘ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻸﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ؟ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﺕﻨﺴﺤﺘ لﻬﻓ ،ﺏﺎﺠﻴﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ؟ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ﻡﺃ ﻪﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒ ﺕﻗﺅﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻁﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺭﻴ ﻻ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ؛ﻥﻴﻜﺒ ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ لﺩﺎﻌﺘﻤﻭ لﻤﺎﻜ ﺏﻴﺼﻨ لﻼﺨ ) UN 1995, 17 ( ﺭﻅﻨﻴ لﺒ ؛ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ) Bookman and Morgen 1988, 4 ( ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺩﻋﺎﺼﺘ ﻩﺩﺩﻬﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﻱﻭﺒﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺍﺯﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ، ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺙﻴﺤﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ) Zurayk and Saadeh 1995 ( ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺒ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﻠﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﻤ` ﺠ ﺕﺎﻨ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ لﻤﺸ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﺢﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ١٨٢٤٣ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺱﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻪﺘﺭﺠﺃ ،ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ٢٠٠١ ﺕﺭﺸﻨﻭ ، ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻪﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ) Kasparian 2003 ( ٨٥ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ٣١٠ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻘﺒﻁﻨﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ – ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺭ لﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ – ﺕﺭﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ٥٠ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ٤٠ ﻯﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺍﺩﻠﺒﻭ ١٧ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﺭ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋ` ﺯﻭﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺍ ﻸﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺠﺭﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺕﻗﻭ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭ ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻡﺘﻭ - ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻝ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ - ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺩﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﻔﺴ ﺭﺜﺃﻭ ،ﻩﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺎﻴﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ؛ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻡﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻭﻀﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻘﻠﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﺼﺘ ﺔﻀﻭﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺎﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺸﻜﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻤﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠ ﻯﺭﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﺘ ١٠٧ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ٦٣.٦ ° ﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺒﻗ لﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ٢٣.٤ ° ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻭ ١١.٢ ° ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺏﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﻋ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺏﺒﺴ ٤٢.٩ ° لﺤﻤ ﻥﺭ` ﻴﻏ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﺘﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻨﻝ ؛ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ١٤.٣ ° ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﹰ ﻻﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ،ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ٩٧ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٩٠.٦ (° ِ ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺸﻌﻴ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ) ٧.٥ (° ﺘﻨﺜﺍﻭ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺸﻌﻴ ﻥﺎ ) ١.٩ (° ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﺸﻴﻌﺘ ﻨﻤ ﺕ` ﺩﺤ ﺩﻗ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻪ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ، ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ ) ٢٢ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ( ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ ﻭﺃ ) ١٧ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ( ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻠﻜ ﻭﺃ ) ٨ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ( ﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ) ٧ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ( ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻻ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻭﺤﻨﻓ ٤٠ ° ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜ ١٢.٦ ° ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ) ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ( ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺏﺭ ﻥﻤ ) ﺝﻭﺯ [ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ( لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ لﻜﻝﻭ ١٠٠ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺏﺭ ٧٩٥ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻴﺭﻗ ﻭ ٢٢٥٩ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﺔﺌﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃﻭ ﹰ ﻼﻔﻁ ) LR/MSA/CDS/UNDP 2006, 28 ( ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻝ ﺱﻭﻗ ﺢﺘﻓ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻋﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺃ ﻎﻨﻴﻓﺭﻭﻝ ) Irene Lorfing ( ﺕﺭﻜﺫ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ٨١ ° ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺎﻗﺇ لﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺕﺭ` ﻴﻏ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺎﻗﺇ ١٩ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﺭﻜﺫﻭ ١٥ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﺒﺭﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ، ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻯﺭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺃ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ لﻤﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻐﺼ ﹰ ﻻﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻡﻀﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻠﻝ ﺀﺎﺒﻵﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻓﺩﻭ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ٨٦ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ لﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃﻭ ٥٠ ﻥ ﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻴ ،ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ٤٠ ﻭ ٤٩ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ) ٥٨.٩ (° ﺔﱠ ﻨ` ﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻤﻅﻌﻤ ،ﻥﻭﻤﻠﺴﻤ ،ﻥﻭﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻘﺒ ﺎﻤﺃﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﻤ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ · ٤١ ° ﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﻴﺭﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ٢٢.٤ ° ﺍﻭﻐﻠﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺜﺍﻭ ` ﻴﻤﺃ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻁﻘ ﺎ ﻥ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﺭﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤ ) Myntti 1984; Brink 1991; Hoodfar 1996 ( ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻥﻭﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ، ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻡﻋﺩﺘﻭ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ) Lorfing 1984; Azzam and Shaib 1997 ( لﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﻎﻨﻴﻓﺭﻭﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺃ ) Lorfing ( ﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻥﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻬﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ لﺎﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ٩٩ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻤﺸ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﻡﻬﻌﺒﺭﻓ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ٤٠ ° ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻴﺎﺸ ﻥﺎﻴﺍﺩﻭ ﻡﺍﺯﻋ ﻱﺭﻨﻫ ) Azzam and Shaib ( ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺱﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﻭ ) Kasparian 2003 ( ﺍ ﺙﻠﺜ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺸﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻠﺜﻤﻴ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻫﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻤﻀ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﻋﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭﺩﺒﻴﻭ ٢٠٠٤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ، ﻰﻅﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﻭﺠﻭ ﺭﺩﺼﺘﻴ ﻹﺍ ﺭﻬﺸﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﻨﺜ ) ٢٢.٠٦ (° ﹰ ﺍﺭﻘﻓ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺕﻠﺠ` ﺴﻭ ، ) ٣٢.٧٥ (° ) UNDP/LR/MSA 2008 ( ﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ لﻤﻋ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻩﻼﺘ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺭﺠﺄﺒ لﻤﻋ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻭﻫ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻜﺫ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﻁﺎﻋ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺎﻨﻫ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ) ٥٢.٣ (° ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺈﻓ ،ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺱﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥ ٢٢.٤ ° ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺭﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﺩﻴﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻑﻴﺼ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﺘ ٢٠٠٦ ) Hourani and Senseng-Dabbous 2007 ( ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﻠﺜ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﺭﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻠﻝ ﺩﺭﻁ لﻤﺎﻋ لﻜﺸ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻁﺒﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻥ ﻤ ﻲﺜ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ٦٤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ) ٥٩.٨ (° ﺕﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻩﺩﺭﻔﻤﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺍ ، ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ٧٠.٩ ° لﻭﻷ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ٣٤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ) ٣١.٨ (° ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻙﺭﺎﺸ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻊﺒﺴ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺤﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﻌﺒﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ) ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ( لﻤﻌﻝ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻻﻭ لﻭﺤ ﻼﺒ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺏﻠﻁﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻲﺸ ، ﻫ ﺕﺭﺩﺎﺒﻓ ،ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝ لﻭﺼﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﻋﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝ لﻤﻋ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲ ﺓﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﺯﺍﻭﺠ ﻪﻝ ﺕﺭﻀﺤﺃﻭ ) Khattab and El Daeif 1982 ( ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ لﺍﺯﺘ ﻻﻭ ) ٩٥.٣ (° ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ لﻭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺘ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺙﻠﺜ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻓ ،ﺎﻫﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴ ) ١٠.٣ (° ٨٧ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ لﺒﻗﻭ ٤٧ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻭﺯ ١٠٧ ﻭ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻠﻤﺸ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ١٧ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ١٥ ﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﻝ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ١٥ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻼﻁ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ لﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ٤٢ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ٤٩ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻠﻤﻋ ، ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻴﺩﺼ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺜﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ،ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻭﺘ لﺜﺎﻤﻴ ﻑﺌﺍﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻬﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻥﻬﻠﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﻓ ، ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﻤﻜﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻥﻠﻤﺤﻴ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻨ ) ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ٣٠.٨ ° ﻭ ٣٣.٦ ° ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ( ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﻭﺠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻘﻨﺍﻭ لﺒ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﺃﺭ ` ﻡﺘ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻤﻋ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺎﻨﻹﺍ ﺝﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ) ٧٣.٦ ° ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ٦٨.٧ ° ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ١٥ ﻭ ١٩ ﺔﻨﺴ ) UNDP forthcoming ( ﻭﻫﻭ ؛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( لﺠﺭﻠﻝ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﺭﻭﺩﻓ ؛ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻉﺎﻔﺘﺭﺍ ﻡﺠﺭﺘ` ﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻲﺜﻠﺜ ﻭﺤﻨﻓ ٢١.٥ ° ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ ﻥﻠﺨﺩ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ لﻘﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺭ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﺌﺸ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺠﻷﺍ ٢٢ ° ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺠﺃ ﻥﻋ ) forthcoming UNDP ( ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻬﻅﻴﻭ ، ٢٥ ِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻜ ) ٢٣.٤ % ( ﺕﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ١٩ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ) ١٧.٨ (° ﺩﻌﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﻩﺭﻔﺴ ) ٢.٨ (° لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﻔﻗﻭﺘﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ` ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﻜﻝ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻤﹸ ﺨ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘﻭ ) ٤٢ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ( ﻥﻴﺒ ٤٠ ﻭ ٤٩ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﺘ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ٣١ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ٥٠ ﻭ ٥٩ لﻗﺃﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻬﻌﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ) ٢٤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ( ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ٣٠ ﻭ ٣٩ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻊﺒﺭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻑﻘﻴ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃﻭ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﻜ ١.٨ ° ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ١٩٩٩ ﻰﻝﺇ ٢٠٠٣ ) UNDP forthcoming ( ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻭ ٧١ ° ﻥﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﻘﺘ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ١٨ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻭ ، ٢٩ ° ﻥﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ١٨ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺙﻠﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ) ٣٩.٦ (° ﻰﻬﻨﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺤﻴ ٢١.٦ ° ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻬﻨ ١٨ ° ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ) ٨٣.٢ (° ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﺒﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒﻭ ﺩﺠﻨ ، ﻥﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ٤٠ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻔﻁ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ٢٥ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻥﻴﺘﺌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ،ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﺯﻭﺘ · ٣٧ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ) ٣٤.٦ (° ﻥﻴﺒ لﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﺼﺤﻴ ١٠٠٠ ﻭ ٢٠٠٠ ﻭ ،ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ٤٤ ) ٤١.١ (° ﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﺼﺤﻴ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺨ ٢٠٠٠ ﻭ ٣٣٣٣ لﺼﺤﻴﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ١٨ ) ١٦.٨ (° ﻰﻠﻋ ٨٨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ لﺨﺩ ٣٣٣٣ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺕﻗﻭ ﺭﻭﺠﻸﻝ ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻎﻠﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻔﺘﺭﻤ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ٢٠٠ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺏﻴﺼﻨ ﻎﻠﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﻌﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ١٠٠٤٠ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ٢٠٠٧ ٣٥ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ ٢٠ ° ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﺘﺘ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ٥.٦ ° ﻥﻤ ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ لﻤﺤﺘﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﻻﻭ ٢١ ﻭﺯ ﹰ ﺎﺠ ) ١٩.٦ (° ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻝ ﻭﻜ ﻜﻼﻤ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻡﻬﻨ ﹰ ﺎ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻜﺭﺸﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﻜﺭﺸ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ لﺴﺭﻴﻭ ) ٦٠.٧ (° ﺔﻌﻁﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ) ٢٩ (° ﻭﺃ ، ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻠﻝ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ) ٤.٧ (° ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘﻭ ١٠٠٠ ﻭ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ١٣٣٣ ﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻥ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﻠﺜ ٢٠٠٠ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻴﻠﻗ لﻗﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ) ٢٢.٨ (° ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ) ٨٣.٢ (° ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺘ ، ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ٧٥ ° ﻭ ١٠٠ ° ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﺴﺭﹸ ﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻭ ،ﻱﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ) ٧٠.١ (° ﺭﺨﺩﺘﻭ ١٢.٩ ° ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ٢٥ ° ﻎﻠﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ، ﺭﺨﺩ ٢٠.٨ ° ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ٢٥ - ٤٩ ° ﺭﺨﺩﺘ ﻻﻭ ٥٨.٤ ° ﻥﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻱﺃ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴﻭ ) · ٥٢.٣ (° ﻲﻘﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻠﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺩﻴ ﻻ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﺩﻴﻭ ،ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﺩﻌﺒ ٢٦.٢ ° ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ٢٥ ° ﺭﺨﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ، ١٦.٨ ° ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ٢٥ ﻭ ٤٩ ° ﻡﻬﻠﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺍ ﺕﻠﺌ` ﺴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘﻝ ﻲﻔﻜﺘ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝ ٣٩.٦ ° ﻲﻔﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ،ﺩﻴﺯﺘﻭ ٢٩.٧ ° ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ٣٠.٧ ° ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻰﻀﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﺒﺭﺄﻓ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻻ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻑﻝﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻥﻬﺠ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻻ ٣١ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ٣٧ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﹰ ﻼﺨﺩ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻰﻀﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ١٠٠٠ ﻭ ٢٠٠٠ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ٢٥ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٢٣.٤ (° ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﻤﻌﺘ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ١١ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃﻭ ) ٢١ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ( ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺍﻭﺩ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻼﻤﺎﻜ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺄﺠﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻊﺒﺭﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﻘﺘ ﻩﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻬﺘﻌﻓﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻋ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘﻭ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻬﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤﺘ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﻥ ﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺃ ) ٣١.٨ ° ﻭ ٢٧.٣ ° ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ( ﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﺜﻝ ) ٢٧.٣ (° ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻡﺜ ، ) ٩.١ (° ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ٨٥ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺕﻗﻭ ٣٢ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٣٧.٦ (° ﻥﻋ لﺍﺅﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺭ ﻥﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺒﺒﺴ · لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ٢٣ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٢٧.١ ·(° ﻲﺠﻭﺯ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ١٨ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٢١.٢ (° ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻓ - ﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ - ﻲﻫ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﹰ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﻷ ﻱﺭﻬﺸﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﺍﻭﺭﺘﻴﻭ ٣٣٣ ﻻﻭﺩ ﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺭ ١٣٣٣ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ﺕﺴ ﺏﺴﻜﺘﻭ ) ٢٧.٣ (° ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ٣٣٣ ﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ٦٦٦ ﻊﺒﺴ ﺏﺴﻜﺘﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ) ٣١.٨ (° ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ٦٦٦ ﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ١٣٣٣ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺏﺴﻜﺘﻭ ) ٢٢.٧ (° ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ١٣٣٣ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃﻭ ) ٥٩.١ (° ﻥﻫﺭﻭﺠﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺍﺭ ٨٩ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻁﻘﻓ ، ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ٢٥ ﺒﻗ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻩﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻔﻗﻭﺘ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ل ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻓ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﺼﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺫﺇ ٤٠.٩ ° ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ ١٥ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻭ ٣١.٨ ° ﻡﺍﻭﻋﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻫﺩﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻕﻔﻨﺘﻭ ٢٢ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ،ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻥﻬﻝ ﻭﻠﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺒﺘﺍﻭﺭ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ) ٧٢.٧ (° ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﻁﻐﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﺏﻫﺫﻴ ﻥﻫﺭﻭﺠﺃ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻡﻬﺴﺘﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﻭﺠﺃ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺄﺒ ﻊﺒﺴ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺭﺎﺸ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨ ﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﺤﺘﻴ ، ﻝﻭﺌﺴ ﺔﻴ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺘﺍﻭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻭ ﻥﻜﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻘﻓ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻻﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ) ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺒ ٤٠ ° ﻭ ٤٠ ° ﻭ ٢٠ ° ﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰ ( ﺕﺴ ﻙﻠﻤﺘﻭ ،ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺒﺘﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻋﺩﻭﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﺒﺴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺼﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ - ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ - ﻥﻬﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻬﻝﻭﺨﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻬﻔﻗﻭﻤ ﻡﻋﺩﻴﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺩﺼﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻨ ﻻ ﺎﻨﻨﺈﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ لﻭﺨﺩﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺎﱠ ﻨﺭﺎﻗ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻓ لﺩﺎﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﺨﺩ ﻥﺇ ﻥﺎﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺃ ٢٠ ° ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺴﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﺎﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﻴ لﺩﺎﻌ ٧٠ ° ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﻥﻬﺒﺘﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺴ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﻀﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ٤٠ ﻭ ١٠٠ ° ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ لﺼﺤﺘ ،ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ - ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ - ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻀﺇ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺔﻜﻭﻠﻤﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻋ ) ﺭﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﻓ ( ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ ) ﺭﺴﺃ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻲﻓ ( ﻭﻘﻴ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ، ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡ ) ١٢ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ( ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘ ، ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ · • ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ • ﺘﺴﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ • ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ • ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﺜﺄﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴﻭ ﺘﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﺭﺸ ﻯﺭ ﺭﻭﻫﺯ (Sherifa Zuhur 2003, 18) ﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﺇ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ٩٠ ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻷ ؛ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺃ ﻎﻨﻴﻓﺭﻭﻝ ) Lorfing ( ﺭﺎﺨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺄﺒ ﺍﻭﻤﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ، ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺝ ﻡﻫﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﻼﻝ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺀﺎﻴﻨﻏﺃ ﺍﻭﺴﻴﻝ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ، ﺀﺍﺭﺜ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ، ) ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻅﻭﻤ ﻡﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﻘﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﺎﻜ ( ﻡﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﻴﻨ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻝ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺃﺭﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻡﺃ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻩﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻ ﹰ ﻼﻤﺎﻋ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﹰ ﺍ ﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﹰ ﺎ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻥﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﺼﺍﻭﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ٢٠ ° لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﹰ ﻼﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﺤﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻨﻴ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻔﻗﻭﺘ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺙﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ) ﻥﻴﺒ ٢٠٠٠ ﻭ ٣٣٣٣ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﺃﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ٣٣٣٣ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ( ﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ﻩﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻ ﺝﻭﺯﻝ · ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻻﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻓ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠﻭ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻬﺘﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺍﺭﺸ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﺢﺌ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﹰ ﻼﺨﺩ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻰﻀﺎﻘﺘﻴ ١٠٠٠ ﻭ ٢٠٠٠ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ١١ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٢٩.٧ (° ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺘﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺯﻭ ٣١ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٨٣.٨ (° ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﻀﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﻥ ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴﻭ ٢٠٠١ ﻭ ٣٣٣٣ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺩﺍﺯﻓ ؛ﹰ ﺍ ١٣ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٢٩.٥ (° ﻰﻝﺇ ٣٥ ) ٧٩.٥ (° ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ ؛ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻠﻅ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﻭﻠﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ لﻼﺨ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗ ﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ) ٧٤.٨ (° ،ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻘﻠﺘﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ – ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ - ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺕﺩﺍﺯﻓ ،ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺩﺼﺭ ` ﻡﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ﻥﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ٢٩.٩ ° ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ٦٩.٢ ° ﻩﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ٢٠ ° ﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﺭﺠﻴ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺌ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﺒ` ﻴ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻓ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ لﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒ ،ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﺫﻴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻪﻝ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﺕﻝﺎﻘﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﻓ ﻡﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻡﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻡﻅﻌﻤﻭ ،ﺩﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﺒﺘﻜﻴﻭ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﻠﺠﺭ ٩١ ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ﻭ ﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻯ ﻥﺇ ،ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻥﻬﺒﺘﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﺇ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ،ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻤﻬﻤ لﻅﺘﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻼﻤﺄﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺫﺨﺘﻴ ﺀﺎﺒﻵﺎﻓ ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻻ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺭﺨ ﻴﻓ ﻥﻠﱠ ﺜﻤ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥ ﻤ ﻴ ﻥﻜ ﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻠﻤﻌ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﻝﺯ ﻥﻫ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺭﺨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﻔﻗﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ﺫﺇ ؛ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺜﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻁﺎﻗ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺍﻭﺠ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭﺘ ﹰ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﻥﻬﺒﺘﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻴﺭﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻭﺭﺒ ﻥﻜﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻬﺒﺘﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻘﻔﻨ ،ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻼﻤﺃ ﻥﻋ لﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻅﻴ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻜﺃ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ؛ﺎﻫﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻓ ،ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻬﻓ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﺎﺘﺤﺍ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻜﺭﺸ` ﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺩﺼﺭ ﻩ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺢﺠﺭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﹰ ﻼﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋﻷﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺒ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ لﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭ` ﻴﻐ` ﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻊﻤ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ لﻅﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻅ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻻ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ) ٧٩.٤ (° ﻁﻗ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒ ، ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻓ ﻥﻬﺒﺘﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻥﻜﺭﺸ` ﻴ ﻻ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﺏﺎﻏ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺓﺩﻤ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﺏﺎﻏ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﺱﻤﺨ · ﺴﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺏﺘﺍﻭﺭﻓ ﺔ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﻉﺩﻭﹸ ﺘ ﺴﺤ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﺼﻤ ﺏﺎ ٩٢ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻤ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺩﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺘﻴ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ) ٦٩.٢ (° ﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻓﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺘﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺔﻔ ﻩﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻡﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺫﺇ ،ﺕﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴﻭ ﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻼﻤﺄﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﻅﺘﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻰﻀﻤﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺫﺨﺘﹸ ﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﻭ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ؛ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺇ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺫ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﻜﺤﺘ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ،ﺍﺫﻝ ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﻝ ﻥﻬﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻭﺨﺩ ﻲﻓ ،ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻨﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺭﻓﺎﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﻑﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺏﻘﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﻴﺯ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ؟ﺎﻬﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﺭﺜﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻬﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻪﺒﺎﻴﻏ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﻭﻠﺴﺃﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺯﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﺘﺄﻴ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﻡﻗﺭ ) ١ ( ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺄﻓ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ) ٥٤.٢ (° ﺭﻬﺸﻭ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ ﺎﻴﻭﻨﺴ ﻭ ، ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ١٣.١ ° ﻥﻭﻀﻘﻴ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻬﺸ ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ) ١ ·( ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺩﻝ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻻ ١٤.٠ ° ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜ ﺓﺭﻤ ٢٩.٩ ° ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜ ﻥﺎﺘﺭﻤ ٣٠.٨ ° ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ١٨.٧ ° ﻤ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜ ﺕﺍﺭ ٦.٦ ° ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻫﺭﻔﺴ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻠﺌ` ﺴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ، ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ٤٦ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٤٣ (° ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃﻭ ،ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻥﻠﻀﻔﻴ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ٤٤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ) ٤١.١ (° ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﺭﻌﺸﻭ ) ٦٤.٥ (° ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ٩٣ ﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺭﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻜِ ﺭﺎ ) ٧٧.٦ (° لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻕ` ﻤﻋ ﻭﺃ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﺩﺠﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﺇ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺜﺎﻤﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﻜﺫﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝ ﻡﺌﻼﻤ ﺥﺎﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻴﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺸﻭ ﺕﻀﺭﹸ ﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﻴ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻬﻝﺍﺅﺴ ﻯﺩﻝﻭ ٦٠ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﺇ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﻫﺄﺒ ﻥﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻭﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺌﻴﺴ ﻻ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻠﻗ ﻭﺃ ، ﻬﻝ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺩﻜﺃﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﻋ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺴﺒ ﻥﺭﻌﺸﻴﺴ ﻥﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻋ ﺍﺫﺇ لﻘﺘﺴ ﻪﺘﺩﻭﻋ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﺒﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﻤ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺘﺨ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺼﺒﻭ ﻩﺍﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻩﺭﻔﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﻀﻘﻨﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ،ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ · • ﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻭﺭﺼﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔ • ﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﺘﻤﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﺍﺯ ﺩﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﺍﺫﺇ ،ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ﻑﻴﻔﻁ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻅﺘ ،ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺫﺨﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻩﺩﺤﻭ لﺠﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺎﺨ ﹰ ﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﺍ • ﺔﻴﻭﺴﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﺼﺘ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻓﺩﻤ ﻹﺍ ﺭﺠ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤ • ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺎﻓ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ لﻅﻴ ﻡﻬﻔﻴﻅﻭﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻡﻬﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺓﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻬﻫﺎﻓﺭﻭ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺭﺜﺄﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ لﻫ ،ﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓﻭ ؟ ﻡﺠﺤﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻓ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺈ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﹰ ﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﻥﻤﺁ ﺭﻴﻏ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ لﻅﻴ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻤﻋ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺎﺒ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻪﻝﻭﻗ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻤﻴﻬﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ،ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ،ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺃ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺙﻴﻨﺄﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻔﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻔﺴ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺇ ﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺩﻜﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻤ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭ ) Hoodfar 1996, 73 ( ﻲﺘﻵﺍ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺇ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻙﻠﻤﻨ ﻻ ،ﺎﻨﻫﻭ · ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻋ لﺀﺎﺴﺘﻨ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓﻭ ؟ﺎﻬﻏﺍﺭﻓ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺒﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﺄﻨ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻋﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻡﺃ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺇ ؟ ) Olmsted 2005, 116 ( ٩٤ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ١ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ · ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ World Bank, http://web.worldbank.org/, Data & Research Data Website, Data, Key Development Data & Statistics, Country Profiles, Country: Lebanon, April 2009. ٩٥ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ Azzam, Henry, and Diane Shaib 1997 The Women Left Behind: A Study of The Wives of Lebanese Migrant Workers in the Oil Rich Countries of the Region. 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London: Zed Books. ٩٧ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷ : ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻝ ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻌ ﺎ ﺭﺒ ﻝ ﺓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ * ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﻱﺭﺒﺼ ﻰﻨﺒﻝ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺭﻬﻅ ﺕ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓ ﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻭ ﺩ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻗﻭ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ) transational Families ( ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻯﺩﺤﺘﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺸ ﺭﻁﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻬﻘﺒﺎﻁﺘ ﻯﺩﻤﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﺠﻭﻨﺜﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻭ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﺘﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺘ ﺩﻴﻌﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺨﺍﺩ لﻴﻜﺸ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇﻼﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ) deterritorialization ( ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝ لﺎﺤﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻼﻴﺭﻭﻴﻓ ﻻﻭﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻴﺴﻴﺭﺒ ﺍﺭﻭﺒﻴﺩ ) Deborah Bryceson and Ulla Vuorela 2002, 3 ( ﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻝ ﺭﺴﻸ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﻪﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﺘﻭ ﻱﺭﺴﻷ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ؛ﺩﺤﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻫﺎﻓﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ’ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ‘ ﻰﺘﺤ ، ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ،لﺜﺎﻤﻤ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﻨﻴﺭﺎﺒ ﺭﺍﺯﻻﺎﺴ لﻴﺴﺍﺭ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻴ ﺱﺎ ) Rhacel Salazar Parreñas 2005, 4 ( ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ) transnational ( ﺃ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻥﻴﺘﻝﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓ [ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﻭ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ،ﻲ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ٢٠٠٦ ، لﻤﺸﻴ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻏ ﺯﻨﺭﺒﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻴﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤﻭ ﻭﻨﻴﺘﺎ ﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨﻭ ﻙﻴ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨ ﻑﺼﻭﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ * Suad Joseph, “Geographies of Lebanese Families: Women as Transnationals, Men as Nationals, and Other Problems with Transnationalism”, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 120-144. ٩٨ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ٣٦ ﺩﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕ ﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﺄ ﻭﺩ ﺍ ﺭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺼﺘﻭ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ٢٤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ) ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ١٠٠ ﺩﺭﻓ ( ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﻗ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﺒﺠ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ، ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ١٩٩٤ ، ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻁ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ) ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ( ﻔﻴﻜ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺔﻴ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ` ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺸ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ) ١٩٧٥ - ١٩٩٠ ( ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻜﺸ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﹶ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻓﺩﻭ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻡﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﻴﺨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺒﻏﺭﻴﻝ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ ﻲﺜﺤﺒ ﺀﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ١٩٩٤ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻐﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺃﺩﺒ ، ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺼﻨ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺭﺸﻋ لﻼﺨﻭ ﻲﺘﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ لﺤﺭ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺕﻨﻭﺩﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﺒ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﻅﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﺌﺎﻌﺒﻭ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻠﻝ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺴﺭﺘﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻋﺩ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻠﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺩﺒﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻔﻁﺎﻋﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺃﺩﺒﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ - ﺹﻠﻘﺘﺘ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺜﺤﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺸﺘﻨﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ - ﺩﻴﻌﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﺭ لﻭﺎﺤﺃ ﺕﻨﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﻴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻤﻋ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﻼﺜ ﻊﻤ ﺩﻴﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻕﻔﺘﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺔﺜ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ · ١ ( ﻡﺫﺭﺸﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻝﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇﻼﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ) deterritorialization ( ، ٢ ( ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺍ ﺭﻭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝ ) Wimmer and Schiller 2003 ( ، لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ٣ ( ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯﻻﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺒﻋ ﻡﻴﻋﺩﺘ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺭﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻡﺌﻼﺘ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻌﻝﻭ ) ﻲﻨﺜﺇ ( ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﻠﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺒﻭ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﺃ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻨﻴ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻓﻹﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺓﺀﺎﱠ ﻨﺒ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ل ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ، ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻋ ، ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺒﻋ ، ﻻ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﺫﺭﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭ` ﺴ ﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ، ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺭﻭﻠﺒﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻫﺎﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﻘﺘﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻊﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺎﻤ ،ﹰ ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻯﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ،ﺔﻀﺭﺘﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻝ ﹰ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻭﻨﺜﻹﺍ لﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭ ﺎﻓ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﺔﻠﻋ لﻴﻤﺘ ﺎﻤﻋ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺕﻀﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺒ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻓﺃ ،ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﻴﺸﺄﺴ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻥﻭﺤﺒﺼﻴ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﺃ ) ﺯﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ لﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻭ ( ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺭﻓﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻨﺜﻹﺍ ﻏ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺴﺄﺴ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺃ ﻡﺜ ، ﺘ ﻑﺸﻜ ﺔﻤﺯﺤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺔﺠﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، ٩٩ ﺓﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ لﻭﻗﺃ ﻻﻭ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻜﻜ ، ﻥﻤ ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻝ ﺓﺀﺎﱠ ﻨﺒ ﺔﻘﻤﻌﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻥﺇ لﻭﻗﺃ لﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌ ﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺡﺭﺸﻭ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ [ ﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ) ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﺱﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻨﻤﻭ ( ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ لﺒﺠ ﺢﻔﺴ ﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻑﺭﺎ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻠﻝ [ ﻭﺃ ﻬﻓﻼﺴﺃ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺩﺼﺭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ لﺎﻴﺠﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻋ ﻙﻠﻤﺘ ﻡﻬﻓﻼﺴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻗ ﺔﻠﺼﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻠﺼﺎﺤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝ ﻲﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﺼﺤﻭ ،لﻗﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﺒﺁ ﻥﻤﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺸﺎﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻬﻤﺃﻭ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺍﻭﻀﻤﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻥﻭﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻡﻬﻠﻜﻭ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﻬﺒﺎﺒﺸ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﺭﻓﺎﺴ ) ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ( ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﻷ ﺍﺩﻨﻜﺒ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ٢٠٠٤ ﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﺩﻘﻔﺘﻝ ﺕﺎ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻬﺸ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻡﺜ ﻓ ﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﻪﻌﻴﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺀﻲﺸ لﻜﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻘﺸﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﺎﻋﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺩﻨ ﺭﺒﻤﺴﻴﺩ ٢٠٠٤ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺕﺎﻐﻝ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻭ ﺭﺘﻭﻴﺒﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﻭﺭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤﻭ ) ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ( ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻴﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺸﻴﻌﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ، ﹰ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻼﺨﺩ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺡﺎﺘﺃ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻘﺘﺘ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺎﺨﺩﻻﺍ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺎﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻜﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻘﺸ ﺎﻴﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﹰ ﻼﺼﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﻜﺴ ﻥﻴﺘﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺎﺘﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺘﻠﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻔﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻠﺒﺤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺍﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺙﻝﺎﺜ ﺭﺠﺎﻫﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﻥﺒﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺭﻗ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒ ﻕﺒﺍﻭﻁ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻴﻭ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ ) ﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩ ﻥ ( ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺭﻐﺼﻷﺍ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻡﻴﻘﻴﻭ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﺴﻤﻝ ﻕﺼﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻪﻤﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺸﻭ ﻩﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺸﻨﻹﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ، ﻘﺤ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺫﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻻﻭﻘﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺤﺎﺠﻨ ﺕﻘ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﻌﺴﻭﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺄﻁﺎﺒﺘ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ لﻭﻠﺤﺒ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺸ ﻊﻴﺒ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻠﻤﺘﻜﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﺕﻜﺭﹸ ﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻭﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻯﻭﺴ لﻤﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺄﻓ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﻊﻤ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻋ ﻼﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻴﺃ ﻰﻀﻤﺃﻭ ،ﺽﺭﺎﻋ لﻤﻋ ﺹﺭﻓ ،ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﻪﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻼﻁﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻗ ﻡﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ،لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻬﻴﺒﻷ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺠﻭ ﻪﻴﺒﻷ ﻪﺘﺩﺠﻓ ؛ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻝ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﺭﻤﺎﺴﻭ لﺜﻤ ﺭﻤﺎﺴﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﻁ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻘﺸ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒ ﻕﺒﺍﻭﻁ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﻷ ﻩﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻕﻴﻘﺸ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻠﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻠﻝ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺵﺎﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ،ﺭﻐﺼﻷﺍ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺸﻭ ١٠٠ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤ ﻨﻴ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻨﺼﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻠﻤﻴ ﺭﻐﺼﻷﺍ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺸﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺘﺴﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﺞﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﻫﺩﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻜﻠﻤﺘ ﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﺒ ﺭﺠﺘﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ،ﻡﻫﺭﻴﺘﺍﻭﻓ ﺩﺍﺩﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺀﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺨﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﺩﻴﺠﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ لﺜﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻤﻜﺃ ﻋ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﺕﻠﻅﻭ لﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،لﻤ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻁﻴﺸﻨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻴﻭﺯﻨﻭﺭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺵﺎﻋﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ لﺎﺨ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ) ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤﻝ ﻥﺎﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ( ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ) ﻥﺎﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻤﻫﺎﺘﺩﺠ ( ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻨﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﻕﻴﻘﺸ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻓ` ﺭﻌﺘ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻡﺍﻭﻋﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺒﻗ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠﻭ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻜﺴﻝ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻴﻭﻁ ﹰ ﺎﺘﻗﻭ ﻲﻀﻘﺘ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺭﻤﺎﺴﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻑﻗﻭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، ﺔﻠﻓﺎﺤ ﻕﺌﺎﺴ ﻡﺜ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﺏﺎﻌﻝﺃ ﺏﺭﺩﻤ لﻤﻌﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻌﻝﻸﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺠﺘﻤ ﺢﺘﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻡﺃﻭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻕﺒﺍﻭﻁ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺘﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﻨﺘﺒﺍ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﻱﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﻷ ، ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻭﻫ ﺭﻐﺼﺃ ﺔﻘﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠﻭ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ل` ﻀﻓ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﻁ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻪﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻰﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻪﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻙﻴﻭﺯﻨﻭﺭﺒﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻜﺴﻴﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ لﺍﻭﻁ ﻡﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻘﺘﻨﺎﻓ ﻪﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻥ ﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻗ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻤﻋ ﺔﻨﺒﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﺝﻭﺯﺘ ﺘ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴ ﻪ ، ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺔﺸﺭﻭ ﺭﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻙﻠﻤﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸﻭ ﻥﻴﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻩﺎﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻴﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻨﺒﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴﻭ ﻡﻭﻨ ﻲﺘﻓﺭﻏﻭ ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻕﻴﻘﺸ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺭﻌﺸﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻔﺼﻤ لﻤﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺭ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺠﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻕﺌﺎﺴ ﺭﻐﺼﻷﺍ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺸ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻲﻤﺎﻴﻗ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺵﻴﻌﺘﻭ - ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ،ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠﻭ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ،ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ،ﺎﻴﻨ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴﻭ - ، ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒﺒ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﺔﻠﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﻭ ،ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺄﺒ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻷﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻡﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﺭﺴﻜ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺴﻴﺘ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺽﺭﺘﻔ` ﻴ ﺔﺴﻨﺎﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻠﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﺨﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻭﺃ ،ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻠﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﻴﻭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺘ` ﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺨ ﺏﺎﺠﻨﺇﻭ ﻕﻼﻁﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺎﻴﺠﺃ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺝﺭﺎ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ) Sørenson 2005 ( ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻥﻭﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﻫﺩﻼﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻤﻀ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ﻪﻨﻭﺴﺭﺩﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﻬﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻤ ﻡﺫﺭﺸﺘﺘ ١٠١ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺯﺎﻴﺤﻨﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺸ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻠﻅ ﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻥﻜﺭﺘﻴﻭ ﻥﺭﺠﺎﻬﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﻱﺩﺩﻋ ﻕﻭﻔﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ؛ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺩﺘ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻜﻔﺘﻭ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ لﺴﻼﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﺩﺼﻴﻭ ﺭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻠﻤﻌﺒ ﻥﻤﻬﺴﻴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ) Arlie Hochschild 2000; 2003 ( ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻥﻭﺭﻗ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﺠﺎﻬﻴ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺩﻋﺎﺼﺘ ﺭﺎﻴﻬﻨﻼﻝ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺘﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ [ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ لﻭﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺄﺒ ﻥﺭﺠﺎﻬﻴ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷﺍ ﺘﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻴﻫ لﻭﻘﺘ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺩﺘ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺩﻬﺸﺘ ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻋ لﻘﻨﺘﻭ ﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﺜﻭﺘﻝ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺭﺠﺎﻬﺘ ﺫﺇ ؛ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻠﻝ ﺭ` ﺩﺼﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻎﻠﺒﻴﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺠﺇ ) Patzer n.d,1-3 ( ﻭﺤﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﺘﻭ ١٦٠ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻥﻜﺭﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﻘﺘ ﻲﻨﻴﺒﻠﻓ لﻔﻁ ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤ ﺔﻌﺴﺘ ١٨ ﻭ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻫﻼﻜ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝﺍ ) Parreñas 2005, 5, 12 ( ﻥﺴﻨﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﺎﻨﻴﻨ ﻅﺤﻠﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ) Ninna Sørensen 2005 ( ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻼﻝﺍ ) ﺓﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻜﻨﻼﻴﺭﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﺭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍﻭ لﻭﺩﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﻭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴ ﻰﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﹸ ﻕ` ﻭ ﺴﹸ ﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﻭﺼﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﹸ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ،ﹰ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻡﻀﻴ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺄﻓ ؛ﻥﺎﻨﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻴﺠﺃ ﹶ ﺓﺩﻋ ﹲﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﹲﺔﻘﺸ ﻭﺃ ﹲﺕﻴﺒ ﻭﺃ ﹲﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒ ﻡﻀﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ؛ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺄﻴ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜﻭ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺎﺸﺘﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺫﺇ ﻭ ﻴ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺃﺭﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻘﻓﺃ لﺎﻴﺠﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﺘﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺄﺴ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﹰ ﻻﺎﺜﻤ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﻥﺎﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺵﺎﻋ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻗﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ لﻐﺸﻴ ﺩ ﺎﻤﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻕﺒﺍﻭﻁ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺎﻴﻨﺒ ﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺸﺎﻋﻭ ﺍﻭﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﻭﺯ ﻊ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺸﻭ ﻩﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻤ لﻤﻌﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﺒﻌﻠﻴ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺸﻷﺍ لﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻁﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻥﺎﻜ ،لﻤﻌﻴ ﻤﻋﺩﻴ ﻩﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﻨﺎ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﻻﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ لﺍﻭﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺎﻤﻫﺩﺎﻔﺤﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﺒ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺎﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻡﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻘﻴ ،ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸ ،ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻡﺜ ،ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ،ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ لﺎﻴ ﻕﻴﻘﺸ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩ ﻪﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﺔﻨﺒﺍ ﻥﻤ ) ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺕﺨﺃ ﺔﻨﺒﺍﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﺔﻨﺒﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ( ﺭﻔﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋ ﻭﺤﻨ لﺒﻗ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺼﺭ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ،ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻜﺴﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ لﺨﺍﺩﻭ ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺭﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ · ﺎﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ؟ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﺩ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ` ﻴ ﻭﺃ ،ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺼﻭﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ، ) ﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺎﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻱﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺇ ﺫﺇ ؛ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ( ﻭﻁ ﻥﻼﺒﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﺎﻨﺎﻜ لﺍ ١٠٢ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺒ` ﺭﻘﻤ ﻥﺎﻘﻴﺩﺼ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺇ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ لﻭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻼﻜﺄﻴ ﺎﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺩﻜﺅﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺕﻠﺼﺘﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻝﻭﺼﻭﺒ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺎﻐﻠﺒﻴﻝ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺒ ﻼﺼﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺭﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﻤ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺍﺯ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻡﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻱ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺍ` ﺩﺭﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﺕﻌﻁﻘﻨﺍﻭ ﻩﺍﺭﺘﻝ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺒﻫﺫ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺸ لﺜﻤ ﻩ` ﺩ` ﻌﹶ ﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﻥﺒﺎﺒ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻭﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﻥﻴﺒﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﹸ ﺕﺭﺯ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ٢٠٠٧ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺄﻴﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﻭﻫ ﻪﺘﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝ ﻲﻨﺫﺨ ﺭﻭﺯﻴ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﺃ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒ ﻭﻴﺎﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ٢٠٠٨ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺯ ، ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺒﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﻩﺩﻝﺍﻭﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﻲﻫ ﻪﻤﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝ ﺕﺒﻫﺫﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺒﻠﻐﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺫﻌﻤ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﻏ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺔﻴﺃ لﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﺭﺠﻴ ﻡﻝ ، ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻴﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ٢٠٠٨ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﺒﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻴﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﻬﻔﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﻭﺼﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﻘﻤ ﻥﻴﻘﻴﺩﺼ ﺎﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﺎ ، ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﺎﺘﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ؛ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺎﺘﺠﻝﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﺘﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻘﺒ ﺎﻨﺎﻜ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﻴﻘﺘﻠﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ - ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ - ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﺭﺠﺎﻫ لﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻜ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻴﻭﻁ ﹰ ﺎﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻙ - ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ - ﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺕﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﺓ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ لﻤﺎﻜﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ لﺤﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻥﻭﺠﻭﺯﺘﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺍﻭﺒﺠﻨﺃ ﺩﻗ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ ) ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ( ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺯﻤ ﻥﺎﺘﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺒﺠﻨﺃ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺭﺠﺎﻬﻓ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺭﺠﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻥﻜﺴ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﻡﻫﻭﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ لﺎﻤﻜﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﻭﺩﻋﺎﺴﻭ ﻡﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺠﻭﺃ لﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﺭﺴﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺴﺄﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺠﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺝﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻓ ﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﻁﺴﻭ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺓ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ) ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻥﻜﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻰﻨﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ( ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻭ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺫﻐﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﻑﺼﻭ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻕﺒﺍﻭﻁ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ لﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﺩﻜﻤ ﻲ ) ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺒﺍﻭﻁ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻤ ( ﻡﻫﺩﺎﻔﺤﺃﻭ ﻡﻫﺅﺎﻨﺒﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻜﻼﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻐﺸﻴ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ، ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻠﻜ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ) ﺏﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ · ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻫﺅﺎﻨﺒﺃﻭ ﻡﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﻷﺍ ( ﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻡﻀ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﺨﺂﺒ ﻭﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻗ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻕﻴﺜﻭﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ،ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﻭﻠﺠﺴﻴ ،ﺏﺎﺴﻨﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻨﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻓ ﻴﻤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺸﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺯ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ لﺎﺜﻤ ﺫﺨﺄﺒﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻲﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝ لﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻀﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺩﻨ ﺍﻭﻌﻤﺴﻴ ﻥﺄﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ؛ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺌﺎﻘﺸﺃﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺴﻭ ﻪﺌﺎﻘﺸﺃﻭ ﻥﻤ ﱞ لﻜ ،ﹰ ﺎ ﻪﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻡﻋ ﺩﻻﻭﺃ ﻡﻌﻓ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ لﺯﻨﻤﻝ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺘﺒﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ، ﺩﺭﻓﺃﻭ ﺩﻝﺍﻭ لﻌﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻝﻭ لﻜﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﻁ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ١٠٣ ﻡﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﻤ لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻴﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻡﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﻲﻨﻤﺯ ﻕﺭﺎﻔﺒ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﻠﺘ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﺠﻭﺯﺘ ،ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ،ﻩﺩﺤﻭ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻁﺴﻭ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺸﻓ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻻﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻌﻓ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻝ لﻭﺨﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺱﻤﺨ ﺜﻜ ﻑﺼﻭﻝﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ لﺎﺜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻨ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻓ ﺏﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻓﺎ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ، ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﺩﻻﻭﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺸ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ) ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﺩﻻﻭﺃ ( ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩﻭ ﻡﻴﺩﻨﻓ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﺓﺩﺠ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻥﺒﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩ ﺩﺠ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻫﺩﺼﺭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﺇ ﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻯﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﻜﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺕﻝﺍﺯ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻕﻤﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻰﻐﻁﻴ ﻭﺃ ،ﺏﻋﻭﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﺃ ﺍﻭﻤﺎﻗﺃ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﺨﺩﺘ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺴﻜﺘ ﻡﻠﻓ ؛ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻭﺯﻝﺍ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻘﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺠ` ﻭ لﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻴ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻪﺘﻤﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﻭﺒﻴﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻴﺴﻴﺍﺭﺒ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻼﻴﺭﻭﻴﻓ ) Bryceson and Vuorela 2002, 10 ( ﹰ ﻼﻴﺨﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺤﺭﻁ ، ﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﹰ ﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻥﻻﻭﻘﺘ ﺫﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺩﻨﺃ ﺕﻜﻴﺩﻴﻨﺒ لﺜﻤ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ) Benedict Anderson 1983 ( ، ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺯﺯﻌﻴ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴ`ﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺎﻬﺤﻴﺘﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻨﺼﻴﻭ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﺭﺭﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﺎ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ لﺯﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﻷ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﺤ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ل ﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻤﺎﻋ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺭﺍﺭﻗﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤﺎﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻪﻨﺇ لﻭﻘﺘﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻲﺒﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ،ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺀﻲﺸ لﻜ ﺭﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺹﺎﺨ ﻉﺎﻘﻴﺇﻭ ﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﺏﺭﻗ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺅﺭ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯﺒ ﻙﻴﺒﻴﻜ ﻡ ) ﻏ ﻭﻨﻴﺘﺎ ( ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻤ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﻌﺒﺴ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻭﺘﺘ ،ﻙﻴﻭﺯﻨﻭﺭﺒﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺭﺎﻗﺃﻭ ﻪﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﺎﻗﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻡﻫﺩﻻﻭﺃﻭ لﺍﻭﺨﺃﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﺼﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﻊﻓﺩ ﺎﻤ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺭﺎﻀﺤﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻠﻝ ﹰ ﻼﻴﺒﺴ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻀﺭﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻪﺒ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻡﺭﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﻝ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺕﻘﺒﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻜﺒﺸ ﺏﻨﺠﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺕﻝﺫﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ لﺨﺩﻴ ﺎﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺕﺩ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ - ﺱﻤﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ - ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻪﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻓ ﻊﻨﺎﻤﻴﻝ ﻪﺘﻭﺨﺇﻭ ﻪﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻪﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻗﻭﺸﺘﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ،ﻊﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺸﺨ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻱﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﺴﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺙﻴﺩﺤ لﻜﻓ ١٠٤ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺕﻴﺒﺒ ﻡﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺅﺭ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﻘﻔﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻬﺴﺃ ،ﻙﺸ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﻊﻤ ﻕﺎﻘﺸ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺄﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻁ ﻨﻭ ﻲ ، لﺒ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ لﻅﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻯﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﺘ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻭﺨﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺎﻌﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻜﺭﺤﺘ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺼﻭ ﺭﻭﻓﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﻘﺘﻝ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﺒ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻡﻬﻝﻭﺼﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺭﻭﻬﺸ ﺩﻌﺒ ﹰ ﻻﺯﻨﻤ ﺕﺭﺘﺸﺎﻓ ،ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﺕﻔﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺸﻷﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﺎﺼ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻱﺩﺒﺘ ﺕﻠﻅ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﺤﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻁﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﻋﺯﺃ ﻻ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﻥﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﺒ - ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ - ﹰ ﺍﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﻥﻤﻗ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺭﺒﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴﻭ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﺒ ﻲﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﺼﺼﻠﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺫﻵﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ، ﺀﻭﺩﻫ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻘﺘﺘ ﻥﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺈﻓ ،ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻭﺃ ، ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻠﺼﺤ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻡﻠﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺤﺘ ﺕﺭ` ﺴﻴ لﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻜﺘ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻏ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻭ ﺕﺒﻘﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﻭﺒﻴﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻴﺴﻴﺍﺭﺒ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻼﻴﺭﻭﻴﻓ ) Bryceson and Vuorela 2002, 10 ( ﺴﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻨﺍﺭﺎﺒ لﻴ ) Prreñas 2005 ( ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ، ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻠﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ، ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻡﻬﻨﻁﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻝﻭﺩ ﺏﻫﺫﺘﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﺭﺩﻨﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻤﻴﻭ ﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﻨ ﻠﻴﺸ ﺭ ) Wimmer and Schiller ( ،ﺔﻠﻠﻀﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻴ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﺍﺭﺴﻔ ﻁﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺊ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻨﻁﻭﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻁﻭﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻲﺘﻝ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻔﹸ ﺘﻭ لﻜﺸﹶ ﺘﹶ ﺘﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻰﺜﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺍﺭ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻴﻀﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺤﻭﺘ ) Hunt 1992 ( ﺵﻗﺎﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ) ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺱﺒﻠﻤ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ( ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥ` ﻤﺅﻴﻭ ، ﻥﺄﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﻤﻀ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ) Baron 2005 ( ﻪﻤﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺢﻴﺠﺭﺘ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﻤﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻱﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﻪﻤﺎﻴﻗ ) Joseph 2000; Kanaaneh 2002 ( ،ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ، ،ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺀﺎﻋﻭ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻝ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ لﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻴﻤﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ، ﺜﻤﺘ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻤ ﻻ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ل ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇ ) Wimmer and Schiller 2003 ( ﻥﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻘﻫﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻭ ،ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻭ ﺩﻀ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﻤﺩﺇﻭ ﻕﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎ ) Hochschild 2003, 22 ( ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻩﺫﻫﻭ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﺴﻭ - ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻭ - ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ، لﻭﻘﻌﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﻤ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠﻭ ، ﻊﻤ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻅﺤ لﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ١٠٥ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﻓﺩﺎﺼﺘ ؛ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺎﺒﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﺒ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺕﺩﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺠﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ) deterritorialization ( ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻉﺯﻋﺯﺘ [ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺔﻋﺯﻋﺯ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎ ﺤﻭﻀﻭ لﻗﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻭﺩﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻲﻫ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭﺒ لﻼﺨﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺭﻅﻨ` ﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻫ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻲ ﻨﺎﻴﻜ ﺕﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺔ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻗﺃ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﻓ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺢﻀﻭﺄﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺨﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻥﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇﻼﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺸﻴﺎﻌﺘ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻥﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻡﻋﺯﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﻝﺯﻋ لﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﺨﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻲﻨﺩﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﺴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻓ ﺭﺸﻋ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺤﺎﻤﺴﺒ ﺓ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﺔﺤﺎﺴ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺈﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩ ﺔﻔﺌﺎﻁ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ) Joseph 2000 ( ، ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ،ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﻠﺨ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ، ﺔﻓﺭﻁﺘﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﻤﺫﺭﺸﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺨﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ` ﺩ` ﻌﹶ ﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﺔﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﻙﺴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ، ﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺒﻏﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻫ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻀﻓﺭﻴ ﻡﻝ ) ﺔﺘﻭﺎﻔﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﻬﻀﻌﺒ لﻌﻓ ﻥﺇﻭ ( ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﻥﻜﺴﻤﺘﻴ ﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﻴﻭﻫ ﻼﺒ ﹰ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﻬﺴﻔﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻓﺭﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ، ﺎﻬﺤﻴﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻗﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﻘﺘﻴ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﺍﺩﺒﻭ ﻥﺩﻘﻓ ﺭﻭﺫﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻫﺩﺎﻌﺘﺒﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺇﻼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺙﺤﺘ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ لﺒﻘﺘﻴ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﺒ ﻩﺅﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺎﻅﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻝ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺢﺼﻔﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻗ ﺭﻤﺄﺒ ﻲﻝ ﻑﺭﺘﻋﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻭﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺤﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﺍﺩﺼﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺕﻤﺎﻗﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ﺭﺤﺒ ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﻷﺍ ﻲﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﻪﻨﺃﻭ ﺭﻜﺫﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﺍﺩﺼ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻗ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤ ،ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺹ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻜﺸﻭ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻭﺌﺸﺒ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ لﻐﺸﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜﻝﺍ ، ﻪﺒ لﻐﺸﻨﻴﻭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻴ لﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻰﻤﺤﺒ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺏﻴﺼﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺎﻫﻭﻘﻠﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ،ﻪﻠﻜﺎﺸﻤﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﺨﻴ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﺒ لﺼﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻨﺘﻐﻠﺒﺃ ﻙﻴﺒﻴﻜ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ، لﺎﻐﺸﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺼﻠ ، ،ﻡﻭﻴ لﻜ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﻴﻘﺸﺒ لﺼﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺕﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ لﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺨ ﻊﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﺕﺀﺎﺠﻭ ﺎﻬﻠﻔﻁ ﺕﺒﺠﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺭﺍﺯ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﺩﺘﻤﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻴ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺌﺎﻘﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺕﺩﻜﺃﻭ ٢٠٠٧ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻜﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﺘ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﻩﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻑﺼﺘﻭ ﻡﻠﺤﻝ ﻌﻓ ،ﻰﻠﺒﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻙﻴﺒﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻠﺼﺤ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻲﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻭ ﺭﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺒﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻁﻘﺘ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ١٥ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ، ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻻﺯﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﺭﺠﺄﺘﺴﺍ ﻏ ﻙﻴﺒﻴﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻨﻴﺘﺎ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻁﻏﻭ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻔﻁ ﺩﻝﻭﻭ ﻲﻠﺤﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻀﺎﻘﺘ ١٠٦ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ ١٥٠ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺩﻨﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ، ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ﻎﻠﺒﻤ لﻔﻁ لﻜ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺩﻨﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺔﻌﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺔﻨﺎﻀﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻜﺭﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﺘﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻬﺸ ﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﻑﻝﻷﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴ لﺨﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻪﻠﺼﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻰﻀﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺭﻗ لﺎﻴﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺫﻨﻤ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﺔﻋﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺯﺒﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻠﺤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻪﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺭﻜﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺝﻭﺯ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ،ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴ ﻲﻝ لﺎﻗ ٢٠٠٦ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﺇ ، ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﺒ ﻩﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻴ ﻪﻨﻷ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴﻭ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﺭﻭﻁﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺼﻠﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻭﻬﻓ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ لﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻪﻌﻤ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻴ لﻅ ﺭﻌﺸ ،ﺭﻬﺸﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ لﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻫ لﻌﻔﻴ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ لﺄﺴﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺱﺄﻴﻝﺎﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﻙﺭﺸﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،لﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ لﻭﺒﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻜﻓ ﺭﺘﻭﻴﺒﻤﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﹰ ﻼﻤﻋ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺃ ﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﻤﻋ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻔ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺘﻭﻴﺒﻤﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﻪﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ، ،ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﻑﺸﺘﻜﻴ ﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺔﺤﺎﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍ ﺩﻘﻔﺘﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻓ ، ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﻡﻠﺴﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺒﺭﻝ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻻﻭﻠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺼﺭﻓ ﻡﻬﺤﻨﻤ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺩﻨﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺘﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﺘﺨﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻡﻬﻨﺇ لﺎﻗﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺒﻘﺘﻴﺴ ﺍﻭﺭﺒﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺭ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﻴ ﺩﻗ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻗﻭ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﺒ ﻪﺘﻠﺼ ﺩﻘﻔﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺍﻭﺩﻘﻔﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺌﺎﻨﺒﻷ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻠﻝ ﻁﻁﺨﻴ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺭﻗﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻓﺭﻌﺘﻴﻝ ،ﻪﻌﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺫﺨﺄ ﻡﻬﺘﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ، ﻡﺜ ﻠﻓ ﻭﺭﺭﻘﻴ ﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺴ ﻻ ﻡﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺒﻏﺭﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺨﺇ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻁﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻲﻝ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﻗ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ٢٠٠٣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﺼﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،ﺍﺭﺠﺎﻬﻴ ﻥﺃ لﺒﻗ ، ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﺓﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘ ﺫﺇ لﺎﻗ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻭﻴ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺄﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻋ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﺒ ﹰ ﻼﺜﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﺎﻀ لﺎﻗﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﺘﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻅﺎﻔﺤﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﺼ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﺤ ﻥﻋ ﻱﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ لﺎﻗﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺏﺤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺒ ﻩﺅﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﻴﻭ ﻓ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ لﻅﻭ ﻪﻜﻠﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﻅ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﺘﻨﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻠﻜ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺕﺜﺤ ﻥﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻌﻔﺘ ﺕﻠﻅ ﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨ ﻭ ﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻜﺸ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺯ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺦﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻰﻀﻭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻴﻤﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺭﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻗﻭﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻩﺭﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺡﺭﺼﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ لﺼﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺍﺩﺒﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻀﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻋ ، ﻓ ِ ﺩﺒﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻴﺘﺴﺍ ﻱﺄﺒ ﺡﺭﺼﻴ ﻡﻝ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻌ ﻪﻜﺭﺘﻝ ﺔﺤﻠﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﺒ ﻡﻬﻋﺎﻨﻗﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ لﻜﺒ لﻭﺎﺤﺘﻭ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﻭﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺸﺄﺒ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻤﻝ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻁﻐﻀﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺼﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺢﺠﻨ ،ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻝﻭﺼﺤﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺭﻔﺴﻝ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺯﻴﻬﺠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻭﺨﺃ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻁﻐﻀﻭ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﻪﺘ` ﺠﺭﺘ لﺒ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺕﻌﺠﺸﻭ ﻪﻝ ﺀﻻﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺩﺠﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﻙﺸﻠﻝ ﹰ ﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻉﺩﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺕﺤﻀﻭﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻯﺭﺘ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻠﻓ ،ﻪﺘﻴﺴﻨﺠ لﻤﺤﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﻝﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻗ ﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻡﻴﻋﺯ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺯﺤﻝ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺭﺼﺤﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻭﻫ ﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﻨ ﻥﺇ لﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ١٠٧ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺩ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺔﺼﺭﻓﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤﺒﻭ ﺘ ﺓﺭﺒﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺕﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﺃﺩﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻫﺍﺭﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﻁﻨ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺎﻀﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﻫﺍﺩﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ،ﺎﻤﻬﺌﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺝﺍﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﺒﻗ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ،ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻭﻠﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺫﻋﻷﺍ ﻕﺎﺴﻭ ،ﺄﻁﺎﺒﺘ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺭﺠﺎﻬﻴ ﻻ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤﻭ ١٩٩٤ ﺒ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ، ﻭﻫ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻝﺫﺎﺨﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻨﻤﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺭﻤﺎﺴﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﻊﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺃﺩ ﺏﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺎﺒ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺍﺩﻋ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ،ﺕﻤﺴﺘﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﻭﺯﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﻝ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻊﻨﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ،ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ لﺼﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺹﺭﻓ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﺃﺩﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻥﻷ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺀﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻴﺤﺠﺎﻨ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻭ ﻊﻗﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻠﻴﺠﻨﺃ ﺱﻭﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﺀﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺵﺎﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯ ﺓﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘﺒ ، ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﻲﻔﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻩﻭﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻡﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺭﻌﺸ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤﻤ ﻪﺘﻠﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﺒ ﻩﺩﺭﻔﻤﺒ ﺵﻴﻌﻠﻝ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ،لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﻪﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃﻭ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﻩﺩﺭﻔﻤﺒ ﺭﻓﺎﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﺒﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺕﻘﻠﻏﺃ ﺩﻗ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﺓﺩﺸﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝ ﻁﺒﺤﺃ ﻯﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﺕﻁﻐﻀﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻠﻝ ﺔﻋﺭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻫﺀﺎﻤﺴﺃ لﺨﺩﺄﻓ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺵﻫﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺯﺎﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﺃ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻠﻝ ، ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻤﺤﺘﻤ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ، ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﻷﻭ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻘﺸ ﻕﻭﻓ ﻩﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻀﺍﺭ ﺍﺩﺒ ﺫﺇ ﺭﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻪﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻱﺃ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻪﻠﺜﻤ ﻕﺎﺸﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺩﻌﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻠﻝ ﺏﺤﻤ ﺹﺨﺸﻓ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻻﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺼﺭﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﺃ ) ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻤﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺍﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﺎ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﺒ ( ﻨﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺕﺭﻌﺸ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﻘﺘ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺍﺩﺒﻓ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺎﺒ ، ﻤ ﺎﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻭ ﺦﺒﻁﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺏﻠﻏﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺤﻝ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭ ﻥ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺕﻘﻠﺨ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﺀﺍﺩﺒﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺵﻴﻌﺘﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻨ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻤ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻀﺍﺭ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺍﺩﺒﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺴﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺌﺎﺴ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺴ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺕﻴﺒ ﺀﺍﺭﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻊﻀﺒ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﺒ ﺩﻗ ﺢﺠﺭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﻝ ﻩﺩﻴﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺠﺎﻬﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺸ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴﻭ - ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ لﺜﻤ - ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺤﻝﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻴﻨﻌﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﻠﻐﺸﻴ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻜﺸﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺤﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﻷ ﻩﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻭﺌﺸ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝﻭ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﺭﺘﻤ ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺎﺒ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻻﻭﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴ ﺩﺎﻋﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺸ ﻯﺭﺘﺸﺎﻓ ،ﻪﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻰﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭ ٢٠٠٥ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﻘﺒ لﻤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﻪﻨﺒﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺭﻁﻴﺴ ﺩﻘﻔﻴ ﺃﺩﺒ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺹﺎﺨ لﻜﺸﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻠﻗ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴﺴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻌﺸ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﺼﺍﻭﻴﺴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴ ﺩﻭﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺃﻭ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻤﻭﺎﻗ ﻲﻫ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝ ،ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ٢٠٠٥ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺃﻭ ﺕﺤﺎﺘﺠﺍ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ١٠٨ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ٢٠٠٦ ﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺅﻼﺠﺇ ﻡﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻭﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻨﻠﻋﺃ ، ﺓﺭﺎﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﺒ ﻲ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻠﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻅﻓﺎﺤﻴﻝ ﻑﻴﺼ لﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﺴﺭﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴ ﻲﻝ ﺕﻜﺤﻭ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﺸ ٢٠٠٨ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﺅﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻝﺎﻜﺘ ﻥﻋ ، ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺩﻫﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ، ) لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﻭﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ( ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻁﻭﻐﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺭﺎﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﺤﺎﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻰﻀﺭ ﻥﻴﻨﺎﺠ ﺕﺩﺒﺃﻭ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻥﻴﻤﺴﺎﻴﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﺜﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﺠﻌﻴ ، ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﺒ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻁﻝﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﻁﺨ ﻡﺴﺭﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ لﺎﻴﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﻭﻫ ﺊﺠﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻓ ﺌﺎﻘﻝ ﻲﻔ ﻲ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ٢٠٠٧ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺘﺸﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﻜﺒ ، ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٨ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ، ﻲﻨﻭﻁ لﺎﻴﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝ ،ﺹﺎﺨ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻀﺭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﺩﺒﻭ ﺒﻭ ﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﺩﻘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ،ﻪﺘﺭﺴﻷ ﺱﺴﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﺭﺇﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﺘﻨﻤ ﺍﺩﻨﻜﻝ ﻡﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﺠﻭﺯ لﺜﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺭﻔﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎﻤﺤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺩﺒﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﺍﻭﺭﻗﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻰﻀﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻴﻨﺤ ﺍﻭﺩﺒﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻨﺤﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﻋﺎﺸﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺩﺭﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻓ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻨﺎﻴﻜ لﻤﺎﻜﺒ لﻭﺤﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻴﺭﺘﻨﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻠﻝ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺸﺄﺘ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﻝ ﻪﻌﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ لﺫﺒﻴﻭ ، ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ لﺨﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺌﺎﻤﺘﻨﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﻭﻬ ﺩﻜﺅ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﺃ ﺔﻴﻷ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﻓﺭﻴ ﻪﻨﻴﺩ ﻥ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﺔﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ لﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺘﻭﺼﺒ ﻲﻝﺩﻴ ﻥﻝﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻭﺼﺒ لﺩﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺴﻨﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ : ﻥﺎﻜﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ لﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻻﻭ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻻ ﻥﺇ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ، ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺩﻝﻭﻴ ، ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ) bilocality ( ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻭ ، ) bifocality ( ﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘﻭ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ، لﺎﺼﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﺭﺎﻀﺤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﺯﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻑﺼﻭ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻭﺩﺯﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ) Luis Guarnizo 1997 ( ﺎﻤﻜ ﺱﻭﺭ ﺭﺠﻭﺭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ) Roger Rouse 1992 ( ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺎﻴﻨﺭﻭﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺴﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﻘﻨ ﺩﺼﺭﻝ ﻙﻴﺴﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﺎﻜ ﺩﺼﺭﺘﻭ ﻏ ﺭﻨﺩﺭﺎ Katy) Gardner 1995 ( ﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻐ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺭﺘﻠﺠﻨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﺸﻴﺩﻼ ﺵﻴﺩﻼﻐﻨﺒ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺵﻴﺩﻼﻐﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻜ ﺩﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﻑﺼﻴﻭ ﻴ ل ) (David Kyle 2002 ﻡﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻙﺭﻭﻴﻭﻴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻭﺩﺍﻭﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺯﻤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﻰﺒ` ﺭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ ) Ruba Saleh 2003 ( ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻭ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻑﺼﻭﻝ ١٠٩ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻁﻴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺤﻴﺭﺼ ﹰ ﺎ ﻴﻨﻤﻀ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻠﻝ ، ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﺘ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻘﺒﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻗﺃ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘﻭ ،ﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻜﺭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺱﻨﺎﺠﺘ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺍﺩﺼ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﺩﻝﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻘﺘﻭ ﻡﺩ ﺎﻨﻴﻨ ﻥﺴﻨﻴﺭﻭﺴ ) Sørensen 2005 ( ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻕﺜﻭﺘﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺯﺎﻴﺤﻨﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺀﺎﱠ ﻨﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻴﺤﺼﺘ ﺭﺴﻷ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺒﻤﻭﻝﻭﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻗ ﺙﻼﺜ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺝﻭﺯﺘﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺤﺃﻭ ﺏﺠﻨﺘﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ،ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺎﻴﺇﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺎﻫﺫ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﺘ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻗ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺯﺠﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺩﺼﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺕﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﺏﻠﻏﺄﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﺇ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻡﻬﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃﻭ ١٥٠ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﺎﺨ ﻡﺭﻜﻷ ﻱﺭﻘﺒﻌﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ) Akram Khater 2001 ( ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ١٩ ﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ` ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻑﺯﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﻨ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ١٨٤٠ - ١٨٧٠ ﻥﻴﺘﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﺒﺠ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﺱﻤﺨ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺭﺠﺎﻫ ، ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺍﻭﺭﻴﻐﻴﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻘﺒﻁ ﺍﻭﻠﻜﺸﻴﻝ ،ﺍﻭﺩﺎﻋ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻤﻭﻁ ﺙﻴﺒﺍﺯﻴﻝﺇ ﺏﻘﻌﺘﺘﻭ ) Elizabeth Thompson 2000 ( ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺜﺂﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻓ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻁ لﻭﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺩﺼﺭ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ) Paul Tabar 2005 ( ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺩﻝ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻯ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻴﺯﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ لﺎﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﻜﻓ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﺎﻬﻝ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﺌﺎﻤ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﻑﻼﺴﺃ ﻊﺒﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﻜﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻀﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﺕﻀﻤﺃ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻫﺍﺩﻝﺍﻭ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﻔﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺜ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﻀﻨﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺕﻀﻤﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﺫﺨﺃ ﻡﺜ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻠﺘﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﺕﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺞﻴﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ لﻼﺨ ﺕﻴﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺩﺭﻁﻭ ١٩٩١ ﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺎﻋﻭ ، ﻥﺎﻨﺒ ﻊﻀﺒ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺍﻭﺯ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﹰ ﻼﻤﻋ ﺃﺩﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﻥﺒﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﺨﺃ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﻥﻴﺭﻬﺸ لﻜ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻘﻨﺘﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺭﻀﺤﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻨ ﻕﻴﻘﺸﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺭﺎﻤ لﻭﺼﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﻱ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻴﻭﺯﻨﺭﺒﻭﻴﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ لﺎﺨ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ لﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺍﻭﺎﺘﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ لﻴﺒﻗ ﻲﺴﺭﻴﺠﻭﻴﻨ ﻡﻋ ﻥﺒﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﺭﺠﺎﻫﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﻡﺎﻌﺒ ﺭﺠﺎﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻭﻠﻴﺠﻨﺃ ﺱﻭﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﻤﺎﺴ ﻕﻴﻘﺸ ) ١٩٧٥ - ١٩٩٠ ( ﺔﺠﻭﺯ ﺎﻴﻨﺩ ﺀﺎﻘﺸﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻁ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﻭﺭﺠﺎﻫ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺵﻴﻌﻠﻝ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺃ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻰ`ﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺨ ﻪﻨﺒﺍ ﺕﺠﻭﺯﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ١١٠ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﻜ ﻲﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺃ ﻭ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﺩﺼﺭﺘ ﻻﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺭﻗ ﺩﺘﻤﻴ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻨﻭ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ، ﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻁ ﻲﻫ ) ﻭﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺴﺃ ( ﻥﻴﺒ ﺍﻭﺸﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ – ﺭﺒﻋﻭ - ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﺘﻭ ،ﻱﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﺃﺭﻘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻗﻼﻁﺒ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﺩﻻﻭﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺜﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺒﺘﻴﻭ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺃﺭﻘﻴﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻁﺒ ﺔﻴ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﻨﺒﺍ لﺴﺭﺃ ﺏﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺨﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻴﻨﺒﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺕﺴﻴﻠﻓ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ، ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩﺘ ﻻﻭ ) García 2006 ( ، ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻻﻭ ، ﻥﻴﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻻﻭ ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺨ ﻡﺴﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻋﻭﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻥﺃ ،لﻴﺤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇ ،ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻫﺩﻓﺍﻭﺭ ﺝﺭﺨﺘﺴﻨ ﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺃ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻱﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺴ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﺼﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻜﻴﺴﻜﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺘﺴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻠﻴﺯﺍﺭﺒ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻌﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻬﻴﺒﺸﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻕﻓﺩﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻝﺍ ﻭﻜﻤ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨ ) ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﺢﺠﺭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ( ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ـ ) ﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝ ( ، ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺫﻨﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺠﻬﻝ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺎ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ،ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﻻ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﺩﺌﺎﺴ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﻜﺸ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﻠﻏﺄﻓ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻰﻓ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻔﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﺘ ﻻ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺎـﻬﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﺘﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻰﻘﻠﺘ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺍﻭﻘﻠﺘ ﻥﻭﻐﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺄﻓ ﹰ ﺎ ﻲﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎـﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔـﻴﺭﺜ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﺃ ﺔﻜﻝﺎﻤ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺍﻭﺀﺎﺠ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﻴﻝ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻤ ﺡﺎﻴﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻴﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭـﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺩـﺘﺒ لﺎﺼـﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ لﺎﻴﺠﺃ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻴﺠﻴ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﻔﺴ لﺒﻗ ﺍﺩﻨﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﺒ ﺔﻴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻐﻝ ﺩ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﻠﻅﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺼـﻨﻝﺍ لﺌﺎـﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻴﺎﻜـﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻋﻭﺒﺴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻥﻭﻠﺼﺘﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭ ﺔﻠﺼ ﻥﻭﻔﻴﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻡﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻭﺭﻭﺯﻴ ﺓﺭﺎـﻴﺯﻝ ﻡﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﻥﻭﻠﺴﺭﻴﻭ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺅﺭﻝ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝ ﻡﻫﺭﺴﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ · لﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺸﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﻷﺍ ﻓ ﺔـﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺎ ﺔﻨﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻗﻭ ، ﻡﻬﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻥﻭﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻴﺭـﻤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﺩﻨﻜ ﺍﻭﺤﺒﺼﻴ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺓﻭﻘﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﺯﺘﻠﻤ ﻥﻭﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻜ ﻡـﻬﻓ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﻭﻫﺭﻜﻴﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻭﺒﺤﻴ ، ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﻴﺭﻴﻭ ﺩﺒﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺠﻬﻤﻝﺍ ١١١ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺡﺭﺘﻗﺃ ؟ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻌﻀﻨ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺔـﻴﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜﺸﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻝﻭﻬﺴﺒ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻪﻨﻭ` ﺩ` ﻌ ﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻓ ﻡﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﻅﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔ ﺓﺩﺸـﺒ ﻥﻭـﻤﺯﺘﻠﻤ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻠﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﻜﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﺝﺭﺎـﺨ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻓ ﺩﻭﺩـﺤ ﺓﺭـﻜﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ) ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ( ﺒ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ لﺴﻼﺴ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻕﻠﺨﻴ ﻙﺒﺎﺸـﺘﺘﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘـﺴﺎ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺄﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺩﺼﺭ لﺜﻤﻴﻭ ، لﻜﺸﺘ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﺃ ﻭ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻡﻬﻴﺩـﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺼﺭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺭﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻓ ﺒ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻔـﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺴﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ،ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﹰ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺼﺘﻴ ﻲﺌﻼﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﻴﺨﺘﻴ ﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﺘﻔﺘ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻨﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻙﺭﺘﻝ ﻪ ﺀﻭﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺡﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌﺴ ﻥﻬﻝ ﺢﺘﻔﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻫﺭﺴﻷﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻨﻫ ﺎ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺭﻭﺒﻴﺩ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻴﺴﻴﺍﺭﺒ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻼﻴﺭﻭﻓ ) Bryceson and Vuorela ( ﺎﻬﻔـﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﹰ ﻼ` ﻴﺨﺘﻤ ) imagined community ( ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻤ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﺘﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺃﺭﻁﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺅﻤ لﺼﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺩﻴﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ) ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ( ﻥـﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻁﺒﺭ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺓ ﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻡﻬﻓ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻓ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ لـﺤﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺸﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻨﺭﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﺠﺎـﻬﻤ ﺭـﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻓ ، ﺔـﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺎـﻬﻨﻜﻝ ﺎﻫﺭﺴﺄﺒﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺫﺠﺒ ،ﻪﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺨﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺨﺘﻝ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻓ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﻠﻴﺨﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ،ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ لﺎﻌﻓﺃﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻁﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺵﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ١ ﺔﻤﺯﺤ ﻡﻀﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺭﻜﺘﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ · ﺔﻤﻝﻭﻌﻝﺍ ) globalization; Appadurai 1996 ( ﻲﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺭﻘﻤ ، ) transnational habitus; Guarnizo 1997 ( ، ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ) dasporic spaces; Brah 1998 ( ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺩﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ) transnational flows; Held et al. 1999 ( ﻥﻭﻠﺤﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ، ) multi-sited or multi-local families, transmigrants; Schiller 2004 ( ، ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍ لﺴﻼﺴ ) global care chains; Hochschild 2000 ( ، ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ) migrant transnationalism; Vertovec 2004 ( ، ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺨﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠ ) transnational families, frontiering, familial relativizing; Bryceson and Vuorela 2002 ( ، ﺔﻠﻴﺨﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ) families as imagined communities; Anderson 1983, Bryceson and Vuorela 2002 ( ، ﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌ ) cosmopolitanism; Vertovec and Cohen 2002 ( ﺔﻠﺼﺄﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻝﺍ ، ) rooted cosmopolitanism; Tarrow 2005 ( ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ، ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ) bifocality or dual orientation; Rouse 1992, Castles 2002 ( ﺯﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻗﺭﻔﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﻜﺎﻴﻫ ، ﻥﺎﻁﻭﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻗ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻲﻗﻼﺨﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺔﻋﺯﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) dispersed family structures, fractured families, geographically dispersed homes, transnational moral economy of kin; Vertovec 2004 ( ١١٢ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ Anderson, Benedict 1983 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International Migration Review 37 (3): 556-610. ١١٤ ﺎﻋ ﺕﻼﺌ ﻋ ﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ : ﺍ ﻝ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻴﺩ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭ ﻤﺒ ﺘﻴ ﻥﺎﻐﺸ ﺤﻭ ﺏﺭ ٢٠٠٦ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ * ﻴﺩﺎﻨ ـ ﺒﺎﻨ ﻥ ـ ﺭ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻋ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻨﺜﺇ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ) Dearborn ( ﺔﻴﻻﻭﺒ ﻥﺎﻐﺸﺘﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺃ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻌﻝ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ** ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ) Diaspora ( ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﻋﺎﺸﺃ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺤ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ) transnational ( ، *** ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ،ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﻔﻀﺇ ﺕﺎﻤﺴ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻕﻠﻁﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﺃ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) comfort mothering ( ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﺒﺸﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ٍ لﻫﻷ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﺒﺘﺸﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺠﺃ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻨﻁﻭ ﻡﻷﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻌﻝ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺭ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺀﺏﻋ ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻫﺎﻜ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻜﺎﺒﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺒﺠﻭﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ) ﺔﻋ` ﻭﹶ ﻨ` ﻤ gendered ( ؛ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻨﺠﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺠﺃ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﺼ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ لﺩﺎﻌﺘ ﺏﺯﺤ ﷲﺍ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍﻭ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻁﺎﻘﺘﺒ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ [ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻭﻀ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺡﺭﻁﺘ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ * Nadine Naber, “Transnational Families Under Siege: Lebanese Shi’a in Dearborn, Michigan, and the 2006 War on Lebanon”, JMEWS, vol. 5, no. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 145-174. ** ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻴﺴﻭﻗ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ gender ، ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺕﺎﻘﺘﺸﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﻭﻭ ﻴﺒ ﻥ ﻥﻴﺴﻭﻗ ) ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( *** ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻊﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ [ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ transnational ، ﺩﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ · ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ لﻭﻷﺍ ) ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ( ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﺩﺘﻤﻴ ﺎ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻑﺼﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ) ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻱﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻋﺯﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﺤﺘ ﺫﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻁﺒﺭﺘﻭ ﻲﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻁﻭ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﺃ [ ﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻰ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﺃ ( ﺎﻋﺩ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﻲﻨ ﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻊﻤ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻁﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻌﻝ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺴﺘﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﻭ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘﻝ ) ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( ١١٥ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻭﻀ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ؛ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻰﻐﻁﻴ ﻑﺭﻅ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺭﻬﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻬﻘﻝﺍ ﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻑﻴﻀﺘﺴﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺕﻴﻭﺭﺘﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻐﺸﺘﻴﻤ ﻥﺎ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﻷﺍﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻋﻭﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ) Shryock and Abraham 2000; Hassoun 2005 ( لﻜﺸﻴﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﻭﺭﺘﻴﺩ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ) ﺕﻴﻭﺭﺘﻴﺩ ﺍﻭﻀﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺤ ( ٣٩ ° ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ،ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻗ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻑﻝﺃ ﺹﺨﺸ ٣٧ ﺏﻠﻏﺃﻭ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﻌﻴﺸ ﺍﻭﺀﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ٣٨ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ، ﻥﺎﺒﺇ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻓﺭﺘ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ لﻜ ﺕﻴﺒ لﺤﻤﻭ – ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ - لﻭﻁﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﺠ ﻥﺭﺍﻭ ) Warren Avenue ( ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍﻭ لﻔﺤﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻓﻭﻔﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻤﻬﻨﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺯﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻜﺭﺎﻤ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻻﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻴﺩﺎﺤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﺭﻭﺒ ﻥﻭﺒﻗﺭﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻠﻗ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﺴﻤ ،ﻡﻬﺴﺃﺭ ﺕﺭﺎﺼﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻗﻭﻤ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﺒﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺍﻭﻨﺘﺘﻓﺍ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﺄﺒ لﻭﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻰﻀﻤ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤ ﻩﻭﺸﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺕﻼﻴﺜﻤﺘ ) ﺔﻋ` ﻭﻨﻤ ( ) gendered representations ( ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻓﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻬﻠﻗﺎﻨﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﻷﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺒﻋﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺕ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺇ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻌﻤﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺉﺭﺍﻭﻁ ؛ﺔﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ لﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻻﺍﺅﺴ ﻥﺎﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺼﻝﺍ · لﻫ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻡﻭﺠﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ؟ﺎﻨﺘﻴﺭﻗ ،ﺎﻨﺒﺎﺒﺤﺃﻭ لﻫ ﻡﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻗ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺩﻋ ؟ﻰﺘﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﺘ ﻲﻝﻭﺠ ﺕﻴﺘﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻉﺭﺸﻨ ﻓ ﻲ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻋ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻊﻤ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ،ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺎﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺡﺭﻁﻨ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ، ﻥﻤ لﻴﺒﻗ · ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ لﺎﺘﻘﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺨﻨ ؟ﻩﺭﺎﻤﻏ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻭﻫ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ؟ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ) Julie Peteet 1997, 106 ( ﻑﺸﻜﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻑﺭﻅ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺨ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻋ ﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ، ﻲﻫﻭ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ،ﺔ ﺯﺍﺭﻓﺈﺒ ﺕﺎﻌﻁﺎﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺒ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻨﺜﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺴﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ [ ﺯﻭﻤﺘ ٢٠٠٦ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﹸ ﺕﺄﺠﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤﻅﻨﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻠﻤﺸ · ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺠﺘﺤﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻭ ﺕﻼﻤﺤﻭ ﻊﻤﺠﻝ ،لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻔﺤﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺒﺄﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺼﻨﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻭ ،ﺩﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤﻭ ﻥﻭﺠﺴﻨﻴ ﻯﺅﺭ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ،لﺠﺭﻭ ﻡﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻜ ﺎﻨ ﻥﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ٣٩ ﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻫ لﻤﻋﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ لﺼﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺠ ،ﻲﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺙﻌﺒﻭ ﻡﻬﻴﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﻌﺸ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻪﺒ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ - ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ـﻝ لﻜ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻴﺴﻨ ﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ - ﻕﻠﺨﺒ ١١٦ ﺱﺤ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ،ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺄﻴﻫ ﺡﺭﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ) nationalisms ( ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻌﺒ ،ﺓﺩﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ٤٠ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺔﻋﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺤ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻌﺸ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ) peoplehood ( ﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺔﻠﻴﺨﺘﻤ ) imagined community ( ، ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠﻴ ﺙﺍﺭﺘ ﻱﻭﻐﻝ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻭ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻭ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﻤ ٤١ ﻲﻓﻭ لﺜﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺫﺨﺘﺍ ` ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭ ﹰ ﻼﻜﺸ ﹰ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﺨﻤ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ،ﻪﻨﻋ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ) ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍﻭ ( ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘﻭ ﻑﻭﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﺯﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻠﻝ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ) long distance nationalism ( ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﺼﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻌﺸ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻌﻗﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ٤٢ ﺢﻀﻭﻴﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺩﻗ لﻤﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻌﺠ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤ ) ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ( ) gender constructs ( ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻌﺒ ﻴﺒﻁ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺫﺇ ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺕﺎﺘﻔﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ، ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺒﺴ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻊﺒﺸﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻫﻷ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻤﻐﻨﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﺃ ﻡﻬﻨﻁﻭ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ` ﺩ ﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻸﻝ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ لﻫﺃ ﻰﺒﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﻤﺄﺘﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﺒ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻗ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻠﺒﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻁﺎﻘﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺎﻤﻜ ﺢﻀﻭﺃ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻭﺩﺯﻤ [ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺎﺘﻜﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻜ ﻥﻠﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻭﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺍﻭﻀﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻥﻠﺼﺍﻭﻴ ﺔﻴﺩﺄﺘ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺯﻜﺭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ،ﺩﻌﺒ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺒﺠﻭﺘﺴﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﻥﺇ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺎﻜ ﺍﻭﻨ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﺩﻗ ﺍﻭﺭﺒﺨ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻬﺒﺠ ؛ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺕﺭﻁﻴﺴ ﺭﺎﺒﺨﺃ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻡﻬﺤﺭﺍﻭﺠ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻥﻭﻗﺭﺘﺤﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻫ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻠﻗﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺼﻤ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﺒﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺔ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻀﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺒﺠ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ) ﺔﻋ` ﻭﻨﻤ ( ،ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ـﻝ ﺔﹶ ﻨ ﺴﹾﻨﺃ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻩﺭﺎﻬﻅﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﻜﺸ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺸ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﺯﺤﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ [ ﻥﻭﻠﺤﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺹﺨﺘ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ،ﻪﻴﻀﺍﺭﺃ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭ ﺔﻌﻁﺎﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻼﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻠﻝ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ٤٣ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ،ﺩﻌﺒ ﺩﻗ لﱠ ﺜﻤ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﹰ ﺎﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﺢﻨﻤﻴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻔﻴﻭ ﻥﻬﻴﻠﻋ ،ﺩﻭﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺯﻭﺭﺒ ﺔﺌﻓ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺌﺎﺴ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﺒ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﹰ ﺍﻭﺯﻏ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﻭﻋﺩﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻌﻁﺎﻘﺘ ﺫﺨﺄﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺤﻤ ﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ) ﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﻱﺃ ﻴﻗﺭ ﺔ ﻭﺃ ﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔ ﻭﺃ ﻴﻘﺒﻁ ﺔ ﺦﻝﺇ ( ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺜﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﺯ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ٤٤ ١١٧ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ،ﻲﻔﺌﺎﻁ ﻭﻬﻓ ﺹﺼﺨﻴ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﻓ ،ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻫﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ ٤٥ ﻁﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٣٢ - ﻭﻫﻭ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘ ﻱﺭﺠﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ - ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﺔﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺸ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺔﻋﻭﺯﻨﻤ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻴﻠﱠ ﺜﻤﻤ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﻑﺎﻜ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ) Deeb 2006a, 72 ( ﻲﻓﻭ ﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻤﺎﻋ ١٩٧٨ ﻭ ١٩٨٢ ، ﺔﻤﺜ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺜﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻜﺭﺤﺘ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﺍﻭﺯﻏ ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﺌﻤ ﻑﻻﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺍﺯﻺﻝ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤ ،ﻡﻬﺸﻴﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﻋ ﻑﻻﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﺘﻘﻠﻝ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺼﻹﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ) Deeb 2006a, 80 ( ﺩﻗﻭ ﻕﻠﻁﺃ ﻭﺯﻏ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٨٢ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝ ﺏﺯﺤ ،ﷲﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﻴ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺏﺯﺤ ﷲﺍ ﺎﻤﻭ لﺍﺯ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺯﺤ ﹰ ﺎﻁﺸﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴ ﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻴ ﺔ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ َ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺯﺤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺕﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﺍﺭﻻ ﺏﻴﺩ ) Lara Deeb ( ﻥﺃ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝ ﷲﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻪﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﻻ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ لﺼﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻱﻭﻁﻨﻴ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻬﺠﻭ ﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﺇ ` ﺭﻘﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻑﻴﻀﺘﻭ ﺍﺭﻻ ﺏﻴﺩ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﺏﻀﻐﻝﺍ ﻕﻨﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻲﻁﻐﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺃ ﻑﻼﺨ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺯﺤ ﷲﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻡﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻴ ﺩﻋﺎﺼﺘ ﺩﻴﻴﺄﺘ ﺏﺯﺤ ﷲﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﺘﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻜ ﺏﺯﺤ ﷲﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ، لﻅﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻓﻼﺨ ) Deeb 2006a; 2006b ( ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﺯﻴ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ [ ﻥﻴﻠﺤﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ) transmigrants ( ﺭﺎﻁﺈﺒ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺍﻭﻋﺯﻨ - ﻡﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﻥﻴﻠﺤﺘﺭﻤ - ﻰﻝﺇ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﻠﺼ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺄﺸﻨ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ لﻴﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇﻭ لﺎﺴﺭﺇﻭ لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻫﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺠﻭﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ؛ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ لﺎﻴﺠﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻭ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺭﺠﻫ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺴﺭ لﻜﺸ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ٤٦ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺍﻭﻠﻅ ﻥﻭﺩﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻊﻤﺠ لﻤﺸ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ) ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ لﻜﺸ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﺘﻤ ( ) Aswad 1974; Abraham, Abraham, and Aswad 1983; Shryock 2000, 577 ( ﺍﻭﺀﺎﺠﻭ لﻭﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺔ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺡﺎﺘﺘﻓﺍ ﻊﻨﺼﻤ ﺩﺭﻭﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴﻠﻝ ) Ford Rouge Plant ( ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺩﺎﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻘﺤ ﺩﺎﺴﻜﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ - ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺩﻌﺒ - ﺓﺭﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍﻭﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺤﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺎﻫﺫ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺎﻴﺇﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ ﺫﻨﻤﻭ ﻉﻻﺩﻨﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ) ﻱﺃ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٧٥ ( ، ﺃﺩﺒ ﺔﻌﻴﺸ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ٤٧ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺩﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺩﻘﻋ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻤﻝ ﻑﻻﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺠﺇ ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻼﺘﺤﺍ ل ﺭﺎﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺍﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ) ١٩٧٨ - ٢٠٠٠ ( ، ﻥﻤ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﻬﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺩﻓﻭ ﺏﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻻﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻗ ﺕﻨﺒ لﻴﺒﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺸﻭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻲﻨﺭﺒﺨﺃ ﺭﺼﺎﻨ - ﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺕﻨﺒ لﻴﺒﺠ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ١١٨ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ - ﻥﺃ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﺕﻨﺒ لﻴﺒﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻎﻠﺒﻴ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻑﻝﺃ ﺩﻗ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ لﺼﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻗ ﺙﻼﺜ ،ﻑﻻﺁ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﺭﺸﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻝﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﺔﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻠﺤﺭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ٤٨ ﺏﻠﻐﻴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺔﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻘﻋ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻤﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﺎﺠﺭ ﺭﺎﻐﺼ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻗﺃ لﻫﺃ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﹰ ﺎﻗﺎﻁﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺊﻴﻬﺘ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺀ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﻥﻤ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ﺩﺠﺎﺴﻤ ٍ ﺩﺍﻭﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻭ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ) community council ( ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Aswad 1992; Walbridge 1997; Howell and Jamal 2009 ( ﻥﺇ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻭﺭﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﺹﺨﻠﺘ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭﺯﻏ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﺒ ،لﻴﺒﺠ ﺕﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻬﻤﺃﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻴﺭﻗ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻭﺯﻏ ٢٠٠٦ · ﺎﻏ ﺕﺭﺩ ﻤﺃ ﻲ ﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﻴﻨﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﺕﺎ ، ﻜﻭ ﺕﻨﺎ ﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﺌ ﻲﻓ ﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻨ ﺎﻗ ﻡ ﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴ ﺘﺒ ﺭﻴﻤﺩ ﺭﻗ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴ ـﻓﻭ ﻲ ﺎﻋ ﻡ ٢٠٠٠ ﻡﺘ ﻨﺒ ﺀﺎ ﻝﺍ ﻴﺭﻘ ﺔ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺠ ،ﺩﻴ ﻋﻭ ﺕﺩﺎ ﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﻤ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﺒﻁ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴ ﺤﻭ ﻥﻴ ﺠﺭ ﺕﻌ ﻤﺃ ﻲ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎـﻋ ﻡ ٢٠٠٦ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻘ ﺩﻗ ﻬﺘ ﺕﻤﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺠ ،ﺩﻴ ﻜﻓ ﺕﻨﺎ ﻘﺘ لﻭ ﻫﺃ ﺍﺫ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻠﻅ ﺕﻠ ٢٧ ﺎﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻨﺍ ؟ﻩﺭﺎﻅﺘ ! ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻉﻭﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ - ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﺴﻤﺨ ﺓﺭﺸﻋﻭ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺹﺨﺸ - ﻙﺭﺎﺸﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻔﻗﻭ ﺕ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻝ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺠﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻑﻴﺼ ٢٠٠٦ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻜﺸﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻤﻀﻨﺍ ﺕ ﻡﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﻌﻴﻭﻨﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻨﺃ ﻡﻬﻌﻤﺠﻴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺩﻘﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺯﻐﻠﻝ ﺱﻜﻌﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﺨﻀ ﻡﺠﺤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻻ ﻐﺸﺘﻴﻤ ،ﻥﺎ ﺔﻔﺼﺒﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻡﺠﺤ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ٤٩ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻗﺭﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺃ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ لﻫﺃ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﻴﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻡﻫﺩﻠﺒﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻠﺼ ﺔﻤﻴﻤﺤ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻤﻋﺄﺒ ﻪﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﺎﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨ ﺓﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻑ` ﺭﻋ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻥ ﻤ ﻡﻬﹸ ﺘﺭﻭﺎﺤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻫﺃ ﻰﺒﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ) extended kin group ( لﻤﺸﺘ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻊﻘﻴ ﻡﻫﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﺴﻤﺨ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﺘﺴﻭ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻥﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺀﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺕﻼﺼﻝ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ – ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻁﻨ ﻊﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ - ﻯﺯﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﹰ ﻻﻭﺄﻓ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﺃ ﺤﺒ ﺎ ﺙ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ) Soad Joseph ( ، ﻅﻔﺘﺤﺘ ﺕﻼﺼ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ) ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ، ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺒ ﺭﻭﻔﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﹰ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺡﺭﺸﺘ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ، ` ﺩ ﻌﹸ ﺘ ﺕﻼﺼ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤ ) civic myth ( ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻬﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻜﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﻜﻴﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤ ، لﻌﺠﺘ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺕﺎﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺄﺸ ﹰ ﺔﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ) Joseph 2000 ( ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝ ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﺒﺘﻜﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻊﻴﺒﻁﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻼﺼ ،ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠ لﻫﺃ ﻰﺒﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻻﺇ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﺨﺘﻤ ﻰﻁﻌﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻋﺎﺒﻁﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ) Thorne and Yalom 1992; Delaney 1995; Williams 1996; Collins 1998; Zinn 2000 ( ﺀﺎﻔﻀﺈﺒﻭ ﺔﻔﺼ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻭﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ١١٩ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺒﺍﺭﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ،ﺎﻬﻜﺴﺎﻤﺘﻭ ﻡﻠﺴﺘﻭ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺵﺎﻘﻨ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺼﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻷ ﺀﺎﻀﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ) Collier, Rosaldo, and Yanagisako 1992; Collins 1998; Joseph 2000 ( ﻰﻠﻋﻭ لﺍﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻊﻴﺒﻁﺘﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﻼﺼ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻭ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺍ ) closeness ( ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍﻭ ) unity ( * لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ،ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺈﻓ ﻥ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺼﺒ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﺤﺘ ﺔﺼﻗ ﺔﻤﺃ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘ ’ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ‘ ،ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ،ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺒ ) ﺔﻠﺼ ﻡﺩ ( ، ﺓﺭﺩﺤﻨﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ لﻭﺼﺃ ﺏﺎﺴﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺫ ) Joseph 2000, 109 ( ﻑﻴﻀﺘﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺤﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﻨﺎﻤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﺘﻜﻴ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺠﻭ ﺴﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎ ﻪﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺵﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﻼﺼ ﻰﺒﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻤﻭﺩ - ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ - ﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ) ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ( ﻥﺎﻤﻸﻝ ﻲﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ) Joseph 2000, 116-17 ( ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﻠﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ - ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﻡﻬﻌﻤ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ - ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺍﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ؛ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ لﱢ ﺜﻤﺘ ﻥ ﻤ ﻡﻫ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻴﻝﺇ ، لﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻀﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﺘ ﻡﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻝ ﺡﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺒﺴ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ · ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﺭﺘﻌﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻩﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺍﺭﺃ ﺓﺭﻤﻠﻝ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﻻﺅﻬﻜ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺄﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺘﻴﺒ [ ﻙﻨﻁﻭ ) you’re home ( ِ ﻙﻨﻷ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤ | ﻡﻬﺒ [ ﻙﺭﻴﻐﺒ [ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺱﻜﻌﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻠﺴﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻕﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﻭﺎﺤ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺢﻀﻭﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻔﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ - ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺈﺒ ﺭﻬﻅﻤ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍﻭ - لﻤﻌﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ، ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﺘﻓ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻋ ﻻ ﺕﻔﻠﺘ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﻻﺍ ﺏﺘﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ) hierarchy ( ، ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺩﻘﻋ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ) kin contract ( ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻔﻁﺎﻋ ﺏﺤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻠﻝ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ) Joseph 2000, 116 ( ﻲﻓﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻋﻭ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻷ ﻥﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺤﻀﻤ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻔﺘﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﺴﺘﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺩﺘﻌ` ﻴ ﺎﻬﺒ ) Peteet 1997, 106 ( ٥٠ ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺹﺤﻔﺒ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﺘﻭﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ) لﺜﻤ ﺭﻬﻘﻝﺍ ﻘﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻲ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ،لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ﺵﻴﻤﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ( ، ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺼﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Rapp 1982; Collins 1998; Johnson and Kuttab 2001 ( * ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻓﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝ kinship ) ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ( ﻭ kin ) ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ لﻫﺃ ﻰﺒﺭﻘﻝﺍ ( ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺏﺭﻗ ) closeness ( ﺎﻤﻤ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺈﺒ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﺼ ﻡﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ) ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( ١٢٠ لﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ : " ﻕﺎﺴ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻕﺎﺴﻭ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ " ﻥﺎﻜ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻭﺎﺤﺘ ﻬﻌﻤ ﻡ ﻥﻭﺭﻴ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ٥١ ﻁﺒﺭﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺍﻭﺩﻝﻭ ﺍﻭﺄﺸﻨﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﻡﻝ ﻡﻫﻭﺭﻭﺯﻴ ﻁﻗ ) ﻭﺃ ﻻﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﻝ ( ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﹰ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻀﻘﻴ ﺇ ﻪﺘﺯﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺕﻌﻝﺩﻨﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻤﺄﺘﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ،ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ لﻭﻘﻴﻓ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻕﺎﺴ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍﻭ ،ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﺤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻼﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺈﻓ ﻲﻨﻨ ﺭﻴﺸﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﻻﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ) transnational social fields ( ، ٥٢ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ لﺼﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ لﻘﻨﺘﻓ ﹰ ﺎﺜﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻠﻗ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁﺒ ﻑﺼﺘﺘ ﻕﻤﻌﺒ ﻲﻤﻴﻤﺤ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻠﺼ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺒ ﻝﺎ ` ﺱﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ لﻭﺤ ﻭﺯﻏ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﺎﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﺌﺎﻋ لﻭﻘﺘ ،ﻻﻭﺭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺠﻭﺯ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﻗﻭ ﺍ ﻭﺯﻐﻝ · ﺕﻔﺘﺎﻜﺘ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻜ ﻥﺎﻜﻤ ﺕﺩﺍﺩﺯﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻗ لﻭﻘﻴﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﺯﻴ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻪﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ · ﺎﻨﻴﻀﻗ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻴﺃ ﻰﻝﺎﻴﻝﻭ ؛ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﺎﻨﻜﻓ ﺩﺸﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﻗ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺄﻓﺭﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻤﺁ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ،ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﺄﻴﻫ ﺫﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻠﻝ ﻡﻬﺘﺩﻤﺃﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻨﺄﻤﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﺤﻨﻤﻭ ﺓﻭﻗ ﺔﺒﻼﺼﻭ ﻥﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻔﺘ ﻰﻓ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ل` ﻭ ﺤﹸ ﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﻬﻘﻝ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ لﺒﻘﺘ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺘﻜﺘ ﻥﻴﺴﻜﺎﻤ ﺎﻜﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺯ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ · ﺇ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺘ ﻥ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌ ﻌﺘ ﻲﻨ ﺸﺃ ﺀﺎﻴ ﺨﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘ ﺠﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤ ﺨﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘ ﻥﺇ ﻌﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎ ) ﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ( ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻋ ﻡ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻀﻭ ﻊ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺴﻤ ﺔﻝﺄ ﹸ ﺘ ﻌ ﱢ ﺘ ` ﻡ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ـﺠﺘ ﺭﺎ ﺏ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴـﻨ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩـﻌﺘﻤ ﺍﻭ ﺔﻀـﻗﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺸﻜ ﺕﻔ ﻋﺃ ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒ ﺍﻭ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻨﺃ ﻪ ﻲﻓ ﻴﻏ ﻲﺠﺭﺎـﺨﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺎ ، ـﺠﺘ ﺩ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻌ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻭﻗ ﺓ ﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﻋﺎ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺌﺎﻌ ﻓ ﻌﺒ ﺽ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻤﻗ ﻥ ﻀـﺒ ﻡ ﻔـﺼ ﻥﻬﻓﻭ ـﻝﺇ ﻰ ﻔـﺼ ﻑﻭ ﺯﺃ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭ ﺃﻭ ﻥﻬﺌﺎﻘﺸ ﺭﻭ لﺎﺠ ﺨﺁ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺠﻤ ﻥﻬﻌﻤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺠﺃ ل ﻓﺩ ﻊ ﻝﺍ ﻻﺎﻀﻨ ﺕ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺩﻀ ﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻘ ﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺼﻨﻌ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﺒﻁ ) Zinn 2000, 47 ( ﻲﻓﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ،ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﺜﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﺩﺠﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﹰ ﻼﺌﺎﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﻠﱠ ﺜﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻝﺃ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﺩ ٥٣ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ لﺒﻗ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ١٢١ لﻤﺸﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﺴﻤﺨ ﺹﺨﺸ لﻼﺨﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻲﻀﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻡﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﺀﺎﺒﻨﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﺒﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﻭﻘﺘ · ﺎﻨﻜ ﺭﻴﺠﺘﺴﻨ ﻌﺒ ﺎﻨﻀ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻲﻓ ِ ﻙﻌﺴﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻲﺜﻴﻐﹸ ﺘ ﻙﺘﺩﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻙﺩﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻙﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ،ﻙﻤﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﺎﻨﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﻀﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻅﻔﺘﺤﻨ ﺎﻨﺴﻭﺅﺭﺒ ﻕﻭﻓ ﺀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻠﻝ ﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺓ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺠﺘﻨﺃ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻭﻀ ؛ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺯﺠﺎﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﺒﺤﺃ لﺒﺴﺒ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺩﻀ ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺃﺭﻗﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ،ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﻼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺎﻤﻠﺜﻤ ﺃﺭﻗﺃ لﺍﻭﻗﺃ ﻻﻭﺭ ﻥﺎﻤﻴﻠﺴﻭ ﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻤﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ،ﻩﻼﻋﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺔﺴﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺭﻁ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﻋﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻠﻝ [ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ) power ( ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ،ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺴﺭ لﻜﺸ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻻﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻤ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻔﻠﺴ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ،ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﻭﻋﺩﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ لﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺘﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﺜﻤ ﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ لﻼﺨ ﺭﺘﻓ ﺓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺴﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ٍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻴ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ - ﻡﻠﻓ ﺎﻬﻜﺭﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﻤﺄﻤﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺫﻷﺍ - ﻡﺎﻗ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺁ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻠﺠﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺸﺃ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺵﺎﻋ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺒﺨﻴ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻩﺫﻫ ﺍﻭﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻭ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺌﺎﺴﺨ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﺂﻤﻭ . ﻥﺇ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻤﻀ ﻥﺃ لﻜ ﺩﺭﻓ ﻪﻝ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﺍ ﺕﺩﺘﻤ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻯﺫﺄﺒ ، ) ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺤ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ( ، ﺙﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﻌﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺴﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻔﺤﺘ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺕﻨﺒ لﻴﺒﺠ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻫﺭﺎﺼﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝ لﺌﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇﻭ ﺕﻼﻤﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻝﻭ لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝ ،ﺔﺜﺎﻏﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﻀﺤﻝﻭ ﺕﻼﻔﺤ ﻥﻴﺒﺄﺘ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﺍﻭﻘﻝ ﻡﻬﻋﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻠﻴ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ · ﺔﻴﺃ ﺔﺼﻗ ﻲﻨﻨﻭﺩﻴﺭﺘ ﻥﺃ ؟ﺎﻬﻴﻘﺘﻨﺃ ، ـﻓ لﻜ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻝ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﺭﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁﻭ لﻭﻘﻝ ،ﺩﺎﻴﻋ ﺭﺭﺤﻤ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ · ﻱﺃ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻪﻔﻗﻭﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺭﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻱﻭﺭﻴ ﻙﻝ ﺔﺼﻗ ﺕﺜﺩﺤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﺒﻭ ،لﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺜ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﺩﺸﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﺄﻤ ﻥﻤ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﺭﺸﻨ ﻑﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺴ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺌﺎﻤﺘﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻓﺩﻬ لﺒﺎﻨﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻤﺜﻭ ل` ﺠﺭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻨﺜﺍ ﻲ ﺭﺸﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺭﻓ ﻥﻤ ،ﻪﺘﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﺒﺭﺃ لﻭﻘﻴ ،` ﻲﻠﻋ ﻭﻫﻭ ` ﻲﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﺩﻓﺍﻭﻭ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ لﺌﺍﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﻩﺭﻤﻋ ﻡﻴﻘﻴ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻪﺘﺭﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤﻭ ﻪﺌﺎﻗﺩﺼﺃ ﻥﻴﺒﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ · ﺼﺃ ﻲﺌﺎﻗﺩ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫ ﻌﺘ ﺕﻤﻠ ﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻴﺴﻭﻤ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﻴﺃ ﻡﻬﻴﺩ ﻡﻫ ﻵﺍ ﻥ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋ ﺩﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﻭﻤ ﻌﺒ ﺩ ﻝﺫ ،ﻙ ﺼﺃ ﺢﺒ لﻜ ﺩﺼ ﻕﻴ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻲﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺒﻗ ،ل ﻜﻭ ل ﺭﻓ ﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻋ ،ﻲﺘﻠﺌ ﺴﻴ ﻱﻭﺎ ﺩﻗ ﻩﺭ ﺭﻤ ﻥﻴﺘ ﻜﻭ ل ﺩﻋ ﻭ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻲﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺒﻗ ل ﺎﺒ ﺕ ﺩﻋ ` ﻭ ﻱ ﺭـﻤ ﻥﻴﺘ ﻨﻋ ﺎﻤﺩ ﻘﻴ ﻥﻭﻠﺘ ﻁﺃ ،ﺎﻨﻝﺎﻔ ﺈﻓ ﻥ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤ ﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝ ﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻌﻴﺸﻝ ﻭﺴ ﻑ ﺒﻴ ﻥﻭﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺼﺍ ﺸﺃ ﺩ ﻭﻗ ﺓ ١٢٢ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻤ ﺯﺎﺠ ﻱ ) metaphor ( ﺏﺭﻋﺃ ` ﻲﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﺯ` ﺯﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﺘﻜﺘ ﺎﻴﺸﻴﺭﺘﺎﺒ لﻴﻫ ﺯﻨﻴﻝﻭﻜ ) Patricia Hill Collins 1998 ( ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻬﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻝ ﺓﺩﻨﺠﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ لﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺎﺘﻴﺭ ﻥﺎﻤﺎﻜﺎﻴﺠ ﺒﻭ ﻴ ﻲﻨ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺼ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺎﻬﻨﺘ ﻥﻴﺤﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻕﻠﺨﺒ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﺤﻠﻤﻭ ، ﻥﺇﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺕﻌﺴﺘﺍ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﻝﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺼﻗﺎﻨﺘ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ) Rita Giacaman and Penny Johnson 1989, 157-161 ( ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻜﺤ ،ﻲﻠﻋ ﺕﻤﺩﻗ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻭﺩﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻲﻓ ،ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻀﻹ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭﻭ ،ﺀﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻰﺘﺸ ﻑﺌﺍﻭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻊﻤ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻕﻭﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝ ﺭﻬﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸﺘﻭ ﻻﻭﺭ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﹰ ﻼﻜﺸ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ · ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫ ﻡﻝ ﻜﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﻭ ﻫﺃ ﻙﻠ ﻥﻤ ﺒﻗ ل ﺼﺃ ﺍﻭﺤﺒ ﻫﺃ ﻙﻠ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺴﻝﺎﺠ ﻨﻋ ﺩ ﺩﻤ لﺨﺍ ﻴﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﻭ ﺴﻴ ﻲﻨﻨﻭﻔﻗﻭﺘ ﻴﻝ ﻨﻭﻝﺄﺴ ﻲ ﻥﻋ ﺤﺃ لﺍﻭ ﻭﺯ ﻲﺠ ﻷ ﻡﻬﻨ ﻤﺴ ﺍﻭﻌ ﻭﺒ ﻩﺩﻭﺠ ﻨﻫ ﻙﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻨ ﺫﻭ ﻙﻝ ﻷ ﻥ لﻜ ﻡﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺃ ، لـﻜ ﺥﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺨﺃ ﺕ ﺤﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻨﻫ ،ﻙﺎ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﺯﺠ ﹰ ﺍﺀ ﻨﻤ ﻙ ﻨﺃ ﺕ ﻴﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀ ﻜﻭ ﺕﻨ ﺩﺘ ﻋ ﻥﻴ ﻬﻝ ﺎ ﺎﺒ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘﻝ ﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻼﺴﻝ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺯﺯﻋ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﻭ ﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﻥﻭﺜ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻭﻘﻔﺘﺎﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ لﻜ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ؛ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺍﻭﻨﻭﻜ ﻡﻫﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺔﻐﻝ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻋ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻫﺫﺎﺨﺘﺎﺒﻭ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻭﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ [ ﻥﻭﻠﺤﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻌﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﺒ ﺭﺼﺍﻭﺃ ﺔﻠﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ · ﺎﻨﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﻋ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻬﻅﻭ ﺎﻨﻀﻌﺒﻝ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﻗﻭ ﻥﻴﺯ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺸﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ · ﻜ ﻨ ﺕ ﻨﺘ ﺭﻅ ﻥﻴ ﻝﺇ ﻰ لﻜ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨ ﺘﻓ ﻓﺭﻌ ﻥﻴ ﺎﺒ ﻡﺒ ﻁﺒﻀﻝ ﺸﻴ ﻥﻭﺭﻌ ﻷ ﺸﺘ ﻙﻨ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﻜﺭﺎ ﻌﺸ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻫﺭﻭ ، ﺘﺤ ﺱﺎـﻨﻝﺍ ﻰ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻲﻨﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺒﺭ ﺕﻁ ﻴﺒ ﺎﻨﻨ ﻤﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴ ﺸﻤ ﺭﻋﺎ ﺸﻤ ﺔﻜﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻹﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺤ ﺍﻭ ﺏﻀﻐﻝ ﺍﻭ ﻥﺯﺤﻝ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻭ ﻙﻠﺘ لﺍﻭﻗﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ لﻤﻋ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﻤ ﻥ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺯﺯﻋ ﺕﻼﻔﺤ ﻥﻴﺒﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺀﺍﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺎﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﺒ ﺕﻼﻔﺤ ﻥﻴﺒﺄﺘ ﻪﻴﻭﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺎﻓﻭ ﺩﺭﻓ ﻤ ﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﺕﻤﻴﻗﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺓﺎﻓﻭ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﻴ ﺭﺼﺎﻨ ﹰ ﻼﺌﺎﻗ · ١٢٣ ﻨﻋ ﺩ ﻓﻭ ﺓﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﺩﻝ ﻗﺃ ﺕﻤ ﻬﻝ ﺎ ﺄﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻴﺒ ﻀﺤ ﻩﺭ ﻼﺜ ﺔﺜ ﻻﺁ ﻑ ﺨﺸ ﺹ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﻷﺍ لﻗ ﻭ ﻤﻗ ﺕ ﺎﺒ ﻥﻼﻋﻹ ﻨﻋ ﻪ ﺸﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﻩﺩﻋﻭﻤ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺤﻷﺍ ، ﺎﻓ ﺕﻠﺼﺘ ﻲﺒ ﻼﺜ ﺙ ﺎﻋ ﺕﻼﺌ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺃ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﻊﺒ · ﺤﻨ ﻥ ﻴﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀ ﻘﻓ ﺎﻨﺩ ﺤﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺎﺒ ﻨﻝ ،ﺎ لﻫ ﻙﻝ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺘ ﺎﻨﻋ ﻨﻨ ﻡﻀ ﻝﺇ ؟ﻙﻴ ﻜﻫ ﺍﺫ ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﻭﻨ ﻲﺴﺍ ﻌﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﺎﻨﻀ ﻑﺸﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺕﺤﻨﺠ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻤﻁ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ) nation ( ، ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺄﻓ ﻡﺘﺂﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺔﺒﺌﺎﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ،ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺕﻌﺴﺘﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ لﻫﻷﺎﺒ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍﻭ لﻤﺸﺘﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﻤﻴ ﻥﺍﺯﺤﺄﺒ ٍ ﺱﺂﻤﻭ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻐﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺤﻤ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻌﹸ ﺘﻭ ` ﺩ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﹸ ﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ لﻤﺸﻴ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ) McClintock 1993, 63; Williams 1996 ( . ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﻌﺘﻤﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ ﺔﻤﺴﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ) Joseph 2000 ( . ﻲﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﺒ ﺔﻐﻝ ﺔﻴﺫﻐﺘﻝ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ) Joseph 2000 ( ، ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ [ ،ﻥﻭﻠﺤﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﻭﺭ` ﺒﻌﻴ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﻤﺎﻀﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺕﺤ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﺃ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺢﻀﻭﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﻴﺒﻁﺘﺒ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻊﻴﺒﻁﺘﺒ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ) gender constructs ( ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﻋﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ) McClintock 1993; Collins 1998 ( ﺏﺘﻜﺘﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻙﻭﺘﻨﻴﻠﻜﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻻ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺹﺨﺘ ﺓﻭﻗ [ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ) ( gender power ) ( Anne McClintock 1993, 63 ( ﺎﻤﻜ ﺢﻀﻭﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺇ ﻰﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﺩ` ﺠ ﻤﹸ ﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﺘﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﻸﻝ ) mother activism ) ( Johnson and Kuttab 2001, 37 ( ، ﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ) maternal activism ( ) Naples 1992 ( ، ﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻵﺍ ﺭﺨ ) other-mothering ( ) Collins 1994 ( ٥٤ ﻥﺇ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻭﺼﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭ` ﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﺒ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻋ ﻩﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺨ ﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺎﻔﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺯ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻝﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺘﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻗﺎﻨﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﻘﻝﻭ ﺕﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻨﺁ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﻪﻗﺎﻁﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻫﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ لﻤﺸ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺼﻭﺒ ﻪﻔ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﹰ ﻼﻴﺨﺘﻤ ﻡﻭﻗﺃﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺈﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ لﻴﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺨﻴ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ،ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ؛ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺠﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ لﺠﺃ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻓﻭﺎﺨﻤ ،ﻡﻬﻤﻭﻤﻫﻭ لﻤﺤﺘﻭ ﻡﻬﻘﻠﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺒﺎﺒﺤﺃ ، ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻡﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﻭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺜﻌﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺼﺘﺘ ،ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻤﺴﺎﺤ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ` ﺩ` ﺠ ﻤﹸ ﺘ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ،ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﺒ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﺃ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ) comfort mothering ( ﺢﻀﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﺘﻵﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﺃ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ - ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ١٢٤ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻋ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ لﻫﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍﻭ - ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻻ ﺃﺯﺠﺘﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺼ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺌﺍﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺴﻭ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﺒﻴﺭﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ لﺎﻴﺭﻓ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻫﻭ ﻥﻠﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻊﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺘ لﺎﻴﺭﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﻨﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻘﻴﻘﺸﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻭﻤﻋ · ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﺨﻨ ﻑﺎ ﻨﻭ ﻝ ﻕﻠﻘ ﻸ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺏﺎﺒﺴ ﻓ ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﻘﻨ ﻲﻀ ﻗﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺘ ﻭﻁ ﹰ ﻼﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎ ﺒﻋ ﺭ ﻝﺍ ﻑﺘﺎﻬ ﻨﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺠ ﺝﺍﺭ ﺎﺨ ﻲﺘﻝ [ ﻲﺘﻤﻋ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﻌﺒ ﺽ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺄﺘ ﻲﺘ ﺒ ﺔﻤﻌﻁﻷﺎ ﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺯﻭﺒﺨﻤ ﺘﻓ ﺩﻌ ﻨﻝ ﺎ ﻲﺘﻝﺎﺨ ﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻬﻘ ﻡﺜ ﺠﻨ ﺱﻠ ﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎ ، ﺄﻨ لﻜ ﻨﻭ ﺏﺭﺸ ﻨﻭ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻤﺃ ﺭﻭ ﻻ ﺘﺘ ﻕﻠﻌ ﻠﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒ ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﻭ ﻁﺘ ﺏﻴﻴ ﻭﺨ ﺭﻁﺍ ﻌﺒ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﺎﻨﻀ ﺘﻭ لﻭﻘ لـﻜ ﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻸﻝ ﻯﺭﺨ ﻭﺴ ﻑ ﻜﻴ ﻥﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺨﺒ ﺭﻴ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺍﻭﺭ لﺎﻴﺭﻓ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ) ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍ ٍ ﺏﺎﺒﺤﺄﺒ ﻡﻬﹸ ﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻁﺨ ، ﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺤﻹﺍ ﻕﻠﻘﻝﺎﺒ ` ﻡﻬﻝﺍﻭ ِ ﻙﻨﻷ ﻻ ﻥﻴﻓﺭﻌﺘ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻡﻬﻝ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺀﺎﻓﻭ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻲﻓ ِ ﻙﻌﺴﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻡﻝﻭ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻨﻤ ﺭﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺱﻜﻌﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﺤ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ - ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻌﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ – ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻬﻌﺴﻭﺒ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻬﺒﺭﺎﻗﺃ ﻥﻴﻀﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻝ ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺜﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ،ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻝﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺘﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻭﺜﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝ ﺒﺨ ﺓﺭ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻯﺭﺠﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺞﺘﻨﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﺼﻭﺼﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘﻓ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ - ﻡﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ لﻭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺸﺨﻴﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻡﻬﺒﺎﺒﺤﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﻋ - ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻻ ﺃﺯﺠﺘﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺼ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻗ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺍﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜ ﻥﻝﺫﺒﻴ ﻰﺼﻗﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻌﺴﻭ ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻴﻁﺘﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﻁﺍﻭﺨ ﻑﺼﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﺒ ﻥﻬﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠ ﻭ ﻭﺴﻴ ﻥﻴ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻜﺄﺘﻴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺍ ،ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺠﺩﻝﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻋﺭﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻐﺼ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁﻭ لﻭﻘﻝ ﺀﺎﻓﻭ · ﺕﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﻷ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﺕﺎﻬﻤﺃ ﻥﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﻷ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻬﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠﻝ لﻫﻸﻝﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻬﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﺏﻴﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺸﻜﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺭﺜﺄﺘﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺒ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( - ﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ) ﺔﻋ` ﻭﻨﻤ ( – ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﺤﻤ لﻫﻷﺍ ،ﺏﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻋ ﺓﺭ` ﺒﻜﻤ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﺘﺤﺍ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻀﺤﺃ ،ﻡﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺔﻴﻝﺁ ﺕﻏﺯﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺤ ﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﻋ ،ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺤﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ،ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘﺒ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺩﺭ لﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﻻﻭ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﺓﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺫﺨﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﺌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﺃ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻠﺒ ،ﺄﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﻜﺸ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﺃ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺏﺘﻜﺘ ﺍﺭﺎﺒﺭﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺴﺃ ) Barbara Aswad ( ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﺇ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺘ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜﻭ ﺎﻤ ١٢٥ ﻙﻠﻬﺘﺴﹸ ﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝ ﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻊﻤﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻨﻝﺎﻜ ﻲﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ) Aswad 1992, 177 ( ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻨﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻨﺠ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺡﺭﺸﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ) tacit knowledges of America ( ﺎﻤﻜ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻲﺒﺭﻋ [ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ) Arab ( ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺒﺴ لﺍﺯﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ) pan-Arab identity ( ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ لﻘﻨﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ،ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﻜﻋ ﺸﺃ لﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇﻭ ﻊﺴﻭﺃ ،ﹰ ﺎﻗﺎﻁﻨ ﺩﻀ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﺃ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺍﺩﻴﺴﺠﺘ ) reification ( ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺡﺭﺸﻴ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ ﻱﺩﻝﺎﺨ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ،ﻊﺴﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺭﺤ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ ﻲﻬﻓ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﺜﻜ ﺕﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻗﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺴ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ ) Khalidi 2008, xi-xii ( . ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻴ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﻋ ﺭﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻑﻴﺼ ٢٠٠٦ ، ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻪﺒ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻭﺼﺘ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻘﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻡ ﺭﺎﺼﻨﺃ ﺏﺯﺤ ﷲﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺎﻫﺭﺇﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻲﻠﻴ ( ﺕﻌﻀﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺯﺭﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ لﻔﺤﻴ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ،ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﻴﺄﺘ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹ ﺭﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻑﺍﺩﻬﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻸﻝ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﻘﻋﺃ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ١١ ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ ٢٠٠١ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﻊﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺒﻌﺘﻭ ﺩﻨﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺫﻫ ﺍ ﺭﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﻵﺍ · ﻻ ﺩﻘﺘﻋﺃ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻥﺤﻨ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺎﻨﺩﺤﻭ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺎﻨﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﻘﺘﻋﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠ ﻥﻴﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺭﺜﺄﺘ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺜﺄﺘﻤ ﻲﻨﺍﺭﻴﺠﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻤﻴﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﻫ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺜﺄﺘﻤ ﺡﺭﺸﺘﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺎﺴ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻡﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝ ﺩﻻﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺓﺭﺸﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻔﻁﺃ ﺕﺩﻝﻭﺘ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ،ﺏﺭﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍﻭ ﻯﻭﻗﺃ لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ · ﻥﻴﺤ ﻥﻭﺭﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ،ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﻝﻭﻘﻴ ﻪﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ لﻤﻋ ﺭﺍﺭﺸﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻻﻭ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻤﺄﻤﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺍﺫﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩ` ﺠ ﻤ` ﻴ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻥﻤﺎﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺯﺯﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻀﻏ ﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸﻴﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻁﺸﺎﻨ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﻵﺍ · ﻤﺜ ﺔ ﻤﺍ ﺓﺃﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺤﺇ ﻯﺩ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﺎﻜ ﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻑﺘﻬﺘ ﺕﻨ ﻨﻨ ﺎ ﻥﻝ ﻘﻨ لﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺭﻬﻘ ﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻅﻝ ﻜﻭ ﺕﻨﺎ ﻬﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺠ ﺸﺘ ﺎـﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻲ ﺭﻋ ﺔﻴﻗﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻓﺭ ﻊ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔ ﻷﺍ ﻡﻼﻋ ﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠ ﺎﺒ ﻡﻏﺭﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻗﻭ ﻡﻬﻋﻭ ﻡﻫ ﻴﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻀ ﺤﺘ ﺕ ﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻌ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻌﺸ ﺎﻨﺒ ﺭﻴ ﺽﻓ ﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﺨ ﻷ ﺎﻨﻨ ﺅﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺒ لﺩﻌﻝ ﺤﻨ ﻥ ﻤﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴ - ﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﻭﺴﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻗﺍﺭﻋ ﻥ - ـ` ﺼ ﻌﻨ ﺎﻨ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﺫﻫ ﻩ ﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻠﻜﺎﺸ ﻬﻨ ﻭﻔ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻗ ﺓﺭﺍ ﻨﺃ ﺎﻨﺴﻔ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻨﻭ ﻡﻤﺼ ﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴ ﺱﻜﻌﻴﻭ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺏﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﻴ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ - ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ - ﺩﻴﺠﻤﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝ ﻡﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺩﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻙﺌﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺭﺘ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺏﻌﺸ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻑﻘﻴ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ١٢٦ ﻕﻓﺩﺘ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺠﺭﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﺠﺎﺠﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﺇ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﻤﻬﺴﺃﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻔﻨﺘﻜﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻴﻭﺭﺘﻴﺩ ،ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻥ` ﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ،ﺓﺩﺸﺘﺤﻤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﺜﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺭﺒﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ` ﺩ ﻌ` ﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍﻭ - ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺸﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﻹﺍﻭ - ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺒﻜﺃ ﺭ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻴﺨﺘﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺭﻭﺼﺘﻴ ﺕﻼﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ،ﺎﻴﻠﻋ لﺒ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﺸﻴﺎﻌﻴﻭ ﻲﻓ ،ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺩﺠﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺱﺌﺎﻨﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺘ ﺓﺯﻴﺎﻓ · ﻥﺇ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻓ ﻲ ﺎﻨﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ لﺜﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺩﻤﺘﺴﻨ ﺎﻨﺘﻭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ،ﺎﻨﻋﻭﻤﺠ ﻲﻔﻓ لﻜ ﺓﺭﻤ ﺃﺭﻁﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﺠ ﻥﺭﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻠﻜﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺯﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺭﻗ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺨﻀﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺯﺯﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﱠ ﺘﻋﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻓﻼﺨﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻗ ﺩﻬﻌﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ لﻤﺄﺘﻨﻝﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻭﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ · ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﻼ ﻼﻝ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻨ ﻯ ﻋﺯ ﺀﺎﻤ ﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻡ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻠﺠ ﻡﻬﻌﻤﺠﺘ ﻥﺃ لﻴﺤﺘﺴﻤ ،لﺒﻗ ﺠﻭ ﻡﻫﺎﻨﺩ ﻤﻴ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺩﻴ ﻡﻫ ﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺤﻨ ﻭ ﻵﺍ ،ﺭﺨ ﻴﻭ ﻥﻭﺫﺨﺄ ﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻁﺨ ﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﻭ ﻠﻝ ﻡ ﻤﺸ ل ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺍﻭ ﺕـﻌﻤﺘﺠ ﻌﻤ ﹰ ﺎ ﺎﻋ ﺕﻼﺌ ﺎﻁ ل ﻬﻋ ﺩ ﻝﺍ ﻑﻼﺨ ﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻜﻴ ﻥ ﻌﻴ ﻲﻨ ﻴﺸ ﹰ ﺎﺌ ﺜﻜ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻴﺃ ﻥ ﻨﺃ ،ﺕ لﺒ ﻗﻭ ﻑ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨ ﻤﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴ ﻨﺠ ﹰ ﺎﺒ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﻨﺠ ﺏ ﻭﻴ ﻥﻭﻬﺠﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤ ﻝﺍ لﻜ ` ﻭﻜ ﻭﻨ ﺍ ﺠﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤﺘ ﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺤ ﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻨﻴ ، ﻜﻭ ﻥﺎ ﻝﺫ ﻙ ﺎﻤ ﺤﻨ ﺝﺎﺘ ﻝﺇ ﻪﻴ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌ ﻔﻴ ﻥﻭﻤﻬ ﻴﻜ ﻑ ﺸﻴ ﺭﻌ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻫ ﺍ ﻝﺍ ،ﻑﺭﻅ ﻜﻭ ﻥﺎ ﻤﺜ ﺔ ﻭﻨ ﻉ ﻥﻤ ﻠﺼ ﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺔﺒﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺢﻀ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻜ ﺔﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺘ ﻤﻗ ﺎﻨ ﺘﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻅﻨ ﻓﻭ ﻲ ﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠ ﻡﺩﻗ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ) ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ( ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻀﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ [ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ) Gilroy 1993; Pierce and Williams 1996; Collins 2000 ( ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺤﻀﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺩﻋﺎﺴ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻘﺘ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻁﻭﻭ ،ﺄﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺏﺭﻋ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺱﻜﻌﺘﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻭﻤﻭﻗ ﻰﻨﺒﺘﻴ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻴ ﺏﺠﺤ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺩﻭﻬﻋ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺩﻴﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻝ ﹶ ﺵﻼﺘﺘ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ؛ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻨﺭﺒﺨﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺍﻭﻀﻌﺘﻤﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺌﺎﺴﺘﻤ · ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﻑﻻﺁ ﺔﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﺎﻨﻤ | ﻥﺤﻨ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ [ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻻﻭ لﻌﻔﻨ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺯﻏ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻊﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻭﺭﻔﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺓﺯﻏ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﺠﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﺭﻋﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻼﺘ ﻝ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻠ ﻥﻋ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺓﺯﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ لﻭﺒﻗ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻤﺃ ،ﹰ ﺎﻤﻝﺅﻤ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠ ﻰﻀﺎﻐﺘﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ : ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺭﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺨ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺘﺤﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺼﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) Congress of Arab American Organizations – CAAO ( ، ﻭﻫﻭ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻘﻤ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ` ﻥﹸ ﻜﻓ ﻥﺒﻌﻠﻴ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ ١٢٧ لﻌﻓ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﺕﻜﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺴﺎﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﺼﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺩ ﺀﺎﺒﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ،ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻝﻭﺘﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺼﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻋﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻅ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ) ` ﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋ ( لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻜﺎﻤﻬﻨﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ لﻭﻘﺘﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺜﻤ · ﻡﻝ ﺩﻌﻘﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﺒ ﻥﺠﺭﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻴ - ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺸ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻭ ﺕﺎﺠﻀﺎﻨ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻭ ﺯﺌﺎﺠﻋ - ﻥﻤﻘﻴ ﻥﻫﺭﻭﺩﺒ ﻥﻬﻠﺜﻤ لﺜﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻁﺸﺎﻨ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﻤﻝﺍ ) CAAO ( ، ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ · ﻨﻜ ﺕ ﻭﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ لﻜ ﺩﺤ ﺙ ﻨﻜ ﺕ ﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﻀ ، ﻭ ﻁﻗ ﻉﺎ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺭﺸ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻴﺩ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭ ﻜﻭ ﺕﻨ ﺨﺃ ﺏﻁ ﻷ ﺙﺤ ﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﺜﻤﻤ ﺀﺎﻋﺩﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻑﺘﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﻫ ﻁﻤ ﺔـﺒﻝﺎ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﻻﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺩـﺤﺘﻤ ﺎﺒ ﺓﻭﻋﺩﻝ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﻗﻭ ﻑ ﻁﺇ ﻕﻼ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻨ ﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﻋﺇ ﺓﺩﺎ ﻷﺍ ﺭﺴ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻭﺒﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻨ ﻝﺇ ﻲ ﻴﺩ ﻡﻫﺭﺎ ﻲﻓ ﻴﺩ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ - ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ - ﻕﻔﺘﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﺎﻋﺯ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻋﺯﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺩﻤ ،ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻸﻝ ﺥﺭﺅﺘﻭ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺍﺭﺒﺭﺎﺒ ﺩﻭﺴﺃ ﺕﻻﺎﻀﻨﻝ ﻷﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻫ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻲﻁﻐﺘﻓ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺔﺒﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ٥٥ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻠﺘﺤﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺄﺸﻨ ٥٦ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻓ ﻲ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ٥٧ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺨﺒ ﺩﻭﻘﻋ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺏﺘﻜﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺴﻴﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻜﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺏﺭﻋ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ [ ﺔﻴﻨﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﻻﻭﺭﻭ ﺎﺘﻝﻭﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻋﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺭﻜﺫﺘﺘ ﻻﻭﺭ ﻥﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻗ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﺒ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ، ﺘﻭ ﻑﻴﻀ ﻥﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻤﻗ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﻷﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ، ﺢﺼﻔﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﻥﻋ لﺜﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ · ﻼﺨ ل ﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺭﺤ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻤﺜ ﺔ ﺩﻋ ﺩ ﺒﻜ ﺭﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﻌ ﻼﺜ ﺙ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺃ ﻊﺒ ﺴﻨ ﺀﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎـﻴﻘ ﻝﺍ ﻲـﺘ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﻌﺘ ﺩﻘ لﻜ ﻭﻴ ﻥﻴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻼﺜ ﺔﺜ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﺘﻴ ﻥﻭﻝﺩﺎﺠ ﻭﺤ ل ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﻥﺃ ﻤﻴ ﻙﺴ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻓﻭﺭﻜﻴﻤ ﻤﻭ ﻥ ﺘﻴ ﺙﺩـﺤ ﺎﺒ ﻡﺴ ﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻫ ﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻨ لﻅ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻌ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌ ﺘﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻜﻭﺭ ﺘﻝ ﻑﺭﺼﺘ ﻴﻓ ﻪ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴـﻨ ﺘﺇ ﻡﺎـﻤ ﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭـﺠ ﻭ ﺓﺩﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻭﻝﺍ ﺌﺭ ﺱﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺭﺸ ﻠﻝ ﺵﻗﺎﻨﺘ ﻭﺤ ل ﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻜﺄﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻀﺤ ﺭﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻤ ﺸﺒ لﻜ ﻨﻤ ﻡﻅ لﻜ ﻷﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺒﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﻠ ﻴﺩ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭ ﺤﺘ لﻤ ﺴﺍ ﻲﻤ ﻷ ﻪﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻜﻴ ﻥ ﻤﺜ ﺔ ﺨﺸ ﺹ ﺨﺁ ﺭ ﻭﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻭـﺠ ﺘﻝ ﻊﻴﻗﻭ ﻷﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﻌﻝ ﺩﻘ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭ ﺝﺍﺭﺨﺘﺴ ﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﺨﺍﺭﺘ ﺼﺃ ﹸ ﺕﺤﺒ ﻘﻨ ﺔﻁ ﻻﺍ لﺎﺼﺘ ﻴـﺒ ﻥ ﻷﺍ ﻲﻝﺎـﻫ ﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻠﺒﻝ ﻜﻭ ﺍﻭﻨﺎ ﺄﻴ ﻥﻭﺘ ﻝﺇ ` ﻲ ﻲﻓ لﻜ ﺸﻤ ﺔﻠﻜ ﻭﺃ ﺄﺸ ﻥ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﺩﻝ ﺎﻨﻴ ﻤﺠ ﺭﻭﻬ ﺒﻴ ﻎﻠ ﺩﻋ ﻩﺩ ـﻤﺨ ﺴ ﺔ ﺸـﻋ ﺭ ﻑـﻝﺃ ﺹﺨﺸ ، ﻝﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻝﺍ لﻤﻌ ﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻜﻬ ١٢٨ ﻥﺇ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ لﺜﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ِ ﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻨ ) ` ﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻋ ( ) gendered structures ( ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻻ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﺌﻓ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻰﺜﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻼﺴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻗﺎﻁﻨ ﺯﻴﺎﻤﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻫﺎﻀﺘﻘﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﺒ ،ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺩﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ - ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻠﻝ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺎﻨﻺﻝ - ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻗﺎﻴﺴ ﻪﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﻥﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ) gender-integrated ( ، لﻤﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺅﻤ ﹰ ﻻﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻻ ﻰﻨﻏ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ) Robnett 1997; Kuumba 2001 ( ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺤ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺃ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻠﻐﺘﺸﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻁﺨ لﺼﺘﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺒﻨﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻨﺠ ﺍ ﻥﻴﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻨ` ﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ،ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻠﻗ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺘﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺎﻬﺜﺍﺩﺤﺃﻭ ،ﻥﻫﻭ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﹰ ﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻔﻋﺎﻀﻤ ؛ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻋﺄﺒ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻡﻝ ﻪﺘﻨﻴ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ) McClintock 1993, 78 ( . ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻥﺇ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺝﺭﺨﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻩﺫﻫ ،ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺃ ﻉﻭﻴﺫ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻝ ﻑﻘﻴ ﹰ ﻼﺌﺎﺤ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻙﺎﺒﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻔﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻀﻭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ لﻴﺨﺘﻤ ،ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﺯﻜﺭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺡﺭﺸ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﻜﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃﻭ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ) official public politics ( ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ،ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺀﺩﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﻼﻤﺤ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﻋﺭﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﱠ ﻅﹶ ﻨﹸ ﺘ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻠﻅﻤ ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ لﻤﻌﺘ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻜﺒﺸ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻤﺘﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺤﺭﻁ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﺏﺭﻌﻝ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ ،ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ لﱠ ﺜ ﻤﹶ ﺘ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ · ١ - ﺓﺩﺸﺎﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﻴﺄﺘ ﻑﻗﻭ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ؛ﺭﺎﻨﻝﺍ ٢ - ﺓﻭﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻨﺎﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﻠ` ﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ؛ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ٣ - ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺼ ﺕﻤ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺎﻫﺭﺇ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺭﺩﻗ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻎﻠﺒﻴ ﹰ ﺎﺴﻤﺨ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻔﻝﺃ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ ﺔﻌﺒﺴﻭ ﻑﻻﺁ ﻥﻤ ﺀﻻﺅﻫ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﺕﻴﻭﺭﺘﻴﺩ ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩﺤﻨﻴ ﻥﻤ لﺼﺃ ﻲﺒﺭﻋ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺒﺒﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺒﻁﻨﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺅﻁﺎﺒﺘ ﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻼﺠﺇ ﻲﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺏﺭﻋ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ) Krupa 2006 ( . ﺕﺄﺠﻝ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ) ﻭﺃ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺠﻭ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻍﺎﺼ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻡﻬﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻌﻓﺭﻭ ﻯﻭﺎﻋﺩ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﻻﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﻜ ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺫﻷﺍ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺍﻭﻘﺒﺎﻁ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﺘﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ،ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ١٢٩ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤﺒ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻡﻫﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﺭﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻋﺩ ﻡﻬﺘﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻡﻬﺘﻤﺃﻭ ) ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ( ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺴﺭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺎﻫﺭﺇ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺃ ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺭﺠﺘ ﺔﺒ ﺏﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺫﺘ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﺯﻔﻴﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺔﻝﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻩﺅﺍﺩﺼﺃ ﺩﺩﺭﺘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺎﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﻠﺠ لﻫﻷﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﻫﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻋﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻉﺭﺍﻭﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻴﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻤﺎﺼﻝﺍ - ﻭﺃ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﻹﺍ ﻲﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ - ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻐﺘ ﻕﺭﻁ لﻤﺎﻌﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻤﺃ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﺃﺭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺸﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻋﺩ ﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺭﻜﺒﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﺒ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ،ﺭﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃﻭ ﻯﺭﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸ لﺎﻌﻓﻷ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺎﺒ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ، ﻑﺼﺘﻭ ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﻭﺩﻘﺘﻨﻴ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺩﻴﺅﻤ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓﻭ ﻥﻋ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﺜﻌﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻀﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻠﻝ ( ﺕﻠﺜﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻡﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ ﻥﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺜ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺒﺴ ،لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻫﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍ ،لﺎﻤﺠﻹ ﺍﻭﻁﻋﺄﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻠﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻭ [ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻭﻔﺼ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻯﺩﺒﺃﻭ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻪﻴﻫﺎﻤﺘ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ لﺒ ﻰﻫﺎﻤﺘ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﻀﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻠﻝ ،ﻥﻤﻴﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻬﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﺒﻭ لﻫﺃ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻨﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺘﺸﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻤﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻠﻝ ﺀﺎﻬﻨﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻴﺭﺒﻤﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺜ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺠﻨ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺸ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻪﻴﻀﺘﻘﻴ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻅﺤﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻌﺸﻠﻝ : ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ) ﺔﻋ ﻭﻨﻤ ( ﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻠ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻅﺒ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ،ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺜ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ) ` ﻭﻨﻤ ﻉ ( ) gendered discourse ( ﻡﺤﻗﺃ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻐﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻝ ؛ﺔﻴﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺯﻐﻠﻝ ﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﺩﻘﻴﻓ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ( لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻠﻘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﻭﻤﻭ ﻡﻝﻭ ُ لﺨﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ،ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺜﻓ ﺕﺎﻅﺤﻝ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ،ﻥﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ،لﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍﻭﻜﺭﺘ ﻡﻬﻋﻭﻤﺩ ﺭﻤﻬﻨﺘ لﻼﺨ ،ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﺩﻴﺒ ﻪﻨﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ) ﻋﻭﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ( لﻠﺨﺘﺘ ﺙﻴﺩﺎﺤﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﺭﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺨﻹﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺎﺴ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻁﺸﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻘﺘﻠﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺤﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ · ١٣٠ ﻨﻜ ﺕ ﺴﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻝﺍ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺨﻤ ﻑﻠﺘ ﻷﺍ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺎﺤ ﺭﻴ ﻥﺯﻜ ﻫﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺘ ﹸ ﺘ ،ﺩﻘﻔ ﺍﻭ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﺒﻝ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺘ ﹸ ﺘ ،ﺩـﻘﻔ ﻲﻓ ﻴﺤ ﻥ ﻠﻴ ﺕﻔﺘ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻠﻴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻅﺤ ﻥ ﻴﻜ ﺭﺎﻬﻨﺘ ﻑ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌ ﺘﻭ ﺏﻠﻘﻨ ﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﻭﻴﺤ ﻜﻭ ﻥﺎ ﻝﺫ ﻙ ﺎﻤ ﻴ ﻥﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻥﻬﻴﻨﻌ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻜﻓ ﺍﻭﻨﺎ ﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨ ﻜﺃ ﺭﺜ ﺎﺒ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻝ ﻲﻝﺎ ﻠﻝ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺱﻜﻌﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﺎﻴﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻁ - ﻲﺠﻘﺠﻨﺭﺒ ) Hiam Turfe-Brinjikji ( ، ﻲﻫﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺴﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺎﻴﺯ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﺘﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻌﻤﺴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻭﺭﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ · ١٥ ﻭﻴ ﻴﻝ ﻭ [ ﺯﻭﻤﺘ · ﺒﺘ ﺕ` ﺩ ﻴﻝ ﺔﻠ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺴ ﻠﻜ ﺔﻠﻴ ﺨﺃ ﻯﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺏﻋﺭ ﻝﺍ ﺯﺘﻤ ﺩﻴﺍ ﺒﻴ ﻭﺩ ﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻘ ﻹﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺌﺍﺭـﺴ ﻜﻭ ﻪـﻨﺄ ﺯﻴ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺸ ﺔﺴﺍ ﻴﻝ ﺔﻠ ﻌﺒ ﺩ ﺨﺃ ﻯﺭ ﺸﺘ ﺎﻨﺜﺒ ﺒ ﺎﻨﻝﺎﻔﻁﺄ ﻜﺃ ،ﺭﺜ ﻤﻭ ﺎﻨﻠ ﺄﺒ ﺎﻨﺩﺎﺴﺠ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﺠﺃ ﻡﻫﺩﺎﺴ ﻤﺁ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻠ ﻤﺤ ﻡﻬﺘﻴﺎ ﻥﻤ ﻷﺍ ﺽﺎﻘﻨ ﺫﺇ ﺍ ﻗﻭ ﻊ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﺅﺭ ﺎﻨﺴﻭ ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﻌﻨ ﺵﻴ ﺎﻜ ،ﹰ ﺎﺴﻭﺒ ﻤﻭ ﻊ لﻜ ﻔﻨ ﺱ ﺨﻨ ﻰﺸ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻷﺍ ﺭـﻴﺨ ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﺩﻨ ﻭﻋ ﻭﻝ ﻨﺃ ﺎﻨ ﺘﻤ ،ﺎﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻤﻨ ﺕﻭ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻔ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻌﻨ ﺵﻴ ﻨﻝ ﻯﺭ ﻁﺃ ﺎﻨﻝﺎﻔ ـﻌﻴ ﻥﻭﻨﺎ ﻻﺁ ﻡ ﻴﻤ ﺔـﺘ ﻁﺒ ﺔـﺌﻴ ) Turfe-Brinjikji 2008, 202 ( . ﺄﺠﻠﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﻡﺎﻴﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻐﻝ ﺭﻬﻅﹸ ﺘ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﺎﻫﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﻠﻗ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻑﻘﺘ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﺀﺎﻴﺭﺒﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻔﻜ ﻥﺍﺯﻴﻤ ﻯﺭﺘﻭ ﻻﻭﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﺩ` ﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﺎﻫﻭﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﻓ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﻭﻝ ، ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﻰﻨﺩﺃ · ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﺠﻴ ﻱﺭ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻫ ﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻨﺘ ﻡﻴﻅ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﻌ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺘ ﻴ ﺸ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻴﻓ ﺎـﻬ ﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻝﺎـﻫ ـﺜﻤ ل ﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎـﻅﺘ ﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻔﻗﻭﻝ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠ ﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻝ ﺼﺃ ﹸ ﺕﺤﺒ ﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻱﺫ ﺠﻴ ﺩﺴ ﻀﻗ ﺔﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻼ ﻭﻴ ﻥﻬﺠﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﺘﻴ ﻡ ﺴﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻋﺩﺘ ﺎﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴ ﻷ ﻡﻭﻗ ﺩﺒ ﺭﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺼ ﻝﺍ ﻱﺫ ﻤﻴ لﺜ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻜﻭ ﻥﺎ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﻘﻴ ﻥﻭﻝﻭ ﻲـﻝ · ﻥـﺤﻨ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﺩﺤﺘﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻨ ﻭﺯ ﻲﺠ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻭﻤ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺒﻝ ،ﻥﺎﻨ ﺃﻭ ﺕﺴﺴﺤ ﻥﺃ ﻌﻤ ﻲﺘﺎﻨﺎ ﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ـﺠﻴ ﻱﺭ ﺸﻜ ﺎﻬﻔ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﻝﺍ ﻸﻤ ﻴﻭ ﻡﺘ ﺴﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻐﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﻗ ،ﻻﻭﺭ َ ل ﺩﺎ ﻋ ُ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﺘﺌﻓ ﺔﺜﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ [ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ) woman speaker ( ﻭ ﻪﺠﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ، ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﺘ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﻪﺠﻭ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻭ ﻷ ﺍﺯﻤﺭ ﻝ ﺎﻬﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻎﺒﺴﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﻋﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﺜﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻨﺠ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺔﺼﻭﺼﺨﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻗ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ لﺜﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻋﺩ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺔﻋﻭﺯﻨﻤ ﺢﻤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ لﻴﺨﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻠﺘ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﺒ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ [ ﺔﺜﻭﻨﻷﺍ ) womanhood ( ﺔﻔﻁﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﻁﺒﺭﺘﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺠﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻹﺍﻭ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Moallem 2005; Naber 2008; Alsultany forthcoming ( ١٣١ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺴﺎﻤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺔﺜﺩﺤﺘﻤ ﺩﻗ ﺍﻭﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ،ﺔﺒﹼ ﻜﺭﻤﻭ ﺍﻭﻠﻫﺎﺠﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﻬﺴﻔﻨﺄﺒ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻬﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻤ ﺔﻨ` ﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻌﺸ ﻻﻭﺭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻯﺭﺠ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻨﺠﺃ ﻥﻴﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺩﺭﺴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺸﻝ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻴ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﻴﻠﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍ ) agents ( ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﻴﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺯﻤﺭ ﻥﻫﺭﻭﺼﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺌﻴﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﺌﺎﻜ ﺔﻠﻴﻝﺫ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻤ ﺕﺎﻘﺤﻠ لﺎﺠﺭﻠﻝ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﺃ لﻌﺠ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﻼﺤﻤ ﺩﻴﺠﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻨﻭﻘﻴﻷﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻪﺠﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻓﺭﻅ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻘﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﻭﺃ ﹰ ﻻﺯﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻫﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝ ﻥﺇ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ) Arab American Women Advocating for Resources and Empowerment – AWARE ( ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻉﺭﻓ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﺸﺘﻴﻤ ﻐ ﻥﺎ ﻊﺒﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ) American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee ( ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﻻﻭﺭ ﺱﺃﺭﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ،ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻠﻤﺤ ﻊﻤﺠﻝ ﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺭ ﺕﺄﺠﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ · ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻝﺍ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻝﺍ ﻱﺫ ﻓﺩ ﻊ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨ ﺎﺒ لﻌﻔﻝ ﻝﺇ ﻰ ﺼﺇ ﺀﺎﻐ ﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺴ ﻭﻫ ﺒﺇ ﺯﺍﺭ ﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭ ﻹﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨ ـﺒﻝ ﺭﺸ ـﻌﻴ ﻥﻭﻨﺎ ﻥـﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺴﺍ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺠﻤ ﺎﻨﻌﻤﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺤﺘ ﻕﻘ ﻝﺫ ﻙ ﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﺭﺘ ﺏﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺴﻤ ﺓﺩﻋﺎ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺒﻝ ،ﻥﺎﻨ ﺃﻭ ﺢﺒﺼ ﻝﺍ ﻤﻌ ل ﻝﺍ ﻱﺫ ﻘﻨ ﻡﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻜﺃ ﺭﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺠﻤ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺇ ﺓﺩﺎ ﻨﺒ ﺀﺎ ﻠﺒ ﺩ ﻭﺃ ﻴﺼ ﺔﻏﺎ ﺅﻤ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺴ ﻘﻓ ﺩ ﻤﺴ ﺢ ﻠﻝ ﺱﺎﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻔﺘ ﻡﻬ ﻴﻜ ﻑ ﺜﺃ ﺕﺭ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ لﺎﻔﻁ ﻌﺸ ﺏ ﺒﻝ ﻥﺎﻨ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﺘﺘ ﻕﻠﻌ ﺎﺒ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝ ﻹﺍ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺴـﻨ ﺠﻭ ﺎﻨﻌﻤ ﻻﺁ ﹰ ﺎﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻻﻭﺩ ﺎﺴ ﺕﺩﻋ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﻋﺇ ﺓﺩﺎ ﺴﺘ لﻴﺠ ﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﺴﺃ ﻡﻫﺭ ﺩﻗ ﻘﻓ ﺕﺩ لﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻤﺘ ﻙﻠ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃﻭ ﺩﻗ ﺍﻭﻌﻀﻭ ﺴﻤ ﺔﻓﺎ ﻴﺒ ﻬﻨ ﻡ ﺒﻭ ﻥﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻤ لﻌﻔ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺩـﻘﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺎﺠ ﺍﻭﺅ ﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻴ ﺼﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﺎ ﻘﻴ ﻥﻭﻝﻭ · ﻴﻜ ﻑ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ؟ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) AWARE ( ﻲﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻅﻨ ﺔﻠﻤﺤ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﻋﺭﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺫﺨﺃ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭ ﻪﺠﻭﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥﻬﺘﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﻻ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ [ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﺒﻭ ﺎﻫﺍﺩﻤ ﻰﺘﺤ لﻤﺸﻴ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﻝ` ﻭﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﱠ ﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﺸﺎﺸﻫ ،ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺠﻝ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻋﺭﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺴﻭﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻡﻋﺩ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ٥٨ ﻥﺤﻨﻤﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﹶ ﻨ ﺴﹾﻨﺃ ،ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭ` ﻴﻏﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺎﻘﻤ ﺓﻭﻗ [ ،ﺔﻁﻠﺴ 'ﻥﺇﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﹰ ﺎﺘﻗﺅﻤ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻱﺯﺍﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻊﺴﻭﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ،ﻥﻴﺘﻨﺠﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺍﻭﻠﻌﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ) maternal practice ( ﻡﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ) Peteet 1997; Arditti 1999; Johnson and Kuttab 2001 ( ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻭ ﻡﻝ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺕﻼﻤﺤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ) AWARE ( ﻊﻤﺠﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﺭﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺄﺸ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻓ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﹰ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ لﻤﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﺇ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺘ ﺭﻴﺸ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺱﻴﺴﻨﺍﺭﻓ ﻭﺴﺎﻫ ) Frances Hasso ( ﻪﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ | ﺎﻬﻌﺴﻭﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ [ ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ) Hasso 1998, 442 ( ١٣٢ ﺯﻭﺭﺒ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﹸ ﺕﻤﻗ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻕﺒﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﺘ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻋ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ [ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻊﻨﺼ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ،ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺃﻭ ،ﺎﻨﻫ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﻥﺃ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻏﺎﺸ ﹰ ﻼ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻼﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻕﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻑﺭﻅ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ،ﹰ ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘﻭ ﻲﻓ لﻜ ﺙﻴﺩﺤ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ،لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻁﺸﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻨﺎﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻗﺩﺼﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﻼﻤﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻴ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﺌﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﺠ ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻴﺤﻭ ﻥ ﺕﻝﺄﺴ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﻋ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ، ﺍﺩﺒ ﻡﻬﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﹰ ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ـﺒ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﺘ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﹸ ﺕﺤﺭﻁﻭ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﹰ ﺎﻗﺎﻁﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻕﺭﺍﻭﻓ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻲﻓ ﻰﺘﺸ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ · ،ﺕﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸ ﺔﺒﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺸ ﺕﺎﻜﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﺤﻤ ،ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻤﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺄﻴ ،لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﺭ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻴﺭﻘﺘﻝﺍ · ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻕﺭﺍﻭﻓ لﻤﺄﺘﻨﻝﻭ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ · ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭِ ﻭﺎﺤﻤ · لﻫ ﻌﻝ ﺏ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝ ﺩﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺍﻭ ﺨﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘ ﺜﺃ ﺀﺎﻨ ﻝﺍ ﺯﻐ ؟ﻭ ﻴﺯ ﻥ · ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﻤﻨ ﺒ ﺭ ﻝﺎ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻔﻨ ﺎﻬﺴ ﻤﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﻭ ﻥﺎ ﻤﺃ ﺭ لﻜ ﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻬﻴ ﻡ ﻵﺍ ﺒ ﺭﺨ ﻝﺎ ﺭﺩﻘ ﻔﻨ ؛ﻪﺴ ﻷ ﺎﻨﻨ ﻨﻜ ﺎ ﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﻠﻐﺸ ﺒ ﺼﻤ ﺭﻴ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻷﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭِ ﻭﺎﺤﻤ · لﻫ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻤﺜ ﺔ ﻬﻤ ﻡﺎ ﺅﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﺩ ﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻥﻋ ﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺘ ﻠﻝ ؟لﺎﺠﺭ ﺴﺇ ﻕﺎﺤ · ﻡﻝ ﻭﺘ ﺩﺠ ﺨﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻨ ﺎﻀ ﻥﻴﻌﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻅﻤ ﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺘﺤ ﻠﻋ ﻰ ﺩﻗ ﻡ ﻝﺍ ﻤ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭِ ﻭﺎﺤﻤ · ﻴﻜ ﻑ ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﺎﺤ ﻙﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻙﻝ ﻤﺃ ﹰ ﺎ ؟ ﻜ ﺎ ﻤ ﺔﻠ · ﻻ ﺠﺃ ﺩ ﺩﻤ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺎﻋ ﻴﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺨﻴ ﺹ ﻭﻜ ﻲﻨ ﻤﺃ ﹰ ﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻫ ﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻅ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺭِ ﻭﺎﺤﻤ · ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫ ﺎﻜ ﺕﻨ ﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﺘ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻘﻤ ﹰ ﺔﻨﺭﺎ ﺎﺒ ؟لﺎﺠﺭﻝ ﻭﺭ ﻻ · ﺎﻜ ﻥ ﻷﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻫ ﺘﻤ ،ﻥﻴﺩﺤ ﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝ ﺠﺍ ﺍﻭﻌﻤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻤﺯ ﺓﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤ ﻭﺤ ل ﻘﺤ ﻕﻭ ﻹﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨ ﺏﺘﻜﺘﻭ ﺎﺸﻴﺭﺘﺎﺒ ﺯﻨﻴﻝﻭﻜ ) Collins 1998 ( ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻥﺇ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺭﻭﺎﺤ ﻤ ﺓﻭﻗ [ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻻ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺎﺴﺘﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥ` ﻴﺒﻴﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﺃ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ لﻴﻜﺸﺘﺒ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻋ ﻏ ﻭﺯ ٢٠٠٦ ﻪﺘﺌﻴﻫ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( لﻗﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﺘﺍﺭﺘ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻜﺎﺒﺘﺸﺍﻭ ﺡﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻠﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻗ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺘﻭ ﺏﺘﻜ ﻥﺎﻴﺭﺎﻤ ﺵﺭﻴﻫ ﻭ ﻭﻴﻝ ﺭﺯﺘﻴﺒﺸ ﻥﻋ ﻯﺩﺤﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻥﻻﻭﻘﻴ ﻥﺇ ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀ ﺕﺴﻭﻜﻭﻝﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻡﻫﺩﻴﺭﺠﺘ ﻥﻤ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( degendered ﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﺎﻬﻁﻀﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻹﺍﻭ ) Hirsch and Spitzer 1993, 4 ( ) ٤ ( ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ،ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺭﻴﺸ ﺎﺸﻴﺭﺘﺎﺒ ﺯﻨﻴﻝﻭﻜ ) Collins 1998 ( ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘ ﺭﻭﺎﺤ ﻤ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ﺹﺨﻴ لﻫﺃ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ﺒﻝ ،ﻥﺎﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﺘ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺇ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ،لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻋﻭﺭﻤ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﻔﻴ ﻡﻫﺩﻭﻠﺠﺒ ﻥﻤ ،ﺕﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺴﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺠﻔﺘﺘ ﺩﻌﺒ ٍ ﻥﺍﻭﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﺒﻋ ﺀﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻪﺘﺭﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻌﻤﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻕﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻠﻘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻁﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﻘﻝ ﻪﻔﺘﺤ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺩﻴﻓ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺯﺌﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺍﻭﻘﻠﻴ ﺭﻴﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻫﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﺇ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﺎﺸﻬﻝ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﻫﺭﻭ ﺕﺤﺍﺯﺃ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ـﺒ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ١٣٣ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺯﻜﺭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺡﺎﻀﻴﺇ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺯﻐﻝ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ - ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺵﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻅ ﻭﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ - ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻴﻝﻭﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ لﻼﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺒﺨ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﺘﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ لﻭﻘﺤ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻋ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺸﺎﻋ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺯﻐﻠﻝ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ، ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻝﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺘﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﻜﺒﺘﺸﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﻊﻗﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻠﻁﺃ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ لﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺩﻌ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ) ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍﻭ ( ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﺭﺘﻤ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭﻭ ﻲﻓ لﺤﻤ ﻉﺍﺯﻨ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻤﻭ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺂﺸﻨﻤ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( - ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﺃ ،ﺓﺎﺴﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨ ﺴﹾﻨﺃﻭ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ) ﺔﻋﻭﻨﻤ ( ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝ ﻡ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﺃ لﻠﺨﺘﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻗ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ) ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃﻭ ( ﻕﺭﻁﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻊﻗﻭﻤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝ ﺔﺌﺒﻌﺘ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﻥﻤﻀ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺎﻘﻤ ﺩﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘﻝﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺤ ﺀﺍﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺫﻫ ،لﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻠﻴ ﺕﻔ ﻲﺜﺤﺒ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘ ) ﻉﻭﻨ ( ﺔﻋﻭﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ) de-territorialized ( ، ﻻﻭ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻙﺴﻤﻨ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ) area studies ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ،ﺓﺩﻤﺎﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ) immigration studies ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ` ﺭِ ﺜْﺅﹸ ﺘ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﺨ ،ﻡﻴﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺘﺄﻴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺘﻴﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﺎﻁﻭﺃ ﻡﻫﺀﺍﺭﻭ ٥٩ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺏﻠﻁﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ ) American exceptionalism ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺔﻜﻬﻨﻤ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺎﺒ ،ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻋﻭ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺊﻴﻬﻴ ﺔﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻤﺁ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﻩﺫﻫ ﹸ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ، َ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻠﻗ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻁﺎﻘﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﺒ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻤﻷﺍﻭ ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﻌﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﺘ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ل ﺒِ ﻗ ﺱﺎﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻭﺯﻏ ،ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻭﺩﺠﻴ ) ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ( لﻗﺃ ﹰ ﺍﺯﻭﺭﺒ ﻥﻋ ) ﻭﺃ ﻼﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ( ﻡﻬﻜﺎﺒﺘﺸﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺸﺎﺸﻫ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ - ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺓﺭِ ﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻐﺸﺘﻴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﺎ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺭﻜﺸ ` ﻥﻜﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺘﻤﻻﺍ لﻜﻝ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻡﻬﺴﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻩﺩﻨﺎﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻨﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺎﻤﻴﺭﻝ ،ﺡﻭﺭﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺠﺃ ﻡﻅﻌﻤ ،ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻨﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ ﻡﻫﺅﺎﻤﺴﺃ · ﻲﺘﺎﻴﺎﺠ ،لﻻ ﺎﻴﺭﺩﻨﺃ ،ﺙﻴﻤﺴ ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺠ ،ﻲﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻝﺎﺴ ،لﻭﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﻴﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺏﻭﺍﺭﺘ ﻑﻁﺎﻋ ،ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺒ ﻴ ﻲﻨ ،ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ ،ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﻥﺎﻴﺍﺩ ،ﺱﻤﻴﺠ ﻥﻴﺩﺃﻭ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻲﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺎﺴﻨ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ) JMEWS ( لﻀﻔﺒ ﻡﻬﻘﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻡﻬﺤﺼﻨﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﺃﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃﻭ ﻕﻴﺭﻓ لﻤﻋ ﺕﻼﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ، ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻌﻤ · ﻭﺭﺩﻨﺃ ﺩﻴﺍﺭﺒﻜﺎﻤ ، ﻱﺩﻭﺃ ،ﺡﻭﺭﻤ ﻭﻴﺜﺎﻤ ،ﺭﻠﻔﻴﺘﺴ ﻲﺘﺎﻜﻭ ﺭﻭﺭﺯ ١٣٤ ﺵﻤﺍﻭﻬﻝﺍ ١ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ لﺠﺴ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٧ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤﻝ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺘﻜﻤ ﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ٣٩ ° ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒﻝﺍ ١٠٢٦٤٣ ﻥﻭﺭﺩﺤﻨﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻻﻼﺴ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · http://factfinder.census.gov. ٢ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﺘ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﻨﺠ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻻﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﺌﺎﻋ ﻊﺒﻨﺘ ﹰ ﻼﺼﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻝﺍ ) ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Deeb 2006a; 2006b; Walbridge 1997 ( ﺏﺭﻋﻭ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﻥﻭﻨﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﹰ ﺎﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻤﻴ ﻥﻴﻴﻗﺍﺭﻋﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﻏ ٣ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ ﻥﻴﺭ ﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺀﺎﻤﺴﺄﺒ ﺓﺭﺎﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﹰ ﺎﻅﺎﻔﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻨﻹﺍ ﺠ ﺔﻴﺯﻴﻠ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ٤ ﻉﻼﻁﻼﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺸﺎﻘﻨ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Khalidi et al. 1991. ٥ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ [ ﻱ ﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺩﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ · Benedict Anderson 1983 ٦ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﻤﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻴﺒﺭﻜﺴ ﻥﻭﺴﺭﺩﻨﺃﻭ ﺵ ) Skrbiš 1999; Anderson 1983 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺭﻠﻴﺸ ﺎﻨﻴﻨ ﻥﻭﺭﻭﻓ ﺝﺭﻭﺠﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﻴ ﻥﺎﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺩﻭﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺃ ﺱﻜﻌﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻝﻭﺘ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﺴﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺨﻀﻝﺍ ،ﻙﻭﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﺴﻘﻨﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﹰ ﺎﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺩ ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ ،ﺓﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻌﻠﻁﺘﻭ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻨﱠ ﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﺭﻜ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ) Schiller and Fouron 2001, 4-5 ( ، ﻥﺃ ﻥﺍﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﺘ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻁﻭ ﺀﺎﺒﻵﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺸﻴﻌﻴ ﹰ ﺍﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﻨﺎﻁﻭﺃ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ) Schiller and Fouron 2001, 22 ( ٧ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﺎ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﺎﻬ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﺒﻋ ﻥﻭﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﺼﺒ ﺔﻤﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺀﺎﻘﺒ لﺎﺒﺤ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻤﻭ ،ﹰ ﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺼﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺄﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻭ ﻥﺎﻁﻴﺘﺴﻻﺍ ) Schiller, Basch, and Blanc 1995, 48 ( . ٨ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺃ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺯﻨﻴﻝﻭﻜ لﻴﻫ ﺎﺸﻴﺭﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻝﺄﺴﻤﻝ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ [ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ) Patricia Hill Collins 1998 ( ٩ ﻉﻼﻁﻼﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Deeb 2006a and Joseph 2000 ١٠ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Abraham, Abraham, and Aswad (1983, 181) and Walbridge (1997, 21) ١١ ﹰ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﺎﻤ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺎﻴﺩﺯﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﺡﻭﺯﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ﻑﻴﺼ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٨٩ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﺒﺴ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﹰ ﺍﺭﺎﺠﻔﻨﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺭﺎﻤﺩﻠﻝ ) Aswad 1992, 168 ( ، ﻥﻤﻭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻴ ﻲﻜﺒﻝ ﺱﺭﻁﺒ ﻯﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٨٩ ﻥﺎﻜ ﹰ ﻻﻭﺌﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻍﻭﻠﺒ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺴﻤ ﻯﻭﺘ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ١٩٧٥ ، ﻭﻫﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ) Labaki 1992, 606-9 ( ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻱ · Walbridge 1997, 16-18; Rignall 2000 ١٢ ﺏﺘﻜﺘ ﺍﺭﺒﺭﺎﺒ ،ﺩﻭﺴﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺠﺃ ﹰ ﺎﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﻲﻓ ،ﻥﺭﻭﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﺇ ﹰ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺭﺠﺃ ﻪﻌﻤ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻴ ﻪﻴﻝ ١٩٨٩ ، ﻡﻝ ﻕﺒﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺒ لﻴﺒﺠ ﻯﻭﺴ ٣٥٠٠ ﺔﻤﺴﻨ ) Aswad 1992, 169 ( . ١٣ ﻉﻼﻁﻼﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻴﻭﺭﺘﻴﺩ ،ﻯﺭﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ · Shryock 2000 ﺭﻅﻨﺍﻭ [ ﻱ ﹰ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ · Ahdab-Yehia 1974; 1983; Abraham, Abraham, and Aswad 1983; Schopmeyer 2000; and Baker et al. 2004 ﺭﺩﺠﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻐﺸﺘﻴﻤ ﻥﺎ ﻑﻴﻀﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻴﻨﻭﺭﺎﻤ ﻭ ﻥ ﺱﻜﺫﻭﺜﺭﺃﻭ ﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴ ﻭ ﻥ ١٤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺒﺘﻘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺵﺎﻘﻨ ﻲﻝﻭﺠ ﺕﻴﺘﺒ لﻭﺤ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) Peteet 1997 ( ١٥ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻭﻤﻴﻘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻼﺒ ﺩ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺘﻼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺭﺘﺴﺃ ١٦ ﻲﺘﺄﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ · Schiller and Fouron 2001 ١٧ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻭﺯﻏ ٢٠٠٦ ﻲﻓ لﺘﻘﻤ ١٢٠٠ ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺼﺇﻭ ٤٠٠٠ ﻭ ﺡﻭﺯﻨ ٥ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﻋ ﻑﻻﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ ،لﺯﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﺸﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻨﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﺤﻤﻭ ﺔﻗﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺩﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺩﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺯﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻠﻏﺃﻭ ﺭﻭﺴﺠﻝﺍ ) Deeb 2006b; Sayed and Tzannatos 2008 ( ١٨ Naples 1992 and Collins 1994 as cited in Peteet 1997, 105 and 107. ١٩ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺤﺃ ،ﺔﻠﺜﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﻔﻗﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﺎﻓﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻡﺩﻬﺘ ﻲﺤﻝﺍ ) Aswad 1974 ( ٢٠ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ) Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services – ACCESS ( ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) Arab Culture and Community Center – ACCC ( ١٣٥ ٢١ ﻑﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) National Arab American Museum ( ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ) Arab American Chaldean Council ( ٢٢ ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻝﻭﺠ ﺕﻴﺘﺒ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺕﻅ ﺤﻻ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺏﺘﻜﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻔﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﺘﻨﻻﺍ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻋﺎﺸﻤ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻋﺯﻨﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺤﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺅﻴ ﻥﻭﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺃﺭﻁﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ، ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺼﻴ ` ﻭﺤﺘ ل ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﻝﺍ ﺩﺘﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ) Peteet 1997, 103 ( ٢٣ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ [ ﻱ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺠﺃ ﺔﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻨ ﻝ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ · Ellah Shohat 2002 ١٣٦ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ Abraham, Nabeel, and Andrew Shryock, eds. 2000 Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream. 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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 571 (January): 42–56. ١٤٠ ﻥﻭﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ · ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺓ ﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺕﻴﺯﺭ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺌﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻗ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻜﺭﺎﺸ ٢٠٠٥ ﻭﻤ ﺱﻴﻠﻴﻨﺃ ﺯﺭ : ﹰ ﺎﺜﻭﺤﺒ ﺕﺭﺠﺃ ﻷﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨ ) ﺱﻠﺒﺎﻨ ( ﻥﻤﻴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ) ﺀﺎﻌﻨﺼ ( ، ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺍﺩﻨﻝﻭﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ١٩٩٥ ) Women, Property and Islam: Palestinian Experiences 1920-1990 ( ، ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻜﺭﺎﺸﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ) Narratives of Truth in Islamic Law, 2008 ( ، ﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ) Religion, Media and the Public Sphere ( ، ﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ) Discourse and Palestine, 1995 ( ﺕﻜﺭﺎﺸ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺯﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ) Fashion Theory, 2007 ( ﻥﻤ ﺹﺎﺨ ﺩﺩﻋﻭ ) Islamic Law and Society, 2003 ( ﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺸ ﺏﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺯﻷﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺘﻬﺘﻭ ، ﺝﺍﻭﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ، ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻨﻤ ٢٠٠١ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ٢٠٠٨ ﺩﻌﻘﻤ ﺕﻝﻭﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺍﺩﺭﺘﺴﻤﺃ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ) ISIM ( ﻭ لﻤﻌﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺃ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺴ ﹰ ﺎﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺭﻴﺩﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﺍﺩﺭﺘﺴﻤﺃ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﻴﺒ · ﺒﻭ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﺎ ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﺔﺜﺤ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺸﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺓﺭﺸﻨ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﺭﺭﺤﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺔﻠﺠﻤﻝ ﺱﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻭﺤ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ · ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻀﻌﻤ · ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤ ) ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ ٢٠٠٨ ( ، ﻭ ﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻜﺤ ﺭ · ﻱﺭﻌﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﺨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻴﺘﻜﺘﻭ ﺭﺤﺴ ) ﻊﻴﺒﺭ ٢٠٠٧ ( ﻲﻓ لﺼﻔﺒ ﺕﻤﻬﺴﺃﻭ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ) Living Palestine, ed. Lisa Taraki, Syracuse University Press, 2006 ( ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ لﻭﺨﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ · ﻓ ﺞﻨﻭﺠﻨﻭﻝﻭ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺼﺤ ﻲ ﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺭﺘﺴ ١٩٩٩ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓ ﻭ ﻠﻴﻤﺯ ﺔ ﺔﺴﻴﺌﺭﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻭ ﻲﻫ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺒﺨ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻗ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺍ ﻷ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃﻭ لﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﻠﻫ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺭﺠﺃﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻠﻝ ﻲﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻝ ﺕﻼﺨﺩﺘﻠ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺭﺜﺅﻴ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺕﺯﻜﺭﺘﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺔﺸﻴﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﹰ ﺍﺩﺎﻨ ﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺂ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺕﺭﺠﺃ ،ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭ لﻭﺤ ﺁ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭ ١٤١ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻊﻤ ،ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺜﻵ ﻕﻤﻋﺃ ﻡﻬﻔﻝ ﺭﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻡﺜ ﻑﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺠﻬﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻴﺭﻭﺠ ﻱﺍﺭ : ﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺌﺠﻼﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﺒ ﻪﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﻡﺘﻬﺘﻭ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻥﻫﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﺜﺤﺒ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﺠﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻭﺒﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﻷﺍ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﻬﺘﻭ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺠﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺍ ﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺸﺎﻨ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻭﺸﺘ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﺎﻴﻝﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻵﺍ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﻴﺴ ﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﻫﺭﻭ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻪﻝ ﺭﺸﻨ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ) Sociology: Australian Connections 2003 ( ، ﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻥﻤ ) State and Non-State Actors During the Conflict in Lebanon, July-August 2006 ( ﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻓ ) The Migration-Displacement Nexus, ed. Samir Khalaf and John Gagoon, 2006 ( ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ) “The Failure of State Protection: Household Guest Workers in Lebanon,” European Review of International Migration ( ﻑﻴﺯﻭﺠ ﺩﺎﻌﺴ : ﺃ ﻷﺍ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺴ ﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻨﺭﻭﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺩ ﻴ ﺱﻴﻔ ﺭﻴﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓ ﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝ ﺏﻭﻨﺠﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺁ ﺎﻴﺴ ﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﻠﻤﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻨﺭﻭﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺓﺯﺌﺎﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺼﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻠﻝ ٢٠٠٤ لﻤﻋ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭ ﺕﺴﺴﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ، ﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭ ﻷﺍ ﺔﻁﺒﺍﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺴﻘﻜ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨ ﻡﻭﻴﺘﺭﻭﺴﻨﻭﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﺴﺴﺃﻭ ﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔ ﺎ ﺔﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻨﺭﻭﻔﻴﻝﺎﻜ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻴ ﺱﻴﻔ ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻭ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﺘﻭ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﺎﻫﺩﻠﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ، ﻲﻫﻭ ﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﺴﻭﻤ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎ ) EWIC, Brill, 2003-2008 ( ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺕﻤﺎﻗﻭ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺏﺘﻜ ﺔﻌﺒﺴ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻓﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﺌﺎﻤ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﺭﺸﻨ ﺔﻠﺤﻨ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺱﻴﻤﻝ · لﻤﻌﺘ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺓ ﺕﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﻋﺃ ﺃ ﺤﺒ ﺎ ﹰ ﺎﺜ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺤ لﻭ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻭ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ ﺒ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ، ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ لﻴﻫﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻭ ، ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻓ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻑﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠ ﻲﻓ لﺘﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺭﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ) ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺸﻨ ٢٠٠٣ ( ، ﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﻤﻌﻝﺍ · ﺍ ﻻ ﻥﺒﻻﺍ ﺔﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺔﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺴﻷﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ · ﺠﻤ ﺢﺴﻤﻝ ﻲﻝﻭﺃ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻁﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺴﻸﻝ ﻲﻌﻤﺘ ﺎﺘﻴﺭ ﻊﻤ ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﻲﻨﺒﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺎﻜﺎﻴﺠ ٢٠٠٢ ، ﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻥﻴﻁﺴﻠﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ) ١٩٩٦ ( ﻡﻨﺎﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﻤ · ﻡﺎﻋ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﺤ ٢٠٠٢ ﺓﺩﻌﻝ ﺕﻠﻤﻋ ﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺔﺜﺤﺎﺒ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺓﺩ ١٤٢ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻬﻤﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﺘﻭ ،ﻲﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ،ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺨﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﻗﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋ ﻪﻌﻨﻤﻭ ، ﹰ ﻼﻀﻓ لﻔﻁﻝ لﻔﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ لﻤﻌﺘ ﹰ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘ ﺔﻜﺭﺸ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﻑﻠﺨ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﺸ ﻰﻨﻤ · ﺃ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺫﺎﺘﺴ ﺓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺓ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻬﻌﻤﻝ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺓﺭﻴﺩﻤﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻜ ﻭﻀﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷ ﻱﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ) GERPA ( ﻪﺴﺴﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ٢٠٠٦ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻻ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻙﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﺭﺩﺘﻭ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻭ ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺍ لﺎﻤﺸﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﻷﺍ ﻕﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻭﻀﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺓ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻝﺍ ) Al-Raida ( ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻓ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﺵﻗﺎﻨﺘ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻭ ﹰ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﺎﻨ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻨ · ﺴﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺫﺎﺘ ﺓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺓ ﻭ ﺓﺃﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺃ ﺫﺎﺘﺴ ﺓ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺓ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻷﺍ ﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨ ﺔ ﻴﺸﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻐ ﺁ ﻥ ﺁ ﺭﻭﺒﺭ ﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺜﺎﺤﺒﺃ ﺯﻜﺭﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻤﺠ ﻲﻨﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﻜﺭﺎﺸﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ) Race and Arab Americans Before and After 9/11: From Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects, 2008 ( ، ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺭ ﺕﻜﺭﺎﺸﻭ ﻴﺇ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻴﻔ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ) Arab and Arab American Feminisms, Syracuse University Press, forthcoming ( ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻊﻀﺘ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﺭﺸﻨﻭ ﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻋ لﻭﺼ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﺴﻨ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ) · Journal of Ethnic Studies; Feminist Studies; Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism ( ١٤٣ JOURNAL OF MIDDLE EAST WOMEN’S STUDIES The official publication of the Association for Middle East Women’s Studies EDITORS Nancy Gallagher, University of California, Santa Barbara Sondra Hale, University of California, Los Angeles The Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (ISSN 1552-5864) is sponsored, funded, and housed by UCLA Center for Near Eastern Studies, Dean of Social Sciences, and Women’s Studies Department; and the UCSB Division of the Humanities and Fine Arts and the Social Sciences. 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